Experiments on Electrical

Machines (EEE-2506)
List of the Experiments
1. Study the open circuit and short circuit test of single phase
transformer.

2. Study the synchronization of alternators.

3. Study and analysis of V- curve and Inverse V- curve of synchronous

motor.
Experiment No. 01
Name of the Experiment: Study the Turn Ratio, Open circuit
and Short circuit test of single phase transformer.

Objectives:
1. To familiarize with the single phase transformer and determination of turn ratio.
2. To know the open circuit test/no load test of a single phase transformer.
3. To perform short circuit test of a single phase transformer.
4. To identify the no load and full load parameters of a transformer.
5. Finally, draw an equivalent circuit of a single phase transformer.
 Theory
The purpose of the open-circuit test is to determine the no-load current and losses
of the transformer because of which their no-load parameters are determined. This
test is performed on the primary winding of the transformer. The wattmeter,
ammeter and the voltage are connected to their primary winding. The nominal rated
voltage is supplied to their primary winding with the help of the ac source.
The secondary winding of the transformer is kept open, and the voltmeter is
connected to their terminal. This voltmeter measures the secondary induced
voltage. As the secondary of the transformer is open, thus no-load current flows
through the primary winding.
The value of no-load current is very small as compared to the full rated current.
The copper loss occurs only on the primary winding of the transformer because the
secondary winding is open. The reading of the wattmeter only represents the core
and iron losses. The core loss of the transformer is the same for all types of loads.
Turn ratio or voltage ratio test is measured by the voltage on the primary side
divided by the voltage on the secondary side.
Circuit diagram

Open Circuit Test Short Circuit Test

 Working Procedure (Open circuit test)
• Usually high voltage (HV) winding is kept open and the low voltage (LV) winding is
connected to its normal supply. A wattmeter (W), ammeter (A) and voltmeter (V) are
connected to the LV winding as shown in the figure. Now, applied voltage is slowly
increased from zero to normal rated value of the LV side with the help of a variac.
When the applied voltage reaches to the rated value of the LV winding, readings
from all the three instruments are taken.
• The ammeter reading gives the no load current I0. As I0 itself is very small, the
voltage drops due to this current can be neglected.
• The input power is indicated by the wattmeter (W). And as the other side of
transformer is open circuited, there is no output power. Hence, this input power only
consists of core losses and copper losses. As described above, no-load current is so
small that these copper losses can be neglected. Hence, now the input power is
almost equal to the core losses. Thus, the wattmeter reading gives the core losses of
the transformer.
• Sometimes, a high resistance voltmeter is connected across the HV winding.
Though, a voltmeter is connected, HV winding can be treated as open circuit as the
current through the voltmeter is negligibly small. This helps in to find voltage
transformation ratio (K).
 Contd..
• The two components of no load current can be given as,

Iμ = I0sinΦ0 and Iw = I0cosΦ0.

cosΦ0 (no load power factor) = W / (V1I0). ... (W = wattmeter reading)

From this, shunt parameters of equivalent circuit of transformer (X0 and R0)
can be calculated as
•
X0 = V1/Iμ and R0 = V1/Iw.

(These values are referring to LV side of the transformer.)

Hence, it is seen that open circuit test gives core losses of transformer and
shunt parameters of the equivalent circuit.
 Working Procedure (Short Circuit Test)
• The LV side of transformer is short circuited and wattmeter (W), voltmeter (V) and
ammeter (A) are connected on the HV side of the transformer. Voltage is applied to
the HV side and increased from the zero until the ammeter reading equals the rated
current. All the readings are taken at this rated current.
• The ammeter reading gives primary equivalent of full load current (Isc).
The voltage applied for full load current is very small as compared to rated voltage.
Hence, core loss due to small applied voltage can be neglected. Thus, the wattmeter
reading can be taken as copper loss in the transformer.
• Therefore, W = Isc2Req....... (where Req is the equivalent resistance of transformer)
Zeq = Vsc/Isc.
Therefore, equivalent reactance of transformer can be calculated from the
formula Zeq2 = Req2 + Xeq2.
• These, values are referred to the HV side of the transformer.
Hence, it is seen that the short circuit test gives copper losses of transformer and
approximate equivalent resistance and reactance of the transformer.
 Practical Results
• Single Phase Transformer rating: 0.25 kVA, 240/25 V.
Open circuit Test
Wattmeter Reading (W) Voltmeter Reading (V) in Ammeter Reading (A) in
in Watt Volt Ampere= No load current
5.0 25.0 0.989

• Short Circuit Test

Wattmeter Reading (W) in Voltmeter Reading (V) in Ammeter Reading (A) in
Watt Volt Ampere= Short circuit
current or full load current
10.0 9.6 1.07

• Ratio Test
High Voltage side Low voltage side
239 24.9
Open circuit test/no load test
Short Circuit Test
More videos on......
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=88gB_grrBQc
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHnxM4P8yfg
Tasks need to complete by the students
• Why HV side kept open in case of open circuit test while LV side kept
short for short circuit test?
• Determine the no load and full load parameters (Resistance, leakage
reactance) along with core loss and cu loss.
• Determine Turn ration/transformation ratio/voltage transformation
ratio.
• Draw the equivalent circuit of a single phase transformer.
Experiment No. 02
• Name of the Experiment: Study the synchronization of alternators

• Objectives:
1. To know the synchronization procedure of alternators.
2. To observe how the parallel operation can be performed.
 Theory
• Synchronization of alternator means connecting an alternator into grid in parallel with many
other alternators, that is in a live system of constant voltage and constant frequency. Many
alternators and loads are connected into a grid, and all the alternators in grid are having same
output voltage and frequency (whatever may be the power). It is also said that
the alternator is connected to infinite bus-bar.
• A stationary alternator is never connected to live bus-bars, because it will result in short
circuit in the stator winding (since there is no generated emf yet). Before connecting an
alternator into grid, following conditions must be satisfied:
Equal voltage: The terminal voltage of incoming alternator must be equal to the bus-bar
voltage.
• Similar frequency: The frequency of generated voltage must be equal to the frequency of the
bus-bar voltage.
• Phase sequence: The phase sequence of the three phases of alternator must be similar to
that of the grid or bus-bars.
• Phase angle: The phase angle between the generated voltage and the voltage of grid must be
zero.
 Contd....
• The first condition of voltage equality can be satisfied by a voltmeter. To
satisfy the conditions of equal frequency and identical phases, one of the
following two methods can be used:

(i) Synchronization using incandescent lamp

(ii) Synchronization using synchroscope.

• A synchroscope is a device which shows the correct instant of closing the

synchronizing switch. Synchroscope has a pointer which rotates on the dial.
The pointer rotates anticlockwise if the machine is running slower or it
rotates clockwise if the machine is running fast. The correct instant of closing
syncronizing switch is when the pointer is straight upwards.
 Contd....
• An alternator can only deliver power to an existing electric power system if it
operates at the same frequency as the system. A system whose frequency is
50 Hz cannot receive power from an alternator operating at 50.001 Hz. They
must both operate at exactly the same frequency. This is not difficult to
realize as may first appear, because automatic forces come into play when an
alternator is connected into an existing system to keep its frequency
constant.
Circuit Diagram

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6J9NyHMqLY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVTyzsCFE6I
Required Apparatus
1. Three phase synchronous generator
2. Induction Motor
3. Voltmeter
4. Ammeter
5. Connecting wires.
Working Procedure
• a) Using the three-phase Synchronous Generator, DC motor,
Voltmeter (AC), Ammeter (AC) connect the circuit shown in figure.
• b) Couple the lnduction motor to the alternator with the timing belt
and place the synchronizing switch in its open'position.
• c) Tum on the power supply and using the hand tachometer adjust
the DC motor speed at about 1500 r/min.
• d) Close the switch and adjust the DC excitation of the alternator until
the output voltage E1 is equal to the power company voltage E2.
• e) The three synchronizing lights should be flickering on and off.
Contd......
• a) Carefully adjust the DC motor speed until the beat frequency
becomes quite low.
• b) If they do not all become dark and then bright simultaneously, the
phase sequence is wrong. Turn off the power supply and interchange
any two of the leads coming from stator.
• c) Carefully adjust the motor speed until all three lights slowly darken
and then slowly brighten. Your alternator frequency is very nearly
equal to that of the power company.
• d) when all of the lights are completely dark, the altemator and the
supply voltages are in phase.,
• e) Check to see that the two voltages E1 and E2 are equal. If not,
readjust the DC excitation to the alternator. If all the three lights are
synchronized, close the synchronizing switch.
Experimental Setup
 Alternator/synchronous
Generator output generator
side

Incoming
Side
Induction
motor

Variac
See more videos on....
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPhCphPnycQ
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlwhAhtrdjw
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGPCIypib5Q
Thanks to all