Vibro-Acoustic Analysis

P Chandramouli
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

January 21/22, 2020

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1 Introduction

2 Interior Acoustics using FEM

3 Coupling with Structure

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 Introduction

Acoustic Analysis Types

There are usually four types of analysis AcouAnlTypes

Interior Cavity Acoustics

Acoustic source inside creates noise
Scattering
Acoustic wave reflects on impinging boundary
Vibro-Acoustics
Vibration due to mechanical/acoustic excitation leads to noise
from surface
Noise Transmission
Acoustic wave transmits into cavity through surface

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 Introduction

Vibro-Acoustics

What is Vibro-acoustics?
Structural vibrations couple with interior/exterior sound fields
To produce sound/noise
A vibrating structure can generate sound waves
The acoustic pressure in turn can affect the structural vibration
Usually the finite element method is used to solve interior
vibro-acoustic problems Interior
For exterior vibro-acoustic problems the boundary element
method or infinite element methods are used Exterior
These methods work well for low to mid-frequency range of
excitations

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 Introduction

Overview of Presentation

A quick review of wave equation derivation

Followed by setting up FE model for Acoustic Cavity
Coupling of structure with cavity model
Example

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 Interior Acoustics using FEM

Helmholtz equation

We start with the Helmholtz equation

∇2 p̄ + k 2 p̄ = 0
The associated boundary conditions can be
p̄ = 0 or ∇p̄.n = 0 or p̄ = Z(ω)Un
We now formulate the weighted residual form
For this the equation is multiplied by φ(x, y, z) and integrated
over the domain
φ(x, y, z){∇2 p̄ + k 2 p̄}dV = 0
R
V
We now make use of the divergence theorem for expanding the
first term as follows

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 Interior Acoustics using FEM

Use of Divergence theorem

φ∇2 p̄dV = φ∇p̄.n dS − ∇φ.∇p̄ dV

R R R
V S V
So we have
∇φ.∇p̄ dV + k 2
R R R
S φ∇p̄.n dS − V V φp̄ dV = 0
For open or rigid wall boundary conditions the first term
becomes zero
This leads to the form assuming now φ = p̄
∇p̄.∇p̄ dV = k 2
R R
V V p̄p̄ dV
The domain is now discretized using standard finite elements

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 Interior Acoustics using FEM

Mapped Element

We look at a 4-noded bi-linear element for 2D problem

Can be easily extended to 3D problems
The mapped element in ξ − η coordinates is Element

The shape functions are given by

N1 (ξ, η) = 14 (1 − ξ)(1 − η); N2 (ξ, η) = 14 (1 + ξ)(1 − η)
N3 (ξ, η) = 14 (1 + ξ)(1 + η); N4 (ξ, η) = 14 (1 − ξ)(1 + η)
The pressure within the element is given by
P4 j
p̄e (ξ, η) = j=1 Nj (ξ, η)pe

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 Interior Acoustics using FEM

Isoparametric element

The co-ordinates within the element also represented by same

shape functions
P4 j P4 j
x= j=1 Nj (ξ, η)x ; y= j=1 Nj (ξ, η)y

Now one can write the derivatives as follows

   
 ∂ p̄  ∂y  ∂ p̄ 

∂x
∂ξ  ∂ξ ∂ξ  ∂x
=
 ∂ p̄  ∂x ∂y  ∂ p̄ 
∂η ∂η ∂η ∂y

The Jacobian matrix can be obtained in terms of the shape

functions

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 Interior Acoustics using FEM

Jacobian
∂y ∂Nj ∂Nj
  P 
∂x 4 P4
j=1 ∂ξ xj j=1 ∂ξ yj
J=  ∂ξ ∂ξ 
= P P4 ∂Nj 
∂x ∂y 4 ∂Nj
∂η ∂η j=1 ∂η xj j=1 ∂η yj

This can be cast into the form

x1 y1
 
   
J11 J12 N1,ξ N2,ξ N3,ξ N4,ξ x2 y2 
J = =  
N4,η x3 y3 
 
J21 J22 N1,η N2,η N3,η 
x4 y4

The explicit form for the determinant of the Jacobian is given

next

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 Interior Acoustics using FEM

Jacobian Determinant

The explicit form for the determinant of J

1−η η−ξ ξ−1 
 
0 y 1 


1h i η − 1 0 ξ + 1 −ξ − η  y2
  
|J| = x1 x2 x3 x4 
ξ − η −1 − ξ 0 1 + η  y3 

8 
 
 
1 − ξ ξ + η −1 − η 0 y4


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 Interior Acoustics using FEM

Acoustic Stiffness matrix

The derivatives are expressed as

 
   p1 
 ∂ p̄ 
 
p 
 
∂x 2
=B
 ∂ p̄   p3 
∂y

 
 
p4


# 
1 J22 −J12 N1,ξ N2,ξ N3,ξ N4,ξ 
"
B=
|J| −J21 J11 N1,η N2,η N3,η N4,η
Z 1 Z 1
H= BT B |J |dξ dη
−1 −1

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 Interior Acoustics using FEM

Acoustic mass matrix

The acoustic mass matrix is easier to derive and is given by

Z 1 Z 1
Q= NT N |J| dξ dη
−1 −1

Now one can solve the eigenvalue problem

Hp = k 2 Qp
We get the natural frequencies and mode shapes

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 Interior Acoustics using FEM

Boundary Excitation

Let us recall the boundary term

R
S p̄ ∇p̄.n dS
Now suppose we have on the boundary the following
∇p̄.n = iρ0 ckUn
Un is the normal component of the velocity of vibration
So one can arrange the excitation on the boundary part as
AT = iρ0 ck NT |J|dγ
H

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 Coupling with Structure

Coupling
The boundary excitation creates acoustic pressure
Qp̈ + Hp = −AT ẅ
This acoustic pressure acts as a load on the structure
Mẅ + Kw = Ap
The coupled problem is as follows
" #( ) " #( ) ( )
M 0 ẅ K −A w F
+ =
AT Q p̈ 0 H p G

F denotes other mechanical excitation while G are possible

acoustic sources in the cavity
This form is unsymmetric and hence difficult to solve

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 Coupling with Structure

Symmetric Form

" #( ) " #( ) ( )
K 0 ẅ KM−1 K −KM−1 A w 0
+ =
0 Q p̈ −AT M−1 K H + AT M−1 A p 0

Excitation terms not included

Above solved to get coupled natural frequencies and mode
shapes
Remember that M and K are symmetric

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 Coupling with Structure

Bus Analysis

Bus interior is the acoustic domain BusFEM

Super-structure and chassis form the structural vibration domain
BusFEM

Excitation points are chassis to passenger compartment

connections
Unit harmonic excitation applied
Noise at 80 Hz due to the coupled mode

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 Coupling with Structure

Analysis Types

Back

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 Coupling with Structure

Interior Problem

Courtesy: Engineering Vibroacoustic Analysis: Methods and Applications, S. A. Hambric et. al., 2016, John Wiley
Return

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 Coupling with Structure

Exterior Problem

Courtesy: Coustyx User’s Manual, Advanced Numerical Solutions, USA Back

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 Coupling with Structure

Element Geometry

Return
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 Coupling with Structure

Bus FEM: Cavity Mode Shape

From: A Vibro-Acoustic Coupling Analysis of Bus Passenger Compartment Based on the Finite Element Method, W. Yansong
et. al., 2010, International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation Back

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 Coupling with Structure

Bus FEM: Coupled Mode Shape

From: A Vibro-Acoustic Coupling Analysis of Bus Passenger Compartment Based on the Finite Element Method, W. Yansong
et. al., 2010, International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation Return

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