EWC 331

Water Supply Engineering

Lecture 3

Lecture outline
Surface water collection and transmission
Topics References
• Design of Water 1. A Text Book of Water Supply
Engineering
Distribution Systems Authors: M. A. Aziz
1st ed., Hafiz Book Center

3. Water Supply and Sanitation

Authors: M. Feroz Ahmed, Md.
Mujibur Rahman
1st ed., ITN-BUET

3. Water and Environmental

Engineering
Authors: M. Habibur Rahman,
Abdullah Al-Muyeed
1st ed., ITN-BUET

Design of Water Distribution Systems

The design of water distribution systems must undergo

through different studies and steps:

Design Phases
Preliminary Studies

Network Layout

Hydraulic Analysis

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Preliminary Studies:
Must be performed before starting the actual design.

Topographical Studies:
• Contour lines (or controlling elevations).
• Digital maps showing present (and predicted future
scenario) settlement, i.e., houses, streets, etc.
• Location of water sources - for locating distribution
reservoirs.

Water Demand Studies:

Water consumption is ordinarily divided into the following
categories:

 Domestic demand

 Industrial and Commercial demand

 Agricultural demand

 Fire demand

 Leakage and Losses

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Water Demand Studies:

Water consumption is ordinarily divided into the following
categories:

 Domestic demand

 Industrial and Commercial demand

 Agricultural demand

 Fire demand

 Leakage and Losses

Domestic Water Demand:

• It is the amount of water used for drinking, cooking,
gardening, car Washing, bathing, laundry, dish Washing,
and toilet Flushing.

• The average water consumption varies spatially. For

example, it is 250 L/c/day in United States, and it is 180
L/c/day for population live in Cairo (Egypt). In Bangladesh,
average consumption is considered as 110-120 lpcd.

• The average consumption may increase with the increase

in standard of living.

• The water consumption varies hourly, daily, and monthly.

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Domestic Water Demand:

Domestic water use = f (Population increase)

Prediction of population increase:

Geometric-increase model

P0 = recent/ present population P  P0 (1  r ) n

r = rate of population growth

n = design period, years
P = population at the end of the design period

The total domestic demand can be estimated using:

Qdomestic = Qavg * P

Water Demand Forecast:

a
Linear Model Qi  n Qi (1n )
100
a n
Exponential Model Qi  n Qi (1 )
100

Qi = present annual demand, m3/y

a = rate of annual demand growth, %
n = design period, years
Qi+n = demand at the end of the design period, m3/y

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Problem on Water Demand Forecast:

In a residential area of 250,000 inhabitants, the specific
water demand is estimated at 150 lpcd, which includes
leakage. Calculate the demand in 20 years time, if the
assumed annual demand growth is 2.5%. Compare the
results by applying the linear and exponential models.

Solution: 250,000 150  365

Present demand of the city – Qavg 
1000
 Qavg 91,250m3 / y

Problem on Water Demand Forecast:

Applying Linear model, demand after 20 years –
a
Qi  n Qi (1n )
100
Q21= 91250 (1 + 20 2.5/100) = 136,875 m3/y, which is
an increase of 50% compared to the present demand.

Applying Exponential model, demand after 20 years –

a n
Qi  n Qi (1 )
100
Q21= 91250 (1 + 2.5/100)20 = 149,524 m3/y, which is an
increase of 64% compared to the present demand.

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Industrial and Commercial Water Demand:

• It is the amount of water needed for factories,
offices, and stores.

• Varies from place to place.

• Hence should be studied for each case separately.

• However, it is sometimes taken as a percentage of

the domestic demand.

Agricultural Water Demand:

• It depends on the type of crops, soil, climate.

Fire-fighting Water Demand:

• To resist fire, the network should save a certain
amount of water.

• Many formulas can be used to estimate the amount

of water needed for fire.

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Fire Demand:
• Is a function of population.

• Deciding factor for designing pumps, reservoirs and

distribution system.

• At least four streams should be available at all points

within the area protected.
• Delivering capacity of each stream for at least 5 hr–
 175 gpm water in low risk area
 250 gpm water in high risk area

• Pressure < 80 psi, with mobile fire pumping engine

• Pressure: 80 -100 psi, other cases

Empirical Formula for Computing Rate of Fire Demand:

Authority Formula Used Fire demand

for 100000
people, gpm
National Board of 9180
Fire Underwriters
(NBFU)
Kuiching (on basis 7000
of fire streams of
250 gpm)
Freeman, John R 75000

Where, Q = Fire demand, gpm and

P = Population in thousands

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Fire Demand:
• The National Board of Fire Underwriters (NBFU)
requirement of fire protection water –
 1000 gpm for 1,000 persons
 12,000 gpm for 2,00,000 persons,
with a maximum of 20,000 gpm.

• There must be enough water in the reservoir to

provide water –
 for a 5 hr fire for towns of less than 2500 persoons
 a 10 hr fire for larger cities.

Design Considering Fire Demand:

Distribution reservoir storage volume = QFIRE ×duration

Distribution system pipe design:

• Check pressures in distribution system for a fire flow on

the maximum daily flow (Qmax-day), i.e., Qfire + Qmax-day

• Also check pressures for Peak hourly flows (Qmax-hour)

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Fire Demand:

• Kuiching’s empirical formula for the required number of

fire streams is given by –

F  2.8 p
where, F = number of fire streams
P = population in thousands

Table 1: Fire flow required by NBFU

Population Recommended Population Recommended
fire flow, gpm fire flow, gpm
1000 1000 28000 2000
2000 1500 40000 6000
4000 2000 80000 7000
6000 2000 100000 8000
10000 3000 125000 9000
13000 3500 150000 10000
17000 4000 200000 12000
22000 4500

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Problem 1: (Fire Demand)

Calculate the total stream flow in gpm for a town having a
population of 10,000. Assume that each stream will spray
250 gpm on the fire simultaneously.

Solution:
Required no of fire streams is –

F  2.8 p  2.8 10  9
Total stream flow= 250 9 = 2250 gpm

But according to NBFU, the amount of fire flow for 10,000

people is 3000 gpm (Table 1). Therefore, the values of
Table 1 are generally used.

Problem 2: (Fire Demand)

What fire flow and storage are required for fire protection
(10 hr) in a city of 200,000 population according to the
recommendation of the NBFU?

Solution:

Required rate of fire flow is – Q  1020 p 1  0.01 p 

 Q  1020 200 1  0.01 200 
 Q  12385gpm
Therefore, amount of total fire flow = 12385 60 10
= 7,43,1000 gallons,
in addition to the reserve for normal use during the fire.

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Solution:

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Problem 4: (Water demand)

For a residential area of 100 ha (247 acres) having a
housing density of 10 houses/ha with 4 persons per
household, determine the peak water demand, including
fire, in the residential area.

Assume, maximum daily demand is 180% of average

demand. And maximum hourly demand is 250% of
average demand.

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Leakage and Loss:

• This is unaccounted for water (UFW)

• It is attributable to:

Errors in meter readings

Unauthorized connections

Leaks in the distribution system

Design Criteria:
• Are the design limitations required to get the most
efficient and economical water-distribution network

Average Water Consumption

Velocity

Pressure

Pipe size

Head Losses

Design Period

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Velocity:

• Not be lower than 0.6 m/s, to prevent

sedimentation.

• Not be more than 3 m/s, to prevent erosion in

conduits and high head losses.

• Commonly used values are 1 - 1.5 m/sec.

Pressure:

• For small and low-lying area, not subjected to high

flow rates, maximum pressure can be allowed to
100 psi.

• Areas of excessively high or low pressures require

that the system be divided into multiple pressure
levels.

Pipe Size:
• Lines which provide only domestic flow may be as
small as 100 mm (4 in) but should not exceed 400
m in length (if dead-ended) or 600 m if connected
to the system at both ends.

• Lines as small as 50-75 mm (2-3 in) are sometimes

used in small communities with length not to
exceed 100 m (if dead-ended) or 200 m if
connected at both ends.

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Pipe Size:

• The size of the small distribution mains is seldom

less than 150 mm (6 in) with cross mains located
at intervals not more than 180 m.

• In high-value districts, the minimum size is 200 mm

(8 in) with cross-mains at the same maximum
spacing.

• Major streets are provided with lines not less than

305 mm (12 in) in diameter.

Head Loss:

• Optimum range is 1-4 m/km.

• Maximum head loss should not exceed 10 m/km.

Average Water Consumption:

• From the water demand (preliminary) studies,

estimate the average and peak water consumption
for the area.

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Design Period for Water Supply Components:

• Design period is the time period for which the
system or components is to be adequate (useful
life).

• The design periods of water supply facilities

depends on several factors including :
 Longevity of the components

Initial cost of installation

 Point of diminishing returns (Repair and

maintenance vs cost of new facility)

Design Period for Water Supply Components:

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Network Layout

• Next step is to estimate pipe sizes on the basis

of water demand and local code requirements.

• The pipes are then drawn on a digital map (using

AutoCAD, for example) starting from the water
source.

• All the components (pipes, valves, fire hydrants)

of the water network should be shown on the
lines.

Network Layout
3D Layout view of four pipe networks in Urbano Canalis 9.0

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Hydraulic Analysis

The basic hydraulic principle applied in water transport

and distribution practice emerge from the following main
assumptions:

• The system is filled with water under pressure

• The water is incompressible

• The water has a steady and uniform flow

• The water flows through a non-elastic system (i.e.,

deformation of the system boundaries is negligible)

Hydraulic Analysis

Includes determination of the followings:

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Basic Principle of Pipe Flow

p1 v2 p v2
Z1   1  Z 2  2  2  E
Bernoulli’s Energy Equation g 2 g g 2 g

• Elevation head: Z

• Pressure head: p/ρg

• Piezometric head:
H = Z + p/ρg

• Velocity head: v2/2g

• Energy head:
E = H + v2/2g

Basic Principle of Pipe Flow

hL = hf + hm

hL = head loss
hf = friction loss
p1 v12 p2 v22 hm= minor loss
z1    z2    hL
g 2 g g 2 g

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Friction losses

Minor losses

Minor losses are due to bends, elbows, valves, enlargers,

reducers etc.

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

EWC 331
Water Supply Engineering

Maj Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter