ne-chortoutuuishc stunqth ord expun wh hnadunshe stwnqt

kshd ?
Chotadtshe strunhb tht mimmtm trungth
Smpl. 4ube ot- linden
Arung omptnivtsmgh
developrde 234i Conhng
a 1 ahttu
Ancut
on t o i
Ih thnotniehi shaunqhis shahha bea
akims n strgh t motetio t d
2. Dene charadenisk load and load don?
D ha 1s. po
Chortad-uih load ed s th load the a

Sthe strutunu "(ci62

bumg ex Cecded duin th e
during
S456-2000).
th heoruh dusian stun h t
Load auton a noo t hh

expeed n viu. 14 is th R
omumnn
monmMum a in odon to der
lod to mwhpled
th thu unlacturu d
wonking load.
dekrtomime th
M15, M20, M30 e t . explin.
wnden sfomd strun-
hanacrishe
ndotstwnd thak th
Dy Mis, M2o, M20 eh, ISNmm 20Nm
ans
Cmut
tha Vn nads in h
d&rsudt S
hat is
20 Nm m tuspehiv,. ws
tndunkd altn 2g doy
Jthar
strumgth test. strunath
lompunive has Compruiv
as. 4hessm ptuhively.
Cashing. 30 NlmmHu peuhively.
30 NlmmMus
20Nm
is nmm
TuinotUment

ield strumg
undun shond
4. hat do yo
bws? ate uhile
ualu that thu
shew stel com

idd strumgh t,
the strus applicd to steed above slhis
above
ehavion. dny stnuss
elash't
shtl shoud m
vau wU
4ake iF into h plsh m
 Dlkomde
and
bef shrunglh
5 hot i. 4he diunu wer
ield o d
shramgth mot vual (an

h mnli mu m struss tht

7Jicla Arungth, whih
Hooke's law, and btyend
take
whith
upto whi satrsies
ic. monintm deomaim.
tht meeu'd
entrs tht plash 3mc
matoial Can
load t mazimum
vthimk

bmd ih ital c6lapse

toe
take,
uhiu duni_ning " O***
6.ow do you tudnd duim
hsollowia
an (uturu Can be cntm6lled
ch m

ih indudes inUuaina
thoimmmsim t h . elu ment
Binouabing widih and de ph t h beams
th hikuss a sab and
01
Can be benc huol
bot C mp r e ) m
2 USing Secom d
Valut
h daahion
on
Comodu leads t
B Rcohon pstumi ng Yru strumimg
m mn
hhruduas ha deuh
prustusSi nq

3rws othhit
on) un o king
modudan
taho'
. hat is thu Sigrijtanu

Pethod onalis ond da»iqh. sted to m a o J l h

maduab adonhiu
Modlon tahio Mah'o

modumlan raho
tant
prustruss btct th indum
Lmuuli is mans Jotmed
t DmD0sit stim S H nanu d
71ort JSM, Comua, \on his
wn Y
arirtskin Maho, so o to dukomine th valun
emudto uinmaddort
OUa
mnvk tornpmdin
th Ree b ans.
.Dainn thatackeicke runh omd enplnin h thanakeaahe Aacong
is slolisktad.
Chwtde iske shumgh r i , dnd h shunh oerial
motial

elous wh h ot mou han 5

p anF h e lts ana expeded
all
hs hortakowshi strunqh i shd a b t . trunt

tht moatovad wtd.

Vouahiom i th nh
shat ond ng liumn 2
Dn is
sShot{ cawmn tnon 12

To sho lMs gndenm Hohi os nD d lant

Cc 25 1.2) h slunderness

CamprAivL
mtmu o
th
nd ng CSumms Uu

2.
han
atn
utahd s te nd oru u maor Cols

D b upu t h
mn
ngin uspt
y hv jmaj
maj or ams

t
D pth
ha membtt
i d h
WSM ?
WSM?
and
1. who oru tw vandaqu LSM
1
Adymdoad L Struss- sttan beymd
Cunv
th liomt poprimali
bded m
14 is
mau mumn

matio spot m
hun
un uhzohm to ovide adtana
p10vide akgnd
onmut
shidk
h ih alt-ps to
atophs
Shyko
mlhpamdh pu Himd loadh a well o adak senviuabiih
Limik
possi blu st-es.
oA Stvia luad, b umsideuing

\otqe
have
MAal a ato 1s thm inLsM.
7unetalky membus,
in uativey lnge sthiims strutunal
2hLh dusian uwwts
dian
teubig ohevibiy uotomamus wnduy wsual wunking loa
whok do qon undenskmd hiyh ld strinah edotmd bas, THT
omild std ban?,
o'n borts
.thuoaXs ith
igh yidd shunh dapned bwrs (tysD hon): 1heru nt
baM a usishanu
strungh. TopPkts H1sD
Ho CorMOSi m, and mort wd Aable.
bons) n
MTB. bots: 1hutmo- Mehanmally Muotd bars CTMT toe
bons a havimg touan 0kn
s tumotutomtnt
unh
Omds innt Loru
nd a
And
Suau
MA sed bans: hug std bts PlaAn ou
an

en

MOund Sehions S diametut1om to

Somm htk no
and
bt qukly
n longnhs an
Con
manatuu
be b esilyh onog
ovn thn bans
drantagt TMIT pan
oeddinq abit wonkinq b A
7MT ban md Supeuon

on bet dmeh n. invuas

STHT bons un Cmruhiom Ces k r e and
USe
N pat Cnstruhim.
an inonuomint
Beom ih

1 w h y do you rand

CA? pain bre btms onllo

loumomAsa) ind n
ompmub im rn
ns Cowses
lttn daha skasss tht
nusists
tu shrupsn plau shih
7 tot hSldin
Sha rtb provided too th
tht btam hen
Cmnbt b pnovdrd
When adtoat dupth dut ttu Som rHAuhm.
ingrtainonud bêom. dua
w
duoigmed Sappert
Sppott wheu Ahune
wheu thun is

m ving lods, pani clanly

wt
n CompnuAion onnd huu is chemge
tnsim
w os
bendin
momen.
 hendu
12. Wh do urdons b posWu ond hou clo o
Wdujigning RCU 1s: Ms4-2dvo?
exposuw elument pen
ilbe aposed dunana
ahth th Cond
hu qUnrta nvinmmnat

poS uu (andhi
isaoringle i Aanihed
ms.
s t

modatd
Eposnus hdled ptovidu n tovn o1 ranlonu mund, hing
Mah o.
Cmen, and b Ynearns UaTu ahm a tn- wrnvn

P e n , hos do q tiat mome (au T-btem and

L- beum ptovisions 1stoder Cp 1s:us6-2000
t Xu D, lh ma rn ruhislemu (udet Cludaud (mbi duri n
se m ruanqdan shm th Lomprusi rn n1un

htn Dt 02
0 36 ky nx 042 Zumea
ui'stanu My
-

Momen

D >6 2
0-42 ums bad 1 045 b){ ld
Mo 0-34 2,m1

D Dthitnst

5 Dg)B nst u n -tran D

S A,
l4,to h shwh
e plin.

Jh o u cummt rahio dnd ad h

th toho th o q
garu to tha
u ati it. eAclulinqhak absombd by h
h sunh
tmemt m mi i h majon ntun har Cmtrds
and many Sthn pro phas Cumunili
Cninil
o laws:
A w An hid itets t strun th
tha i u d nah'm

mor than
ler i-e.
and sulphal atak
Sea aten atauk Te
Conn be Couse
i s
handemtd on ikl
0Com prusiv strungh loaeti hi mi
onkodine

xhma Ahe u t - ammt rako, prov lded

ruauls
Comsslem Abram's las] mt
mm t
neho menaly
waten-
mat
ruduim n th tet
in otms
oms
impn-
donsit stangh impr
densit,Strungh,

acomu,
inuased a . hy
t,
shninkaq
and up
menbiuTA, ruduu intuat
t h purnOsi a
nako, akss
mmt
on inuuo woctn-
in ns durua Ah dutab y cmuli.
thar
hardnd Cmo
tnouu? what onv tha
undexchand by qoud oualib
What do you
5. he pennd to ncotain t strungh
Vonios-ss thar wod
Canuruti ? itie stngt
stmg t, dunsost,
,donsest
b be q0d ulsy,i t i c s i h it is
W Comuu s d job
n d most ecmomi and
Most
Lookabl
usedn Lmu should ba lw
oAmounk Sumnt
pr pord. Lmsi dlunablu amount
shodd be high poiding
thar A
stnangh Canuul
ob uxtaining th stumy
Vonows s t s o n
be muabud
TrAsh Cmuull: Cmut mirhau
miu
5
a t s : onkahiL
Wonkabiuy
swmp t u t .
 m u trmnt
soi ls oeHing hmt cnuue hu ackion dhan
sholL to s sh selkiy
annn d a

hme ument. hnough at Anih and ral sch

(omnd dekonnnintd, wsing Vicat's prnmd
th mix

Hlandend_CmUuk (mouk wbt o r

p
h Compru ive stranqth a
Omprusi ve Stuh st thonedtrako acomond.
albe all Ahe
vids an
a n id nsim
w a k un
tmuls Ha
est : hu t isE
lensill Sungth it is n capted
nctuttunu
da toilb brutu enaks uhun ensiu
ensill oru
cmudu davdo ps h

diru emuiom. So,

nRunan
to daktmine
is
1haru|oru minud,
ils knsi u srungth. a h i h Ah
exceed
dalamint Ah lood
to
nik SArungth SCnduit
membes May ta
omnde hu tahio
taho
Maduadus daah ahy s
7Mods cdahuhy: pplitahomloads.

under Aks
Lancut
th stnain ths ouc
n
i
pexmale
Conundus Wrun umuud
03-

SO2, S0°
meality t s
Pemmeal uu,
prugnu o m , moist
in runanumm
m
uknmi moi m

ond c t . tenu putmab k

Cenuut, bsth
in-St
in- 6itu test tmdmbtd m
hat demtd
7 mev a Uoiows &ustrunive
Ond mon-

Aust ruadhve
SoA hum atL

unuel pud o s
2 8uk 8 t
3omoqepic moduirq
h a
. paeno
nadan tesh na
smppwe
1 nud thetwo
 dou it
o los do MO emau h raapinud dh & beom? Ho
eka pend pan Ah bram! xplaan.
eimaim u4nLl dap btn

heewutdrpt th3dth h)
Maho aVmaldph D) +o
Lommtnded
ht in tho
. D n udanquwhan bt th (an b
ud - b m
m apud
larud dapth (an
is
th th hdp
St2.
eima td kom
thu sn th
Depndenu depth bton n

h e i t spans.
tudahim to
ün
oU
ot en hd
h dpth bams qnualy ond
ona
l0 to 1 aru

Span o spth nah os tonh no

Sim p pponkd and
the (oAe rahios should
to pth
mis, 30an

o Sahao uai al du]on

valu obtaintd beloo
nSt be quatu' han (O
ahoo pans pto
o dapih

Cwnnuy
S i m p ' PP
P poth 20
26
Contincows
vakun ui a) m a y be mudhplied b
SPns th
ton v o s albove m,
ton huvA sh
inh
in h
ih (ose
(Ae m
dajluh'm
dauhi
eup o tom hlrita
inmuuts
0span.
O/spanm)
be ma
houdd
Coddohions s e l o 1 nsidn runoumen
arua

( Sepending n

meded by mukplang
ih tu moi
)shld be
h valuts in )a
obtaintd ptA f Is 25%-2000
C1s:4s3-200)
o
Cohi on
a ot + valu hspan
uin1ument,
the orua om prussi m thi m
n thi oah
nodfiahon
om

pnding
(d)De
n

o be unther moded
b1 mukpn r i
ittm

rLaho
dph
dpih Ts:45Loo 0
oproantd
.wha de ou
undutsland b omuk
(muni stwab. ommu in ( mrnion
what au A vaiow
Vanu ows elumunMs. srippiny kimt
A9tmuoo ou h rudunus tha shall be diqned and omsuukd
So to Jumwda hld Ak
uh Cmuuhmiin pla brpu hl
Hs Sdtina
ompluud. 1hue dasiqnd ond msinnkd so to
d Tmoin tiamty und dunu ng
ploing nd tum pa him tnunuy
Cand shull be su 'to pruyet s a r t tomha tmva.

pin hime Vaniows uonmts:

Plinamun Yrind brote sti king
otmetk

6-21hns
.Verhc omootk to Sumns, oas, bcams

to slab Pnops o be
2 S 1mu
umoval
u mmediatey n
3 as
oMmu 1k)

bams Pops o be
o1mootk o

uiud im mtdiate atn

rumoval
S
muor

4. Pops sab
to 45m
Spannu ngp
ovtn y.5m
2 Spanning p

beams and auhes

S 1ps
Spann uptu 6m

2. Spannung oyut 6m