KARNATAK LAW SOCIETY’S

GOGTE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

UDYAMBAG, BELAGAVI-590008
(An Autonomous Institution under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
(APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI)

Course Seminar Report

Symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault analysis using Matlab Simulink
Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the academic requirement of 5th Semester B.E.
in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Submitted by
Abhishek Khot 2GI19EE002

Vinayak Biswagar, 2GI19EE052

Mihir Patel 2GI19EE022

Archana Madalageri 2GI19EE007

Guided by
Prof. Vani Datar
2021-2022

1|Page
 UDYAMBAG, BELAGAVI-590008
(An Autonomous Institution under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
(APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Ms. Abhishek Khot, Vinayak Biswagar, Mihir Patel, Archana
Madalageri of 5th semester and bearing USN 2GI19EE002, 2GI19EE052, 2GI19EE022,
2GI19EE007 has satisfactorily completed the course activity (Seminar) in Power Systems Analysis
course ( Course code:18EE) . It can be considered as a bonafide work carried out in partial fulfillment
for the academic requirement of 5thSemester B.E. (Electrical and Electronics) prescribed by KLS
Gogte Institute of Technology, Belagavi during the academic year 2021 - 2022

The report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Assignment
(Course activity) prescribed for the said Degree.

Signature of the Faculty Member Signature of the HOD

Date:

2|Page
 Acknowledgement
We would like to thank respected Mrs Vani Datar for giving us such a wonderful opportunity and
giving us guidelines to present a seminar report. It helped us a lot to realize of what we study for.
Secondly, we would like to thank our parents who patiently helped us as we went through our work
and helped to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs. Thirdly, we would
like to thank our friends who helped us to make our work more organized and well-stacked till the
end. Next, we would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS Word. It helped
our work a lot to remain error-free. Last but clearly not the least; we would thank The Almighty for
giving us strength to complete our report on time.

3|Page
 A) ABSTRACT
The primary aim of this research work is to build up a MATLAB based Simulation model for 3 phase
symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. This paper ways to deal with the MATLAB programming in
which transmission line model is composed and different issues has been reenacted utilizing tool
compartment. Fault Analysis for different sorts of faults has been done and it impacts are appeared in
simulation output, for example, voltage, current, control alongside the positive, negative and zero
grouping segments of voltage and current output as far as waveforms.

4|Page
Table of Contents
A) ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... 4

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 7

2. Types of Transmission Line Fault .................................................................................................. 8

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 8

2.2 Symmetrical Fault ................................................................................................................... 9

2.2.1 Three-Phase Faults ........................................................................................................... 9

2.2.2 Three-Phase Faults with Ground Fault ............................................................................ 9

2.3 Unsymmetrical Fault ............................................................................................................... 9

2.3.1 Single Line to Ground .................................................................................................... 10

2.3.2 Line to Line .................................................................................................................... 11

2.3.3 Double Line to Ground .................................................................................................. 11

2.3.4 Line to Line with Other Line to Ground ........................................................................ 12

3. MATLAB simulation ................................................................................................................... 12

3.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 12

3.1.2 Model Of The Power System Parameter List ................................................................ 12

3.1.3 AC Voltage Source Simulink Block .............................................................................. 13

3.1.4 Distributed Transmission Line Simulink Block ............................................................ 13

3.1.5 Relay Simulink Block .................................................................................................... 14

3.1.6 Three-Phase Fault Simulink Block ................................................................................ 14

3.1.7 Parallel RLC Load Simulink Block ............................................................................... 15

3.1.8 Scope Simulink Block.................................................................................................... 16

3.1.9 Powergui Simulink Block .............................................................................................. 17

4. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 17

5. References .................................................................................................................................... 18

5|Page
List of Figures and Tables
1. Figure: 1 Transmission line fault
2. Figure: 2 Three-phase faults
3. Figure: 3 Three-phase faults with ground fault
4. Figure: 4 Single line to ground
5. Figure: 5 Sequence network of line to ground fault
6. Figure: 6 Line to line
7. Figure: 7 Line to line circuit
8. Figure: 8 Double line to ground
9. Figure: 9 Line to line with other line to ground
10. Figure: 10 AC voltage source simulink block
11. Figure: 11 Distributed transmission line simulink block
12. Figure: 12 Relay simulink block
13. Figure: 13 Three-Phase fault Simulink block
14. Figure: 14 Parallel RLC Load Simulink block
15. Figure: 15 Scope Simulink Block
16. Figure: 16 Powergui Simulink Block

6|Page
 1. Introduction
When different types of fault occurs in power system then in the process of
transmission line fault analysis, determination of bus voltage and the rms line current
are possible. While consulting with the power system the terms bus voltage and rms
current of line are very important. In case of three phase power system mainly two faults
occurs, three phase balance fault and unbalance fault on transmission line of power
system, such as line to ground fault, double line to ground fault and double line fault.
The transmission line fault analysis helps to select and develop a better for protection
purpose. For the protection of transmission line we place the circuit breakers and its
rating is depends on triple line fault.

Figure: 1 Transmission line fault

The reason behind is that the triple line fault current is very high as compare to other
fault current. Hence by using MATLAB simulation in computer, the analysis of
transmission line fault can be easily carried out. The main purpose of this paper is to
study the general fault types which are balance and unbalance faults of transmission
line in the power system. Also to perform the analysis and obtain the result of various
parameters (voltage, current, power etc) from simulation on those types of fault
using MATLAB. A new modeling framework for analysis and simulation of
unbalance fault in power system is procedure includes the frequency information in
dynamical models and produces approximate non-linear models that are well
adopted for analysis and simulation. The transformer model includes saturation. The
parameters have been

7|Page
obtained from practical or experimental measurements. From the study it is seen that sags can
produce transformer saturation when voltage recovers. This leads to produce an inrush current that
is similar to inrush current produced during the transformer energizing. The study point out that
the voltage recovery instant can take only discrete value, since the fault-clearing is produced in
case of natural current zeroes. The instant of voltage recovery corresponds to the instant of fault
clearing. For phase to phase fault and single phase fault, a single point-on-wave of voltage recovery
can be defined. On the other hand for two-phase- to-ground and three-phase fault, the recovery
takes place in two or three steps. In petrochemical industry, the grounding and ground fault
protection are very important factors. For that first it is important to have the proper system
grounding for the particular system application, and along with this it is equally important to have
the proper protection against the ground-fault.

2. Types of Transmission Line Fault

2.1 Introduction
As discuss above in three-phase transmission line of power system mainly two types of
fault occurs, balance fault which is also called symmetrical fault and unbalance fault called
as unsymmetrical fault. But this paper only deals with the unsymmetrical fault which
mainly occurs between two or three conductors of the three-phase system or some time in
between conductor and ground. Contingent on this the unsymmetrical faults can be
characterized into fundamental three sorts:-
 Single Line to Ground fault.
 Double Line fault.
 Double Line to Ground fault.
The frequency of occurrence of the single line to ground fault is more in the three phase
system followed by the L-L fault, 2L-G fault and three phase fault. During electrical storms
these types of fault are occurs which may results to insulator flashover and ultimately affect
the power system. To study and analyze the unsymmetrical fault in MATLAB there is a
need of develop a network of positive, negative and zero sequence. In this paper us analysis
positive, negative and zero sequence voltage and current of buses at different fault situation.
In addition to this we analyze the active and reactive power and rms bus current and voltage
of the system at various fault condition.

8|Page
2.2 Symmetrical Fault
A symmetric or balanced fault affects each of the three phases equally. In transmission line
faults, roughly 5% are symmetric. This is in contrast to an asymmetrical fault, where the
three phases are not affected equally.
There are two kinds of symmetrical fault
 three-phase faults
 three-phase faults with ground fault
2.2.1 Three-Phase Faults

Figure: 2 Three-phase faults

2.2.2 Three-Phase Faults with Ground Fault

Figure: 3 Three-phase faults with ground fault

2.3 Unsymmetrical Fault

An asymmetric or unbalanced fault does not affect each of the three phases equally.
Common types of asymmetric faults, and their causes: line-to-line - a short circuit between
lines, caused by ionization of air, or when lines come into physical contact, for example
due to a broken insulator. line-to-ground - a short circuit between one line and ground,
very often caused by physical contact, for example due to lightning or other storm damage
double line-to-ground - two lines come into contact with the ground also commonly due to
storm damage.
There are four types of Unsymmetrical fault:
1. Single line to ground
2. Line to line

9|Page
 3. Double line to ground
4. Line to line with other line to ground

2.3.1 Single Line to Ground

In this type of fault 1 phase gets in contact with the ground so potential then becomes
infinite
Boundary condition: Ifb=Ifc=0

Figure: 4 Single line to ground

Below figure shows sequence network which show that the three network must be
connected in series

Figure: 5 Sequence network of line to ground fault

10 | P a g e
2.3.2 Line to Line
In this type of fault two phases are short circuited
Boundary condition: Ifa =0

Figure: 6 Line to line

The boundary condition are Ia0=0 , Ia1+Ia2=0 & Va1=Va2 indicates a sequence network where
the positive & negative sequence are in parallel & the zero sequence is open circuited as
shown in figure below

Figure: 7 Line to line circuit

2.3.3 Double Line to Ground
It is assumed that the fault has occurred at node k of the network. In this the phase’s b and
c got shorted through the impedance Zf to the ground.
Boundary condition: 3Ifa=Ifb+If

Figure: 8 Double line to ground

11 | P a g e
Under the fault condition Ia =Vb=Vc=0
Ia0+Ia1+Ia2+=0

2.3.4 Line to Line with Other Line to Ground

Figure: 9 Line to line with other line to ground

3. MATLAB simulation
3.1.1 Introduction
The name MATLAB views for Matrix Laboratory. MATLAB was written originally to
deliver easy access to matrix software developed by the (Linear method package & Eigen
method package projects).MATLAB is a great performance language for technical
calculating.it integrates calculation, visualization & programing environment where
problem & solution are expressed in familiar mathematical representation. MATLAB has
several advantages to conventional computer language example (C, FORTRAN) for
solving technical problem.

3.1.2 Model Of The Power System Parameter List

1. AC voltage source Simulink block.
2. Distributed transmission line Simulink block.
3. Relay Simulink block.
4. Three-Phase Fault Simulink block.
5. Parallel RLC Load Simulink block.
6. Scope Simulink Block.
7. Powergui Simulink Block.

12 | P a g e
3.1.3 AC Voltage Source Simulink Block
AC voltage source model in Simulink was presented by three-phase ideal sinusoidal
voltage source with amplitude of 11000 volts and frequency are 50Hz with three phases lagging
respectively other by 120 degrees.

Figure: 10 AC voltage source simulink block

3.1.4 Distributed Transmission Line Simulink Block

The Three-Phase PI Section Line blocks implements a balanced three-phase transmission
line model with parameters lumped in a PI section. Contrary to the Distributed Parameter
Line model where the resistance, inductance, and capacitance are uniformly distributed
alongside the line, the Three-Phase PI Section Line block lumps the line parameters in a
single PI section as shown in the figure below.

Figure: 11 Distributed transmission line simulink block

13 | P a g e
3.1.5 Relay Simulink Block
The Relay block allows the output to the switch between two specified values. When the
relay is on, it remains on up to the input drops below the value of the Switch off point
parameter. When the relay is off, it remains off until the input exceeds the value of the
Switch on point parameter. The block accepts one input and generates one output. The
Switch on point value must be greater than or equal to the Switch off point. Specifying a
Switch on point value greater than the Switch off point value models hysteresis, whereas
specifying equal values models a switch with a threshold at that value.

Figure: 12 Relay simulink block

3.1.6 Three-Phase Fault Simulink Block

The Three-Phase Fault block implements a three-phase circuit breaker where the opening
and closing times can be controlled either from an external Simulink signal (external control
mode), or from an internal control timer (internal control mode).

14 | P a g e
 \

Figure: 13 Three-Phase fault Simulink block

3.1.7 Parallel RLC Load Simulink Block

The Three-Phase Parallel RLC Load block implements a three-phase balanced load as a
parallel combination of RLC elements. At the specified frequency, the load exhibits a
constant impedance. The active and reactive powers absorbed by the load are proportional
to the square of the applied voltage.
Only elements associated with nonzero powers are displayed in the block icon.

Figure: 14 Parallel RLC Load Simulink block

15 | P a g e
3.1.8 Scope Simulink Block
The Scope block displays its input with respect to simulation time. The Scope block can
have multiple axes (one per port); all axes have a common time range with independent y-
axes. The Scope allows you to adjust the amount of time and the range of input values
displayed. You can move and resize the Scope window and you can modify the Scope's
parameter values during the simulation.

When you start a simulation, Simulink does not open Scope windows, although it does
write data to connected Scopes. As a result, if you open a Scope after a simulation, the
Scope's input signal or signals will be displayed.

If the signal is continuous, the Scope produces a point-to-point plot. If the signal is discrete,
the Scope produces a stair step plot.

The Scope provides toolbar buttons that enable you to zoom in on displayed data, display
all the data input to the Scope, preserve axes settings from one simulation to the next, limit
data displayed, and save data to the workspace. The toolbar buttons are labeled in this
figure, which shows the Scope window as it appears when you open a Scope block.

Figure: 15 Scope Simulink Block

16 | P a g e
3.1.9 Powergui Simulink Block
The Powergui block opens a graphical user interface (GUI) that
displays steady-state values of measured current and voltages as well
as all state variables (inductor currents and capacitor voltages). The
Powergui block allows you to modify the initial states in order to
start the simulation from any initial conditions.

Figure: 16 Powergui Simulink Block

4. Conclusion
The simulation and analysis of three phase fault to achieve results of
the transmission line parameter is convenient by using MATLAB
software. In this paper simulation of three phase transmission line
fault analysis system is proposed. Single Line to Ground fault, Double
Line fault etc in transmission line is also simulated. This system opens
the way to redesign the bus system of the power system according to
its results. The proposed work can able to implement for a larger
power systems geographically apart

17
5. References
[1] https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/38cc/69cafa8ab82af0ec02e00287df050e991428.pdf

[2] http://www.iaeme.com/MasterAdmin/UploadFolder/IJEET_07_02_006/IJEET_07_02_
006.pdf

[3] https://www.scribd.com/document/312799120/Review-Paper-On-Three-Phase-fault-
analysis

[4] http://www.academia.edu/11389028/TRANSMISSION_LINE_FAU
LT_ANALYSIS_BY_USING_ MATLAB_SIMULATION

[5] https://www.ijraset.com/fileserve.php?FID=5903

[6] https://www.google.com/search?q=Future+Outlook+for+Fault+Classification+Met
hods&oq=Future
+Outlook+for+Fault+Classification+Methods&aqs=chrome..69i57.116
4j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=U TF-8

18