Chaptet24

Li i
Linear Homogeneous Equation and Vi .
. lllilltl
. . }) ·~~i
atattt ~
So far we have studied the methods of solving lin ~\\
. h ffi .
differential equations wit constant co-e c1ents. Let Us car &c
~d
methods of solving linear differential equation with van:holw eollsiQ \
. dif'& ·a1
Let us consider a linear . 1erent1 equation . C C{) ti
of the lYpe "Cf11c1t,
I

n n-1 n-2 '

i' !!:.1_ + a x11~1 d y + a2x'1-2 d l
~ 1 dr"-1 dr1-2 +
+ a(n -l) ~ + DnY = F {x).
where a1, a2, a3, ........ an are constants. This equcation is
.
homogeneous lmear . als o call ed .Cauchy - Euie called
. Th.ts 1s
equai1on.
· r equati,
The substitution x = i (orz = lo~x) converts this differenti.al equa'.
'th variable co.effi1c1ents
wi I . .
mto ..l!U "al equation with
a wuerentt / ~
co-efficients. r constt
For the substitution x = f, (or z = loge x) it follows,
~=~· dx·=x~ (
dz dx. dz dx •: dx -.
fk_l) X

Hence xt = ~ (ie)x; = Dy ...(1) where D = 1·

<fl_=!!_( ·!#!)
d.z2 dz X dx

= ~ - ~ +x.!!.. (!!!)
dz dx dz dx
= ~ .dx
~ + xtflv~ dx
-
dz dx2. dz
=x~ ·+ x2~
dx dx2
=1-+x2~
dx2 (using {1)1
---
, . car Homogeneous Equation and Varicition of p, . ,
s..,lfl - - - - · - . , ; : _ _ - - - - - - -- ---

. 2 d2X == d2 v -- g1
---- -
·•r
ara.nci.ei
----- - - - -- -----·-
_"l-•.J
~..-c..

.. X d>:2 dz2 dz

= (D 2 - D )y ... ( 2) or D (D - l)y where D ~ j_

dz
Similarly we can show that
,iv
x- dx3 = D (D
.-L.
· - 1) (D - 2'\
~,Y

substituting (1), (2), (3). etc in the given differential equation (l), we
gd a differential equcati°:n wit~ const~nt co-~fficients .. Ea1t~er we have.
.,een the methods ?f solvmg a linear differenttal equahon v1:th consta:1t
co-efficients. The refore we can solve the converted . linear equation v.ith
constant co-efficients and hence the solution for (I) can be obtained 1n
terms of x.
~ 's Unear Equation
An equ~tion of the type
n t/1 y ( b)n-1 d"-1 y F
11
0
(at+ b) di' + a1 ax+ ct?-l + ...... a.1= (x).

where a0, at, a2 .•. .an are constants is called Lagrange's line.ar equation.
puta+b=X
. dX
Then - = a
.d . d ( dX)
dx d'
Now ·t1x = dX dx = a dX
. ,. JJ, 2 'J, .
Also tJl, :;: a dX2 etc.

.·. the Lagrange,s equation becomes

"oan K1 t/1y + a
~ . ~ :
an-1 xn-l tf'~ly
(iX°-1
+
····
+a y = F_(·x- b)
n . a ,

~ being the .homogeneous differential· equat~on of Cauchy Euler.

type we can solve this equation. · · · . ·
;E111ap1e l ..
. '

· So1ve .t2 ; l _ .,_ ~ _ . . _ 4 · .'.

·. tJx2 4A.dx 4ty-X .
 -Solution : Ma~A
This is a bomogeous linear eq .
~
uation of Cau chy . Euler lype
z
Let x == e .
.·. z -= logcx.
Then we know that
'
x ~ = [!y where D = (k
d

;.ll.., D (D - l)Y
.
.tJJ- . '
'

The given differential equatio

n beco~es
D (D - l)y - 2Dy - 4y = 42
e .
(D2 - D - 'iD -- 4)y = e4z.
(D2 - 3D - 4)y = e4z
The auxiliary equation is
m2 - 3m - 4 = O
(m -4 ) (m +l ) = 0
:.m = 4, - 1.
~ mnplemantary fnoction
is y = Ae 4z + Be -z . The pa
1 ' rtirular Jntewal ~
P.1 c:: 2 e4z
D -3 D ~ 4
= ·l · 4z
(D -4 ) (D+ 1) e ,
- 1 1 4z
- 5· D -4 e
1
= -z ez
5
.·. The complete solution
is
y = Ae4z + Be -z + .! ze4z
5
Y = A e,4z + -B + -1 ze4a;
ez 5 .
Y = Ax4 + B + 1 x 4 lo gx
X 5
Example 2
~

Solve x 2~ ~
+ ~ dx
~2 + 2y = s'in (Jo )
gx .
1 iDear Hom ogen eo~ Equa tion an d Variation 0 f Para.tneter
1

..::. 24.4
soJu tion :
This is a hom ogen ous linear equa tion
=-
Let x = ez (i e) z logc.r.
Then x !!!dx =Dy where D = E-.
dz"
~ -
.~ ttx2 = D (D - l)y.

The given .differential equation becomes -

·· [1> (D - l)y + 4Dy + = sinz 2y]
[lry - Dy+ 4Dy + 2>'] = .sinz
[o2 + 3D + 2] y = sinz
The auxiliary equation is
2
· m +3 m+ 2= 0:. m= -1, -2.
The complementary function is
y =A e-z + Be-2z
The Particular Integral is
1 .
Pl= _2 . smz
u-+ 3D +2
1
· put Dz = -1.
= -l+ 3D + 2 smz
1 .
= 3D + 1 smz
= (3D - l) sinz
9D2 -1
. (3D ~ 1) . · (3cosz - sinz )
=- 10 sm z = - 10
•
- .. . -z -2z . 3 cosz - smz
The complete solu tion is y = Ae + Be - 10
A .B 3 cos -{log x) - sin (logx}
· :. Y = "i° + ; - 10
Example 3

Solve ;.b._ _ 3t !!l =x + 1

tJ:2, dx
 Sokltion !

Tne -giv~ri o.ifferential eq~atiot becomes

~ ' . .1 .
i D (D - l) - 31? y == e2 + 1
!
.
1 I
~
•

I .., \
(,./T> -
I

\
'
- ~D!· .y = " l
.,.
;
' 1
C, .....
I 1
~

"\
Th e auxiliary equation is n-i"' - 4m = 0
m = 0, 4.
The complementary function is
4z.:
J" = A +Be
Tb ;· Particular Integral is
1 -
P.I= 1
-- e. :. + ., 1
D·- -4 D D .. -4 D
_ z.1 1 Oz
- -3 e -t- D (D - 4) e
· -1 z 1 1 0z
= 3 e -- 4 ·D e
=-1
-ez--1z
3 4
· r1ie complete solution is y = A + Be 4z - ; ez - i z.
y =A + Bx4 - ; - ; logx,
f~xample 4
3 2
2d~
Solve x dx3 + 1t ~ dv
ttx2 + ~ = x2 Iogx.
Sointion :

Let ~ = V. .Then
~
d2y = dV and dy3---d2,.V
d2 ~
r dx c1.x-
_. . . the given DE becomes
-Linear Homogeneous . Equation and Vari f
ti- ·
a ion of Parameter .
.x2 _x + ~ . . dV . . . 2 ..
tJx1 -» dx + V = x- logx . . ... (2)
.Let x- = .z
~
_ lo~.x
••· z,....
Then equation (2) betomcs
[D (D - 1) + 3D + 11 y = u 22
(ie) (& + 2D + 1) y = z e22
·the auxiliary equation is m2 + 2m ·+ 1 = o
:.m = -1, -1.
The complementary function is
V = e- 1 ( Az + B)
The particular Integral is
Pl= 1
ze2z
2
D +2D+ l
=--·1-ze
2
·1i
(D + 1)
22 1
=e . 2 z.

~r\
(D + 3)

= e2z¼ (1 +
=e2z~((1-~))z
=~
.·. the solution is
~-½1
V= e (Az + B) + ½e22 z- ~
~ 1 2z 2
(i e) dx = I (At + B) + 9e 2 z(- 3 / 2)
. . = x (A log.x + B )+ \ logx - 3
lnteV ating, y=AJ xlogx dx+B f xdx + f t1ogxdx-J~dx
 . .,
,A .
\' •A :!; logx-~
4 27
( lit" X ~'
+ - +-l o g r- !.. ... 4,~•
2
"'
1 81 's ~
,.. l
,t - . ~ l t
•~,J -A -2 lo,x - ·• + -2. + £ ' ;
27 logi - --
.. 27 +C
bmp\e s
Sove '/ cf-1xD - 4)y . ;
2logx +
SolutlOD !
Let x • t1 :. t • log.r
The given equation becomes
(D (D -1 ) -W- 4]y •e ll + 1.z
[D2 - lD - •] y = ea + a
The Auxiliary equation is
(m 1 - 3m - 4) = O,(m - 4)
(m + 1) = 0
:. m • 4, -1 .
The complementary functio
n is
y • A t4t + B e-1 .
P/1 a 1 ea.
D 2 -3 D -4
= 1 2z -1 1z
4 - ,6 - 4' =
6 e
Ph=..- ·2 1 2z
· D -3 D -4
= -1
4 1 -D 2 -3 D
a
4
= -! .1 _ D -3 D
4 4 ( 2 J-1
z

:a - ![1 + D2 ~ 3D]
2
4 z

. •-½[z-¾]
:. The' complete solution
is
 n and Variat'ion of Pa ram ete r
Linear Homogeneous Equatio 2~.8
-

Examplt 6
Solve ~ + .! ~ -• ll log~
dr2 xd x ;.

SolutJon :
is
The given differential equation
x 2 ~ + .r ~ • 12log.r

Let .r • t (ic) z • 108e.t

1

The gjven equation becomes

[D (D -l )+ D ]y •U z
Ir y• l2 z
The aux:iliary equation is
m 2 • 0 :. m • 0, 0
is y = A.z + B
.·. The complementary function
PI = _! _ 12z
v2
=_!_ 6t2
D
= 2z3 .
:. The complete s_olution is
3
y= A z+ B + 2z 3
y =A Iogx + B + 2 (log x)
Example 7
equation of the cu rv e wh ich satisfies the differential equatio
rmd the

~
x =1
4t2 ~ - 4r dx + y = O and tou ches .r axis at an angle of fl! at
dx
Soiud on :
Lc tx =~ z
The given differential equation
becomes
 Example 8 :.y •.r (t -f/-)
The radial
displacemen
axis is given t u in a ro
·by tating disc
at a· distanc
ti-u l d u . e r from l
(ll- + ; ~ - ,ul + k r
=O
find its disp
lacement ·
Solution :
.Th\.. given
equation is
;<12-u du
r V + r dr - u =
-Jc?
Let
r=e 1
The given : . z = log r
equation b
ecomes
Linear- Hom oge neo us Equation and y • . 24 JO
- . [D (D .. ] . anation of Parameter
- ·--·
1) + D 1 u == - ktll

(!>2 -1)u == -k~:i,

The auxiliary equation is m- :- 1 = o ••. m = % 1.
2

The complementary function is u = Aez + Be -i

pJ = - 1 . ke3z . .
2
D ...: -1 -
k 3z ·'·
-- - -e
8
.·. the_complete solution is
u = Aez + Be -z - k e3z
8
u= Ar +B _k, ?
, 8
Example 9

Solve x2 ~ - 3t ~ + Sy = l- sin (logx)

Solution :
x = e2 : • z = logx. .
The given differential eqution becomes
[D (D - 1) - 3D + s) y ... e2z. sinz
. (IY'- 4D + 5)y = e21 Jnz
2 +5= 0
The auxiliary equation is m - 4m
m-= 2%i
The complementary function is
y = elz (A
cosz + B sinz)
1 2z •
e smz
P.1 = 2
- D _ D+
e22 (-4 __ l __ __] smz
5 __:;,_ .
- (D + 2)2 - 4 (D + 2) + 5

.
= e2z ( 21 ] smz
D + 1
~~·~u------------2:-z - - :.- ~T
1- - : -
= e IP o! (D + i)(D _ ; / iz -----~~
'-\
=·e2z IP of zj1 zeiz
= e27. IP [T z (cos ·z + i ~sinz)]
e2z z cosz .
=- 2
2z
. .
The ~olut1o 2z [ .
n is y = e A cosz + B smz - e z cos z J
2
y = ; [A cos (logx) + B sin (logx)] - ;2 logx cos (logx .

)
Ewnple 10

Solve (x2 D2 + 3tD + 1)y = l 2

(1 -x )
Solution
Let = e2 :. z = loge X
X

The given equation becomes

[D (D -1) + 3D + 1] y = (1 - 2 cr
(v2 + 2D + 1) y = (1 - ezr2
The auxiliary equation is m2
+ 2m + 1 = o
:. m = -1 , -1 .
The complementary function is
y = e -z (Az + B)
PI = 1 1
[D + 1)2 (1 - ez)2
- D ~ i[ e-z I l ~zez)2 dz]
= D: 1[ -e -• 1 (1 - e') -2 (- e ')dz]
=D ~ 1 [-e-• f (l -e ') -2 d( -e ')]
Linear Homogeneous Equation and Variation of Parameter
- =
D
i+ 1 l-e
.
-z ( 1 - -1e -1 j
1
) . ,24.12

1 1
- D + 1 e~ ( 1 - ez)

= e-z I ~z l (/- ez dz

= e-z f (1 + ez
1- l
dz,

= e-z (z ~- log (1 - e ))
:. The solution is y = e -z (Az + B) + e-z [z- tog (1- e2)]
(ie) y = ! (A logx + B) !
+ [togx - log ('1 - x)J

x-
A log-
- - +B
+ . -11.1og ( x ')
Y-
- x x , ,. 1--x \

Example 11

Solve (1 +x)2 j+ (1 + x) : + y = 2 sin [tog (1 + x)]

Solution
put 1 +x =X
The given equation becomes
d2y + x !!l + y = 2 sin (log X)
· x2 dX2 .dX
Let X = ez ••• z = log ex
.·. The equation (1) · becomes
[D (D - 1) + D + 1]y = 2 sin (z)

(v2 + 1)y = 2sinz

2
The auxiliary equation is ·m + 1 = 0 : . m = ± i
The complementary function is y = A cos z + B sin z
1· .
P/= --2 sm z
2
D .+ 1
=Ip . .1 2eiz
2
D +1
 y=Acosz+Bsinz-zcosz . .·:_
y = A cos (logX) +B sin (log X) - logX. cos (log X) "
y = A cos log (1 +x) +Bsin Jog (1 +x) - log (1 +.x) . cos !Jo~ 1i
_ . • . ·
1
I

Example U

(1 +xl ti_ + (1 +x) !&. +y

d.(' dx
Solution :
. '
4' ~. ' ..
= Jog (1 + .f) + cos ['08 (1 +11
l+x= X
2!D_ f!l_ - ..
X dX2 + X dX ~ Y = 4 log.X·+ ·.cos log_X -_.

z=log X, D =.!!__
. dz .
1]
[D(D-1) +D + y = 4z+co sz

(ff+ 1) )' = 4z + cosz .

CF isy = c1 cosz + c., sin z

1 ."
Pl= 4--z + 1
1 ~ D2 D2 + 1 cosz .
= 4i + ZSUlz . ... . .. .
'

2
··• The complete solution is
y = cl cos log (1 + x) + ci sin log (1 + ~); .
4 log (1 + x) + l 1og (l + ) [ . .
2 x sm log_ (1 +x)J17-. .. ·
Linear Homogeneous Eq\Jation and Variation of Parameter .: ' U
l ...:.:.:..~~~::_-~.:_::
- ~----~-~Eri:;x :cr=ci;-:se~
Solve the following Differcnlial Equations :

l. ; ~ + 4t~ + 2,\' = tx .

2. ~ + 4t ~
; ti. dx + 2y == ~-

3. ; ~
~
-x !#i + y - .t2.
dr

4. J}~
~
+ 11.t~
dr
- 3y == 8 - 3logx

,;. ;. >'2 + 6i>'1 + 4y - 0

6. :i Y1 + 3yl - ! ==
y j .

7. ; Yi - y = (log x)2 - 1
8. x2 .Yt + lxy, + Sy = x2
9_} Yt + lty, + 4y = cos (4 logx}
10. ,?-y2 + 1xy + Sy = O
11. .r2y2 + lt>'1 + y = x logx

12. .ryl + 9.xy1 + Y = X

l3. ,?-y2 _ 31y 1 + 5y = x2logx
14. l-y2 + 7xy, +Sy=·;

15. ~~ + 312~ +ry + sin(logx)

16, tfy_+~-l=
· d}, dr r
-a?

·l7.u==,l1 r ~ )1 +a?
18. ;.rfl_ - -it~+ 4y =x4
ctr2 .dx
1,4.\5 -- --· -------------------..----~
.2
19. h2 + y - - 3x
;...
20.x2~ +lt !!1dx, + Sy =x cos (logx) + 3
21. tr2 D2 +
4tD + Z)y =x2 + sin (lo
gx)'
22. h2 -xy1 +y = 2 lo
gx
23. <tt2y 2
2 + 4xY1 - y = 4t

24. ; ~ - 1x t+ lly = x2

"( ( + 1)2 rf1. + (x + 1) ~ =

4AJ, X
2 dx (x + 3) (IX+ 4)
dx
26. (1 + x )2 ~ + (1 +
x) t +y = 1.sin ( log (1 +x))
27. (3t + 2)2 ~ + 3
(3t +2) ~ - 36y = Jt2 + 4t +l
dx2 dx . .
28. (2t + 1 )2 -~ - 2
(2t + 1) ~- 12y = lit ·
. i1_ l ~ _ 121ogx
29. dx2 + xdx -
;
2
30. -'Y 2 - 4zyl + 6Y = 442
X
31. l-y2 + 4zy1 + 2y = xl og x
32. }y - '1ty + 6y
5 4 = 4 ·.

t
3

33. (1 + ix)2 + (1 + 2r) ~ + y c= 8 (1 + 2r>2

Variation or P
arameter
Earlier we have seen
the me.thQd of solvin
with cons tant co~efficients w g a linear differentfaJ equario.O
type. Here we pr hen th e no n- ho m og
esent a more genc en eo us te rm is of a sped a!
pararµeters which raJ m et ho d caJJed
can be used to de varia tion ~,t
te rm in e pa rt ic ul ar
m tc gr al. Th is
 Linear Ho mo gen ~us Equ a~o n and Variati
;et hod ~pplies even w~en the co-efficien
are funct1ons of x pro vid ed we know a
on of Parameter 24 _16
ts of the differential equation
fundamental solution set for the
I
I

Consider the non-homogereous

corresponding homogeneous equ atio n.
linear second ord er equation
~ +p ( t + q (x) y = h (x) ... (l)

y. Let y 1 (x) and Y2 (x) be a

where the co-efficieut of ~ is tak'en as unit
ing homogereous equation.
fundamental solution set for the correspond
b. gJ_
dx 2 + a (x) dx + b (x) y = O
... (2)

us equation .(2) is .
Then the general solution of the homogeneo ... (3)
y = c1 y 1 (x) + c2 y 2 (x)
where c1 and c2 are arbitary constants.
To find the particular solution
ind variation of parameters
to the non-homogerous eqliation, the idea beh
ctions of x.
is to replace the constants in (3) by the fun
form
That is , we seek a solution of ( 1) of the ... (4}
y P (x) = v1 (x) y 1 (x) + v2 (x) y 2 (x)
ctions v1 (x) and v2 (x) it
Since we have introduced two unknown fun
-two equations involving these
is reasonable to expect that we will need
lly one 9f these/ two equations
functions in order to determine them. Natura
stitute Yp (x) in (4) into (1) -
should come from (1). Let us therefore sub
for this we must compute
Yp' (x) and Yp'' (x)
from (4) we obtain t I
1
Y2 }
· -+(v1Y1
1
+ V2Y2') ... (S)
Y p= (v1 Y1 +v2
second order -.~erivatives for
. To simplity the computation and to avoid
th e unknowns v , v in the expression for Yp" we take
1 2
... (6)
v1'Y1+v2'Y2= ·0
Then (5) becomes
... (7)
Yp' c: v1 Yl ' + v2y i'
... (B)
Now Yp " = v1 'Yl ' + v1 y1 "+ V2 'Y2 ' + v2y
2 "
stlhstituting Yp,Yp ',yp " as given in (4), (5), (6) into (1) we find

32
 t I + y2y2'') +p "I Ji • ~.,,
~
I y . + VI yI V 2 y2
I 1- j '•
(vt I
) ~
h 2~I
( Y + v2Y2 ') + vI (y I , ' +p,y , , ,
q v, I • (v 'y 1 + v2 Y2
I Y2 CY2 " +PY2 +qyiJ .,,'h \ I

, , == h (10) since y 1 and Y2 are the OoUt,,

1

+ v2 Y2 •, 1
,
1 Y1 . We can solve for 1 v and 11 ' fro \
v
ation. 2 rn (6) ~~,,
ho mogeneous equ '- 0 .
- Yi Vi +Y2 V2 - • I

+y ' v2 ' - h •
t I
.
Y1 vi 2
' d v2, integrating we get v1 and 112 as functions of i
From vi an
. ar m uiven by
· t egraJ is e,-
. The particul
.. Yp (x) = vi (x) Y1 (x) + vz (x) Y2 (x).
The complete solution is
Y = C1Y1 (x) + C2Y2 (x) + vl (x)yz (x) + v2 (x)y2(x)
.
Let IJ<i illustrate this method in the following examples
Example 1
,i2. .
Solve ~ +y = tanx.
dx2
Solution :
2
(D + 1)y = tanx.
2
The auxiliary equation is m + 1 = 0 :.,n = + 1
. The rnmplemen1ary function is y == A cos x + h
sinx (1,
Lcr rht particular integral be
·t: ';,, '
Y == A cos x + B si.n x (2) where A and 11 an- fon1.
Diffcrcnti:Jing (2) with respect tu x,
Y =-A sin x-t -A <.:o'lx+BcosJ. -r-LJ sin
"' (- 4 ~iu r+ Bco,,xJ 1 ,1' CO.\.\'+ r·~in.r
Le, us l\\rn mc tii.1t
"'; r:u!, x + Ii .\in x == o

' .
I IJc tro111 (JJ we have: I'' .,. .• , ,
· L 111 , .. , t
Funhcr d1fft.:renti,t(JC1t• w,r i , )
.
,, (( t' Jlt' ( 'I •
•• • - l'J,r , \\',• .f•['
\_, " _- - ,
I <l·l•., r -- .,,.
f • 'ltll I •.;. fl .
, ' ~- ' I
 .-t \..\.,~ \. ... ~· '1~ .':.. .:":;: ~
- .-( ~in + S ~-,,, " = a.nJ,
(,,n COS t' - \ .. ) S>. ~- ~t\ ~; ~ . ◄ ::: - Q _t'1 l' $3.n ~
o \ ~n .t: ~"\.~ 1·
.. B - - = ~--H.1 ~-=- -

B= J sin.r i!t =- c,:~ x

. ,
: . P1 = [ SJ.n x - 1~ t5<f x + t ~n .\ ) J ~"\."\$ i - ~ m t ~·\ \,-:.·

= - co.s.r log ( S(C X + l3.n .t)

The complete: solutio.n is

y = c 1 ros .t + '" : s.in.r - ~.r l~ lS"-" r -+ t3.Il .\ '\

where c1 , c2 arc 3.f~itr LU)' coru.t~nt~

Example 2
;--1 + a2 )' = S'(C cJ.:r
Solve dr .
Solution .:
(D2 + a1 ) y = uc 4.lt
2
The auxiliary equation is m + o~ = 0
m = ± ai
Th~ comp lementary fun~ti~1n is y = A C\\S. ...;.x ..,. B ~to .;.r
Let the particular integral be
Y = A cos a.r + B sin ax \\ ha~ 4 and B Mt: . ·; ~:tr.u , fo :h'l ~,, .b (\~· !

·Y ' = A · cos ar + B · sin ax - :, A sin a.r + .J 6 ('t.,$ ,. ;~

F
- - - - - - - - --:-::-~:-=-;~ - - - -
242!_.1~9
- Now take A' cos ax+ B' sin ax
=0 ~ht~.;
~
Then y , = ..:. a A sin ax + a B·cos ax
y ,, = - a A , sin a.t + a B , cos
ax - a2 A cos ax - al
. B,
= _ aA' Sh ta. t + a cos ax - 2 .
a y. &,
2
:. y" + a- y = a (- A ' sin ax + B ' co
s ax).
(ie). - A' sin ax + B ' cos ax = a1 sec
ax
A ' cos ax + B ' sin a.t = 0
.
(4) ·sin ax - (5) cos ax gives - A ' = a1 sec ax sm
. ax

1.
= - tan ax
a
1
:. A = - - tanx and B · = -1 tan ax cos ax 1
1

a • =-
a Jnax a
A :. = - f~ tan ax lU' and B = ~ lU'
l
= -, log cos ax~ B = -X
a~ a
: . The Particular Integral is

P I = (,1 l
og cos ax) cos ax + -x sm
.
ax
. a- a
: . The complete solution is
. ax 1
y = c1 cos ax+ c sm
2 + 2 cos ax Iog ens ax +1- x sm
. ar
a a
where c1 and c are arbitrary
2 constants.
Example 3
solve (D 2 + l)y = x sin x
Solution :
The auxiliary equation is m 2
+ 1= o
:. m = :ti
Th e · co mp lem en tar y function
is
y = A co sx + B sin x (1) wh
ere A , B are arb itr ary const
Let the pa rti cu lar integral an t.
be
·:v-;:::: A cos x + B sin x where A
, B, ar-e arbitrary functio ns
y' =A ' cos x + B' sin x - of x
A sin x + cos x
8 ·
Lin~ar Homo~eneous Equation and rVariation of Parameter 24.' I

Choose A ' cosx + B 'sinx = 0 ... (:

Then y' = -A sinx + B cosx .
y" = - A' sin x + B ' cos x - A cos x - B sin x
· = -A' sinx + B' cosx -y
.\y'' + y =
-A' sinx+ B' cosx
: . A ' cos x + B ' sin x = O ..-.(3
- A 'si11x + B 'cosx =x sinx .... (4)
(4) sinx - (3) cosx gives -A' = x sin 2 x
. 2
, X sm X cos X •
From ( 3) B = .smx =x s1nx cosx

:.A~ -f xsin xdx 2 .

=-x[x-sin2t]
2 2
+lf 2
fx_sin2tdx) -
-~ 2
= :? +xsin2x +; +·cos ·2t
2 2 4 8-
-x 2 . X sin2x COS2X
+ s:
B=
=-4-+

J- -.-2d x,
4
xsinlx · ..
. .

.
~ -x COS~-
- - 4 +
~s 2x ~-·
4 · ""'
-
f
= -'X c;s 2t + sin 2t .
8
The complete solution is _ _
. _ : . . ( ....}- .xsin:21: + COS2t~ ~ X + .
y "" ct cosx + c2 smx + 4 + . 4 . ·. . 8 -J

Sin 2t ~ X
( .8 ·. ·
COS~) ·sin.t
4 .· .
.
. . . .
Ewilple 4

Solve ~ + y = cosecx
Solution :
(D2 + l)y = coucx
2
The auxiliary equation is ~ven by m +l='cosecx
:. m = ± ,.
.
 ..
24.21 ----- .___
- The coll1plementary function is y = A cosx + Bsi~
where A and B are arbitrary constants.
Let the particular integral be
y=Acosx+Bsinx
where A and B are arbitrary functions. ·
~~ = -A sinx + B cosx +A' cosx + B' ~x
·

Choose A' cosx +B 'sinx = 0

:.~= -A sinx +B COsx

fl__
tfx2 - -
A,.smx +B' cosx -A cosx - B sinx
= -A' sinx + B 'cosx "-'.y•
. fl_
·· dx2 +Y = -A' sinx +B ' cosx.
- A , sin x + B , cos .r = cosec x
But . A' cosx + B 'sinx = 0
(5) sinx -(4) cos~ gives -A'== 1
A'= -1
··. B' == cotx

A'== -Jrl~ _-x u..c-

.
B ':= Jcotl· dx -- J
ogsmx
•
. . The complete solution is .. .
y == ci cos x + c2 sin x -
Exa1nplt S . x cosx + (log sirix) sinx

Solve ~ _ !!J: _ x •
dx2 dx - e sinx
iohatlon :
(D2 - D)y == ex .
Th ,. SUl..t
,e aUX1hary equation i 2
s n1 -ni:::::o ·
Lineaf. }:lomogeneo
us E q u a ti o n and -
Variation -o f· Par an\ctcr· .
m (m - 1 ) ·= 0
:. m = 0, 1 24.22
Tlle co m p lemen
tary function .is
y =A+ Bl
Let th e particular ...(1)
in te g ra l b e
y == A · + B l . ....
(2) where A and B
oifferentiating with are arbitrary functio
respect to x· ns._, .
·
y' =A' +B !+
Bex
Choose A ' .+ B' l
=0
Then ...(3)
y' = Bl
y" = B l+ B' I .
The given equatio
n is y '' - y' = l si
nx.
Bl + B ' I - Bl =
l sinx
B ' l = l sinx
B ' = sinx
B = Jsi n x d x =
- cosx
F ro m (3) A '= -
B , e! = e! cosx -
. :. A = f l c o sx d x l
= 2 (cosx + sinx)
: . The · complete so
lution is
_ +~ (cos x + sinx) -
y - C l+ C2X l cos x.
2
=c + c2 x + ~ (sin x - co
1 sx)
Exercise 2

1. ~ + 4y = tan2x
2~y' , . - 2y' +·'!:I _
=c tanx
3. (D1 + 4) y = co
sec 2x
d2
4. ; }v. + 9y = sec 3x
 !1
5. ttr2 - 4y = t
2x

6. !1-y= l+2C
d
7. y" + 2y' + y = .e -x cosx

8. ~ - y = C sin (e -x) + ~ (e -x )
9. ~ + 16y = se c~
10. y·' ' + 16y = 4 ta n 4r
11. (D2 + l) y = x COS 2r
2
U . (D + l) y = ta nx
13. (rJ2 + l) y = l . 1.
+ sm x