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181101 - MATHEMATICS I
UNIT 1 - MATRICES
Characteristic equation – Eigen values and eigen vectors of a real matrix – Properties – Cayley-
Hamilton theorem (excluding proof) – Orthogonal transformation of a symmetric matrix to
diagonal form – Quadratic form – Reduction of quadratic form to canonical form by orthogonal
transformation.
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Characteristic Equation of a square matrix
If A is any square matrix of order n, we can form the matrix A-λI, where I is the nth order
unit matrix. The determinant of this matrix equated to zero is called characteristic equation.
i.e. A-λI = 0. On expanding the determinant the characteristic equation takes the form
(-1)n λn + k1 λn-1 + k2 λn-2 + k3 λn-3 + k4 λn-4 + …… + kn = 0. The roots of this
equation is called the characteristics roots (eigen values) of the matrix A.

Eigen Vector

Sec. 1 Cayley Hamilton Theorem

Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation

Application of Cayley Hamilton Theorem

1. It is used to find the inverse of any square matrix of order n with (n-1)powers of A and is
considered as a practical method for the computation of the inverse of the large matrices.
2. It is used to find An+1 with minimum computation.
Sec. 2 Diagonalisation
If a square matrix A of order n has n linearly independent eigen vectors, then a matrix P can
be found
PART A

1 1 5

1. Find the sum & product of eigen value

[ ]
1 5 1
3 1 1
1 2
2. Prove that eigen values of -3A -1 are the same as those of A =
[ ]
2 1

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics

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3. If the sum of the two eigen values and trace of 3 x 3 matrix A are equal , find the value
of |A|

1 1 1

4. If A =
[ ]
1 2 2
1 2 3 , write down the sum & product of the eigen values of A.
5. P.T X is eigen vector of A corresponding to eigen value  Then for any non zero scalar
multiple of X is also an eigen vector of A

2 2 1

6. Two eigen values of a matrix A =

[ ]
1 3 1
1 2 2 are equal to 1 each . Find the eigen
values of A -1

3 −1
7. Verify the Cayley Hamilton’s theorem for the matrix
A= [ −1 5 ]
2 0 1

8. Find the sum and product of the A =

[ ]
0 2 0
1 0 2
2 3 1
9. Find the eigen value of A =
[ ]
0 4 corresponding to eigen vector
[]
0
10. Find the nature of the conic 8x 2 - 4xy + 5 y 2
= 36 , by reducing the quadric from 8x 2 -
4xy + 5y 2 to the form AX2 + BY2
11. If A is an orthogonal matrix S.T A-1 is also orthogonal

a 4
12. Find the constants a & b such that the matrix
[ ]
1 b has 3 and -2 as its eigen values

1 4
13. Using C- H find A-1 given A =
[ ]
2 3
PART B

14. Find the eigen value and eigen vector of the following

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics

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6 −2 2 2 2 1

a.
[
A = −2 3 −1
2 −1 3 ] b.
[ ]
A= 1 3 1
1 2 2
15. Use Cayley Hamilton theorem

1 0 3

a. Find A -1
given A =
[ 2 1 −1
1 −1 1 ]
2 1 1

b. Find A 5 2
in term of A , A & I
[ ] 0 1 0
1 1 2

1 2 −2

c. Find A -1
if A =
[ −1 3 0
0 −2 1 ]
−1 0 3

d. Find A -1
if A =
[ 8 1 −7
−3 0 8 ]
16. Reduce the quadratic form to canonical form and find its nature
a. x2 + y 2 + z 2 – 2xy – 2yz – 2zx
b. 2x1x2 + 2 x 2x3 + 2x3x1
c. 8x2 + 7y 2 + 3z 2 -12 xy -8 yz + 4zx
d. 6x2+ 3y 2 +3z 2
- 4xy – 2yz + 4 xz
e. 2x2 + 2 y 2 + z 2 + 4xy
f. 3x 2 + 5y 2 + 3z 2 -2yz +2zx – 2xy
17. Diagonalise the matrix

6 −2 2

i.
[
A = −2 3 −1
2 −1 3 ]
Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics
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10 −2 −5

ii.
[
A = −2 2 3
−5 3 5 ]
UNIT 3 - DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Curvature in Cartesian co-ordinates – Centre and radius of curvature – Circle of curvature –

Evolutes – Envelopes – Evolute as envelope of normals.
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Important formulae:
Differentiation
1. x n n . x n−1
2. e x ex
3. logx 1/x
4. sinx cosx
5. cosx −sinx
6. tanx sec 2 x
7. secx secxtanx
8. cosecx −cosecx cotx
9. cotx −cosec 2 x
1
10. sin −1 x
√1−x2
−1
11. cos−1 x
√1−x2
1
12. tan−1 x
1+ x2
−1
13. cot −1 x
1+ x2
1
14. sec−1 x
x √ x 2−1
−1
15. cosec −1 x
x √ x 2−1
d dv du
16. ( uv ) u +v
dx dx dx

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics

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du dv
d u v −u
17.
dx v() dx
v 2
dx

Trigonometry
18. cos 2 θ=2cos 2 θ−1=1−2sin 2 θ
19. sin 2 A=2 sinA cosB
20. sin 2 θ+cos 2 θ=1
21. 1+ tan 2 θ=sec 2 θ
22. 1+cot 2 θ=cosec 2 θ

Curve Parametric equations

Parabola y 2=4 ax x=a t 2 , y =2 at
Parabola x 2=4 ay x=2 at , y=a t 2
x2 y 2 x=a cos θ , y =b sin θ
Ellipse 2 + 2 =1
a b
x2 y 2 x=a sec θ , y =b tan θ
Hyperbola 2 − 2 =1
a b
Rectangular hyperbola xy=c2 x=ct , y=c / t
Astroid x 2/ 3+ y 2/ 3=a2 /3 x=a cos 3 θ , y =a sin3 θ

Radius of curvature
3 /2

Cartesian form:
(1+ y 12 )
y2
3 /2
( x '2 + y '2 )
Parametric form:
x' y '' − y ' x ' '
3/ 2
( r 2 + r 12 )
Polar form :
r 2+ 2r 12−r r 2
Centre of curvature
y 1
X́ =x− 1 ( 1+ y 12 ) , Ý = y + ( 1+ y 12 )
y2 y2
Circle of curvature
( x−x́ )2+ ( y− ý )2= ρ2
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Radius of curvature

1. Obtain the curvature of a st. line.

2. Find the radius of curvature of the curve √ x + √ y = √a at (¼, ¼ ).
Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics
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3. Find the radius of curvature of the curve y2 = 4ax at (2a, 0).

2 2 2
3 3 3
4. Find the radius of curvature of the asteroid ( hyper cycloid) x + y = a
5. Find the radius of curvature of xy = c2 at (c, c ).
6. Find the radius of curvature of the catenary y = cosh (x/c).
7. Find the radius of curvature of y = ex where it cuts the y – axis.
8. Find the radius of curvature at (3a/2, 3a/2) on the curve x3 + y3 = 3axy
ax
y=
9. If  is the radius of curvature at any point (x, y) on the curve a+x , prove that
2
2ρ 3 x 2 y 2

( ) () ()
a
=
y
+
x
10. Find the radius of curvature  for the curve y2 = 4ax at any point.
11. Find the radius of curvature  for the curve x = ct, y = c/t.
12. Find the radius of curvature  for the cycloid x = a(t + sin t), y = a(1 – cos t).
13. Find the radius of curvature  for the curve x = a(cos t + log tan (t/2)), y = a sin t.
14. Find the radius of curvature  for the curve x = 3a cos  - a cos 3, y = 3a sin  - a sin
3.
15. Find the radius of curvature  for the curve rn = an cos n.
16. Find the radius of curvature  for the curve r2 = a2 cos 2.
17. Find the radius of curvature  at any point on the curve r = e.
18. Find the radius of curvature  for the curve r = a (1 + cos ).
19. Find the radius of curvature  at (r,) on the curve r2 cos 2 = a2.
20. Find the circle of curvature of the curve √ x + √ y = √a at (¼, ¼ ).

Evolutes

Find the evolutes of the following curves.

21. y2 = 4ax
x2 y2
2
+ 2 =1
22. a b
23. xy = c2
2 2 2
3 3 3
24. x + y = a
25. x = a ( + sin  ), y = a ( 1 – cos  )

26. x = a (cos  +  sin ), y = a (sin -  cos  )

27. The tractrix x = a (cos t + log tan (t/2)), y = a sin t.

28. x = et cos t, y = et sin t.

Envelopes

Find the envelope of the following family of curves.

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics
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a
y = mx +
29. Straight lines m

30. x cos + y sin  = p

31. x cos3 + y sin3  = a

32. y = mx + √a 2 m2 + b 2
x y
cos θ + sin θ = 1
33. a b

34. y = mx - 2am – am3

x y
+ =1
35. a b where a and b are connected by the relation ab = c2 , c – constant.

x y
+ =1
36. a b where a and b are connected by the relation an + bn = cn, c – constant.

x y
+ =1
37. a b where a and b are connected by the relation a2 + b2 = c2, c – constant.

38. x cos + y sin  = a sec 

39. x sec  + y cosec  = c

x y
+ =1
40. a b where am bn = cm+n

41. y cos - x sin  = a cos 2

42. Find the evolute of y2 = 4ax as its envelope of normal.

x2 y2
+ =1
43. Find the evolute of a2 b2 as its envelope of normal.

x2 y2
− =1
44. Find the evolute of a2 b 2 as its envelope of normal.

UNIT4 - Functions of several variables

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics

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du
1. Using the definition of total derivative, find the values of given
dt
u= y 2−4 ax , x=at 2 , y =2 at .
∂r
2. If x=r cos θ , y=r sin θ find in terms of θ .
∂x
dz
3. If z=sin −1 ( x− y ) , x=3 t , y=4 t 3 find .
dt

4. Given u=sin ( xy ) , x =e ∧ y =t find dudt .

t 2

5. If u=x y show that u xxy=u xyx .

2
6. If u=log ( x + y ) + tan
2 −1
( yx ) prove that u xx +u yy =0.

du
7. If u=xlogxy where x 3+ y 3+ 3 xy =1 find .
dx
8. If z=f (u , v ) where u=lx+my and v=by−mx show that

∂2 z ∂2 z ( 2 2 ) ∂2 z ∂2 z
+
∂ x2 ∂ y2
= l +m +
∂u 2 ∂ v 2
.
( )
∂ ∂ ∂ 2 −9
9. If u=log ( x 3+ y3 + z 3−3 xyz ) prove that ( + +
∂x ∂ y ∂z
u= )
( x + y + z )2
.

2 2 2 −1 /2 ∂2 z ∂2 z ∂ 2 z
10. If u=( x + y + z ) prove that + + =0.
∂ x2 ∂ y2 ∂ z2
11. If g ( x , y )=Ψ (u , v) where u=x2 − y 2 and v=2 xy prove that

2 2 2 2
∂ g ∂ g ∂Ψ ∂Ψ
2
+ 2 =4 ( x 2 + y 2 )
∂x ∂y
+
∂ u2 ∂ v 2
.
( )
∂u
x
∧∂u 2 2
12. If u=e sin y where x=s t and y=s t find ∂ s .
∂t
∂w ∂w ∂w
13. If w=f ( x−z , z−x , x− y ) show that + + =0.
∂x ∂y ∂z
14. Using Euler’s theorem, given u(x , y) is a homogeneous function of degree n, prove that

x 2 u xx +2 xy u xy + y 2 u yy=n ( n−1 ) u .

√ x−√ y ∂u ∂u
15. If u=sin
−1
( √ x+ √ y ) find x
∂x
+y
∂y
.

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics

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y2 x2 ∂(x , y )
16. If u= , v= find .
x y ∂(u , v )
∂(x , y , z)
17. Find the Jacobian of the transformation
∂(r ,θ ,φ)
x=r sin θ cos φ , y=r sin θ sin φ , z=r cos θ .
∂(r ,θ)
18. Find if x=r cos θ , y=r sin θ .
∂(x , y )

19. If u=x+ y + z , y+ z=uv , z=uvw find J ( ux,,vy,,wz ).

x2 x2 ∂(u , v )
20. If u= , v = find .
y y ∂(x , y )
21. Verify that the functions u= y+ z , v =x+ 2 z 2 , w=x−4 yz−2 z 2 are functionally dependent, if
so, find the relation connecting them.
22. Expand e x + y in power of x−1 and y +1 up to first degree.
π
23. Find the Taylor’s series expansion of e x sin y at the point (−1 , ) up to third degree term.
4
24. Expand e x log(1+ y ) in powers of x∧ y up to third degree.

25. Expand f ( x , y )=e xy in Taylor’s series at (1,1) up to second degree.

26. Expand x y 2 +2 x−3 y in power of x +2 and y−1 up to third degree terms.
27. Find the stationary point of z=x 2−xy + y 2−2 x + y .
2 2 2 2
28. Find the possible extreme point of f ( x , y )=x + y + + .
x y
29. Examine u ( x , y )=x 4 + y 4−2 x 2+ 4 xy −2 y 2 for extreme values.
30. Discuss the maximum and minimum of z=xy (3−x− y ).
31. Examine f ( x , y )=x 3+ 3 x y 2−15 x 2−15 y 2+72 x for extreme values.
32. Find the maximum value of x m y n z p subject to the condition x + y + z=a .
33. Find the minimum value of x 2+ y 2+ z 2 with the constraint xy + yz + zx=3 a 2.
34. A thin closed rectangular box is to have one edge equal to twice the other and constant volume
72m3. Find the least surface area of the box.
35. A rectangular box open at the top is to have volume of 32 cubic feet. Find the dimension of the
box requiring least material for its construction.

UNIT 5 - MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics

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Double integration – Cartesian and polar coordinates – Change of order of integration – Change
of variables between Cartesian and polar coordinates – Triple integration in Cartesian co-
ordinates – Area as double integral – Volume as triple integral
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Evaluate
1 1

∫∫ 4 xydxdy
1. 0 0

b a

∫∫ dxdy
xy
2. 1 1

1 √x
∫ ∫ ( x 2+ y 2 )dxdy
3. 0 x
2
4 x

∫∫ e y / x dydx
4. 0 0

1 √ 1+ x2
dxdy
∫∫ 1+x 2 + y 2
5. 0 0

6. ∬ xydydx over the +ve quadrant of the circle x2+y2=a2

x2 y2
7. ∬ ( x+ y)2 dxdy over the area bounded by the ellipse
+ =1
a2 b2

8. ∬ xy (x+ y )dxdy over the area y = x2 & y = x

2
√
1 1− x

∫∫ y 2 dxdy
9. 0 0

3 √ 4− y

∫∫ xydxdy
10. 0 0

4 a 2 √ax

∫ ∫ dydx
0 x2
11. 4

π cos θ

∫ ∫ rdrd θ
12. 0 0

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics

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∬ ( x+ y )dxdy
13. Evaluate R Where the region bounded by the parabola x2 = 4–y and the
line y = 0 & y = 3
1 2− x

∫ ∫ dydx
0 x2
14.
−x2
y
∬ xe dydx
15. R - Where R is bounded by the lines x = 0 x =  , y = 0 y = x

∬ xy dxdy
16. R Where R the region bounded by the first quadrant bounded by 2x + 3y = 6

∬ ( x 2+ y 2 )dxdy
17. R Where R the region bounded by the parabola y2= 4x and its latus-
rectum

Change the order of Integration

∞ x −x 2
y
∫∫ xe dydx
18. 0 0

2
√
1 1−x

∫∫ y 2 dydx
19. 0 0

3 √ 4− x

∫∫ ( x+ y)dydx
20. 0 1

3 1

∫∫ ( x+ y)dydx
21. 0 √ 4−x

1 2− x

∫ ∫ ( xy)dydx
0 x2
22.
∞ ∞ −y
∫∫ e y dydx
23. 0 x

a a
x
∫∫ dxdy
24. 0 y √ x + y2
2

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics

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4a 2 √ ax

∫ ∫ ( xy)dydx
0 x2
25. 4a

a a

∫∫ xy dxdy
26. 0 y

a a

∫∫ x2 +x y 2 dxdy
27. 0 y

a √ a2 + y2
∫∫ x dxdy
28. −a 0

Area using double integrals

29. Find the area of a circle with radius “a”
30. Find the area of the ellipse with semi axis a,b
31. Find the area of a right-angled triangle with base b and height h
32. Find the area of the parabola bounded by its latus rectum
33. Find the area between the parabola y = 4x-x2 and the line y = x
34. Find the area of lemniscate r2 = a2 cos 2

Triple Integrals
1 1−x 1−x− y

∫∫ ∫ dxdydz
35. 0 0 0

1 2 3

∫∫∫ xyz dx dy dz
36. 0 0 0

1 ρ 2π

∫∫ ∫ ρ dρ dz dθ
0 ρ2 0
37.
1 z y+ z

∫∫ ∫ dz dy dx
38. 0 0 0

2
√
4 2 √ z 4 z−x

∫∫ ∫ dy dx dz
39. 0 0 0

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics

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a x x+ y

∫∫ ∫ e x+ y+ z dz dy dx
40. 0 0 0

x
e log y e

∫ ∫ ∫ log z dz dx dy
41. 0 1 1

Change of Variables
∞ ∞
2 2
∫∫ e−(x + y ) dxdy
42. By changing to polar coordinates evaluate 0 0 and hence evaluate

∞
2
∫ e−x dx
0
a a
x2
∫∫ dx dy
43. Evaluate by changing to polar co-ordinates 0 y √ x2 + y2
n

44. ∫∫ xy ( x 2+ y 2 ) 2
dx dy over the positive quadrants of x2 + y2 = 4 supposing (n+ 3) > 0

Dr. D. Saravanan, Professor of Mathematics