Applications of Synchrophasors Technology in

Smart Grid
Marwan Ahmed AbdullahSufyan, MohdZuhaib ,MohdRihan (Senior Member
IEEE)
EED, Z.H.C.E.T Collage, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India
Email:[email protected],[email protected],
[email protected]

Abstract. Synchrophasor technology is now widely accepted throughout the

world. The driving force is the increasing complexity of the modern power sys-
tem, which has caused numerous power outages around the world. It enables ef-
ficient resolution to substantially improve transmission system planning main-
tenance, operation, and energy trading. Their efficiency is examined on diverse
applications all around the globe in the area of transmission and distribution
system. This paper explains various applications offered by synchrophasors
technology in the modern power system.

Keywords: Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), Wide Area Measurement System

(WAMS), Phasor data concentrator (PDC), Wide Area Control (WAC), etc.

1 Introduction

The nature of the large interconnected modern power system is becoming complex
day by day due to the introduction of large dynamic loads, integration of renewable
energy resources like solar, wind etc. [1]. Several severe blackouts have been oc-
curred throughout the world the driving force of which remain unnoticed to the power
system operators to prevent their occurrences. These outages necessitates the precise
monitoring of critical grid parameters such as frequency deviation, power flows, vol-
tage, angle etc. Therefore, it is necessary for the utility to develop such a system that
can monitor, control and protect its element from generation to distribution [2-3].
In the past few years, the power system mainly depends on traditional supervisory
control and data acquisition system (SCADA) for processes and control. These mea-
surements are not time-stamped and are unable to capture the completed dynamic of
the grid. They have very slow data scanning rate of about once in 4 seconds. This can
lead to insufficient capturing of actual dynamics of the system due to slow scanning
rate, unsynchronized measurements etc. [4].
Towards this direction of achieving the total grid observability,synchrophasors tech-
nology is widely accepted across the world. This technology involves installation of
PMU across the grid that has very high sampling rate of about 25-60 samples per
second and makes it a highly suitable device to capture the accurate dynamics of the
2

system. Another advantage of PMU is its ability to provide synchronized measure-

ments that enables the grid operator to analyze the stability of the large interconnected
system effectively. They have proved its potential worldwide in enhancing the situa-
tional awareness of the grid operator to ensure safe and reliable grid operation. A
summary of performance comparison of SCADA and PMU based system are given in
Table 1[5-6].

Table 1.Comparison between PMU and SCADA

Parameters SCADA PMU
Measurement Analog Digital
Resolution 2-4 samples per cycle Up to 60 samples per
cycle
Observability Steady state Transient
Monitoring Local Wide Area
Phase angle NO Yes

This paper discusses various applications that the synchrophasor based wide area
monitoring system offers to modern power system that includes real time monitoring
and control, modal analysis, dynamic state estimation, contingency analysis, system
planning etc. The rest of the paper is divided in to the following sections. Section 2
provides the basic concept of synchrophasors technology. Section 3 gives an over-
view of synchrophasor based wide area monitoring system. Section 4 discusses po-
tential synchrophasors applications in smart grid. Section 5 presents a case study of an
application of synchrophasors in Indian Power grid under fog condition. The conclu-
sion is drawn in section 6.

2 SynchrophasorsTechnology

The phasor synchrophasor consider the sinusoidal signal represented as a pure

sinusoidal waveform [6-8].

X (t )  X m cos(t   )
(1)
Where X is the amplitude signal,  is the frequency in rad/s,ɸis the phase angle in
radian. The rms value of X is
X
The phasor of sinusoidal signal is given by X = m .
2
X X
X  X r  jX i  m e j  m (cos   j sin  )
2 2 (2)
From eq.1 and eq.2, the sinusoidal signal and its phasor representation is shown in
Fig.1. The positive angles are estimated in an opposite clockwise direction from the
actual center. Even if the frequency of a sine wave was applied in the phasor determi-
X
nation, the phase variation is (0), hence the phasor becomes= m .
2
 3

Fig.1 Common reference for the phasor calculations at different locations

3 SYNCHROPHASORS BASED WIDE AREA

MONITORING SYSTEM
PMU based wide-area measurement system plays an important role in safe and reliable
gird operation. Whenever, fault appears in the system, the wide-area security system
uses the online measurement data to discover the faulty buses and, consequently the
faulted line to isolate it from rest of the system. They are playing a significant role in
modern studies related to energy system transient stability [9-10].
A simplified architecture of PMU based wide area monitoring system is shown in
Fig.2.Its key components are [1, 11-13].

3.1 Phasor Measurement Units

PMUs are an electronic system to use digital signal conversion technique to measure
AC waveforms and transfer them into phasors using global time synchronization signal
from Global Positioning System (GPS).Internal architecture of PMU is shown in Fig.3.
The main components of PMU includes [14-15].
i. Sensor Module: It comprises of Current transformers(CTs) and voltage
transformer (PTs).The three-phase current and voltage signals are applied to
analog to digital converter through CT and PT modules, which convert their
values in a range suitable for processing the input voltage and current.
ii. PMU Module: All the electronic circuitry and processing unit comes under
PMU module. It estimates the phasor value from the sampled data at the
input. The sampling rate of the input data is quite high and varies from 24-64
samples per cycle. The selection of algorithm for phasor estimation is user
defined which could be Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT),Kalman Filtering
4

etc. Usually DFT is used in commercially available PMUs.The phasor

reported by the PMU module varies from 25-60 frames per second.
iii. GPS Receiver: It generates 1 pulse per second (pps) signal with time tag and
contains the time information of the local area at UTC where PMU is to be
installed.
iv. Standard Protocol: The latest PMU protocol is IEEE C37.118 of 2011, which
replaces the IEEE C37.118 protocol of 2005. The first PMU protocol was
IEEE-1344 of 1998. The first PDCprotocol was IEEE C37.242, introduced in
2013. These protocols defines standards for data to phasor conversion,
datasynchronization, input/output timing formats etc.
PEAK-RC/
WECC/
External Data
Visualization
To a common To a common
Visualization load Visualization load
Secure
Non- EMS Alarms
Monitoring & EMS-RAS Application Tier
Environment (Automatic Functions
Control  EMS &State Estimation
Secure EMS Arming) Phasor-
Applications  Remedial Action
Environment And based
Schemes(RAS)
VSA,TSA Dynamic  Dynamic Stability
Stability Indication
Phasor Planning Other
Contingency SCADA Analysis  Contingency Analysis
Analysis and Synchrophasor  Situational Awareness
Engineering Analysis functions  post-Disturbance Event
Applications
Once per Analysis
Applications Recommended State 4 second  Fault Location
Real Time Actions Estimator
(withen 100msec
Application Interface Tier
Data Function
Super PDC Archives EMS  Aggregate and concentrate data
Phasor Super PDC  Provide archival function
(Non-EMS) (External to Data
Data Storge (tied to EMS)  Provide interface for data
EMS) Archives exchange with external entities

Substation
Data Aggregation Tier
Sub- PDC Sub- PDC Data Management Data
Function
And Applications Storage  Aggregate and concentrate data
 Local storage (e.g.2 months

* The PMU function may be provided Phasor Data Collection Tier

by dedicated devices and/or multi- Function
PMU* AC PMU* BD
function IEDs(e.g  Collect accurate high resolution
relays,recorders,meters,..) multi-purpose Synchrophasor data

Fig.2.Conceptual architecture of Synchrophasors based wide area monitoring system

PMU model
Voltage Frontend
anti-aliasing
Current filter Phasors
Backend
Performance Frequency
Class filter
Re ROCOF
(P-class/
A/D
M-class
converter Im
Real/Reactive
power
sin cos

GPS clock Quadrature Communication

GPS signal Phasors message
oscillator interface

Fig. 3.PMU Architecture

 5

3.2 Sub/Local Phasor Data Concentrator

They align the phasor data achieving from multiple locations installed with PMUs to
capture the coherent picture of the system [15].They store the PMU data locally and
send it to super PDC installed at control center.

3.3 Communication Network

It is required to transfer huge data from PMUs to the PDC/control centers. The
performance of WAMS containing huge amount of data heavily rely on fast, reliable
and secure communication system. It help in developing suitable control action to
mitigate the faulty conditions. The various options available for efficient data transfer
are microwave, telephone lines,satellite,power line communication,optical fiber etc.
Fiber optic cable is widely accepted for this purpose due to its wide bandwidth,
fastpropagation speed and immune to electromagnetic interference [16].

3.4 Super PDC

Super PDC is used for time aligning huge dataset aggregating from PMUs and local
PDCs. It can simultaneously store and send PMU data to multiple locations. By using
multiple PDCs, customer can create multiple layers of concentration, within a
Synchrophasors data system. It is located at central location of the power grid such as
transmission system control center [15].

3.5 Synchrophasors based application or tools

Once the coherent picture of the entire grid is obtained at the central PDC, some
application tools are required to perform certain functions like power flow analysis,
load scheduling, load forecasting, fault location, contingency analysis etc.

4 Synchrophasors applications
Synchrophasors technology enables the advantage of efficient resolution to
substantially improve transmission system planning maintenance, operation, and
energy trading. Synchrophasors can give precise grid operating states. They can give
enhanced computation of power flows, allowing higher power transfer and reduced
crowding payments [6, 17-18].Need of Synchrophasors includes
6

1) To obtain high resolution data

2) The data from various locations using SCADA system are not apprehending at
the same instant time.
3) Support system operators to be more aware about grid operating states.
4) Achieve power quality.
5) Frequency changes,MW, MVAR-measurement.
These applications are classified as:

4.1 Real-time control and monitoring:

Real-time control and monitoring assistance enable the power grid to remain under
safety margins in the event of fault, while operating close to its limits. A power sys-
tem equipped with PMUs enable it to operate at higher capacity, best economics, and
enhanced accuracy. Various monitoring and control applications that a WAMS offers
in the modern power system are summarizedin Table 2[19].

Table. 2. Real-timeffo dna –line description.

WAMS Application Description
Real-time(Situational Visualization/ contorting of magnitude as well as the angle of
awareness improvement) all three current/voltage phasors, angular, frequency, the
separation between pair
Off-line(Low, frequency Finding of Amplitude, duration, time, type,
oscillations) nature, frequency
Off-line (Post-dispatch Validation of generator grouping based on slow coherency,
analysis of network steady-state dynamic state detail model, detection of islanded
operation) network synchronization, substation disturbances

Off-line (Post-mortem Finding of all types of errors, fault clearing time and location,
analysis of faults) nature and time of errors, successful and unsuccessful system
reclosing, voltage recovery post-fault clearance

4.1.1 Power system rebuilding

In case of partial or complete power system failure of a supply region, the
Synchrophasors estimates can help in a fast reconnection. They give the significant
data for the reclosure of the circuit breakers by reporting values of the voltage,
current, frequency and phase angle.It has been experienced, after India’s most
massive blackout on 30 July 2012, a PMUs based WAMS can play a major role in
ensuring reliable power system operation.

4.1.2 Enhanced stateestimation.

Synchrophasors can participate in enhancing quality of SEby feeding in previous
estimates. It can enhance the speed and exactness of the state estimations. Another
favourable impact is that by using PMU measurements for state estimation, less
 7

estimates centres are required because of the time synchronization of measurements

[20-21].

4.1.3 Voltage and angular stabilization control.

Voltage stabilization controlis one of the applications ofPMU. In the power system,
this application monitors a load of a line, utilizing PMU measurement at the two ends.
In any case, observing the variation of the voltages gives a good overview of system
responses.

4.1.4 A post-mortem analysis of disturbances and fault

The requirement of analysis after a fault is quite important to study the effects of faults
on the system. With these "fault recorder data “the root causes of power system events
can be determined.It enable the grid operator to discover the reason for the aggravation
of fault. This application can be also useful for distribution system also [22].

4.2 Situationalawareness coordination

4.2.1 Situational awareness

This application has been developed to give wide-area systems deep insight of power
system behaviour and give early warning to the potential power system events and
hence raise the situational awareness of the grid operator .The flow chart for such a
system is shown in Fig.4[23] .

Real-Time Synchrophaser
Measurements

Online Event Detection

Location of Near Real-Time Early Warning of Grid

Disturbances Event Replay Problems

Wide-Area Visualization &

Reliability Monitoring
Operators

Fig. 4.Situational Awareness system

4.2.2 Frequency and Angle monitoring

8

Utilizing PMU measurements for frequency and angle estimation is a general feature
of such a system to improve the observability of electric grid. It can also be useful in
distribution systems in light of the fact that the functions they have to perform are
much more complex compared to transmission System. This is because of the presence
of large intermittent renewable energy resource. These measurements are quite helpful
in developing plenty of application for proper functioning of smart grid [24-25].

4.3 Analysis / Estimate Planners

4.3.1 Baselining power system
Using this application with significant grid state data can provide several key indicator
for performance of the grid.
1) Computing system performance index
 Oscillation detection-damping ratio, oscillation frequency, its duration,
classification and source of location
 frequency index performance(for example the size of generation before
blackout and its frequency, steep frequency, solution, time of the
blackout)
 power-angle stability
 voltage stability indicator
2) Power system measurements that better sign system stress
 power flow on key lines
 total generation correlation
 reactive power reserves
 generator group
 phase angles

4.3.2 Post-event analysis

The huge amount of PMU data stored in the Phasor Data Concentrator can be used to
conduct analysis of events that introduces instability in the power system. Every user
can choose any of these events to conduct the post-event examination by exchanging
the related event information from the event database to the clients' computer so that
client can begin the event analysis when the main segment of the event information is
accessible. This is one of the most important aspect of WAMS since, it enable the grid
operator to understand several potentially dangerous grid events [26, 27].

4.3.3 Modal analysis

Modal analysis is performed on Synchrophasorsdatato determine angular between
several generator groups to distinguish prevailing between various oscillations modes
present in the system. It includes determination of frequencies, damping rate, and mode
shapes (showing whether two generate swing together or against each other) [28].
 9

Table 3. Time requirement based Synchrophasors Application

Time Application
- Stability of frequency
Fast - Out of step confirmation
(0-5 min) - Automatically arming of the fixed work program
- Low-term passing stability
- short signal stability control
Short-term - Voltage stability control/estimates
(5min-1h) -Model efficiency
- State estimation
Long-term - Achievement Controlling and trending
(1h) - Designing abnormality alarming
- Baseline natural phase angle direction
- Phasor network achievement test and data type

4.3.4 State Estimation

SE perform many power system application such as power flow analysis, security
assessment load forecasting SE can achieve etc. This solve that requires past, present
and available redundant measurements. The accuracy of SE depends on the assumed
system model and hence the estimation of the states highly rely on the robustness of
the system model [16, 29, 30].
The various performance indicator on which the robustness of SE rely are accuracy,
robustness against measurement and modelling noise, speed of computation and
scalability.
Of all the applications discussed, they are further classified based on the time required
by them to complete the task provided. Hence based on time required these
applications are classified as fast, short term and long term applications and are given
in Table 3.

5 Case Study NR of Indian Power Grid Using Synchrophasors Data

For analysing application of Synchrophasors in the power system, a case study of the
event during fog condition of PMUs at Meerut and Hissaris caused out. The PMUs
data helps in monitoring significant tripping in NR that enabled the grid operators to
have best situational awareness about the grid operating states. This helps in
identifying more cases of multiple tripping, blackout due to flashover under heavy fog
condition through many previous years. This problem is increased in recent years due
to increase in pollution level and may result in black out in large parts of the grid for
many hours. These problems usually occur mid-night and early morning while the
atmospheric temperature is low and relative humidity is high, the situation appropriate
for fog formation. In this analysis, PMU plots were taken on an hourly basis at Meerut
and Hissar. These plots were time stamped with different tripping instants mentioned
with the screenshots, which enhance situational awareness of the power system grid
operator. Fig.5, describes tripping for the times (20:50-21:50 hrs), (01:00-02:00
hrs)and (02:15-03:15 hrs). This happen at Muzaffarnagar and Muradnagar, Kaithal,
Pankisub stations, and Roorkee. Several instances of Auto Recloses were also
10

captured in the events. It can be tackled by regulating the generator load. In Fig.6,
positive sequence voltage between Meerut and Bassishows failure in auto reclosure
attempt of 400 KV line, between Meerut and Muzaffarnagar. In Fig.7, PMU capture
positive sequence voltage between Moga and Bassiand have successful auto reclosure
attempt of 765KV line between Moga and Bhiwani[31-32].
Meerut PMU 2050-2150 hrs

400KV Kaithal-Meerut-II tripped

again at 2054hrs
15 KV 400KV Kaithal-Meerut-II tripped
again at 2140hrs

Hissar PMU

Fig.5. Positive sequence voltage plots of Meerut and Hissar PMU (20:50-21:50 hrs)

Meerut PMU 0736 hrs

400 KV Meerut-Muzaffarnagar
Autoreclose attempts that failed 23 KV finally tripped at 0736hrs

Fig.6.Positive sequence voltage plots of Meerut and Bassi PMU (Failed Auto reclosureof 400
kV Meerut-Muzaffarnagar)
 11

Moga PMU

Successful Auto Reclose

30 kv
attempts by 765KV Moga-
Bhiwani

765KV Moga-Bhiwani
tripped at 0006hrs

Bassi PMU

Fig.7.Positive sequence voltage plots of Moga and Bassi PMU (successful Auto reclosure of
765 kV Moga-Bhiwani)

Conclusion
This paper highlights the importance of synchrophasors based wide area monitoring
system in improving the situational awareness of grid operators of modern power sys-
tem. Various applications that the Synchrophasors based WAMS offer to the grid are
discussed. These includes real time monitoring and control, fault detection and isola-
tion, modal analysis, load scheduling, state estimation etc. A case study is also pre-
sented highlighting the utility of such a system in detecting and isolating the fault un-
der worse operating conditions.

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