Discovering Computer

STORAGE DEVICE
Usman Ahmad.
[email protected] 0321-6433134
1
Discovering Computer

Lecture # 21.

THIS LECTURE CONSIDERS:

• Its All about Storage
Devices
Usman Ahmad.
2
Storage

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 3

Storage

Storage holds data, instructions, and

information for future use

A storage medium is the physical

material on which a computer keeps
data, instructions, and information
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 4
Storage

• Capacity is the number of bytes a storage medium

can hold

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter

Discovering Computer 5
Storage

• A storage device is the computer hardware that

records and/or retrieves items to and from
storage media
Reading is the process
of transferring items
from a storage medium
into memory

Writing is the process of

transferring items from
memory to a storage
medium

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 6

Storage

• Access time measures:

– The amount of time it
takes a storage device to
locate an item on a
storage medium
– The time required to
deliver an item from
memory to the
processor

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 7

Hard Disks

• A hard disk
contains one or
more inflexible,
circular platters
that use
magnetic
particles to
store data,
instructions,
and information

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 8

Hard Disks

• Hard disks can

store data using
longitudinal
recording or
perpendicular
recording

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 9

Hard Disks

• Characteristics of a hard disk

include:
Read/Write
Capacity Platters
Heads

Sectors and Revolutions

Cylinders
Tracks per Minute

Transfer
Access Time Seek Time
Rate

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 10

Hard Disks Capacity
• The primary characteristics of
an HDD are its capacity and
performance. Capacity is
specified in unit prefixes
corresponding to powers of
1000:
• 1-terabyte (TB) drive has
a capacity of 1,000 gigabytes
(GB; where 1 gigabyte = 1
billion (109) bytes).
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 11
 You have already learn
Basic Storage Units this topic:
“Data representation” in
System Unit.

 Memory or Storage is measured in Bytes.

 4 Bits are called 1 Nibble.
 8 Bits are called 1 Byte.
 1 Byte holds 1 character.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 12

 Hard Disks Platters
• A hard disk drive
platter (or disk) is the
circular disk on which
magnetic data is stored in
a hard disk drive.
• It is often made of
aluminum, glass substrate
or ceramic.
A glass substrate is blanket coated with a
indium tin oxide (ITO) and aluminum titanium oxide (ATO) deposited by atomic layer
deposition (ALD).
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 13
 Read/Write
Hard Disks Heads

• Disk read/write heads

are the small parts of a
disk drive which move
above the disk platter
and transform the
platter's magnetic field
into electrical current or,
vice versa, transform
electrical current into
magnetic field to read the
data.
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 14
 Read/Write
Hard Disks Heads

• Data can be stored

on both sides of
platter.
• There will be 2
heads for 1 platter.
1st head to read
upper side of platter

2nd head to read

down side of
platter
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 15
Hard Disks Cylinders
• A cylinder is any set of all
of tracks of equal
diameter in a hard disk
drive (HDD).
• It can be visualized as a
single, imaginary, circle
that cuts through all of the
platters (and both sides of
each platter) in the drive.
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 16
 Sectors and
Hard Disks Tracks

• In computer disk storage,

a sector is a subdivision of
a track on a magnetic disk or
optical disc.
• Each sector stores a fixed
amount of user-accessible
data, traditionally 512 bytes
for hard disk drives (HDDs)
and 2048 bytes for CD-ROMs
and DVD-ROMs.
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 17
 Sectors and
Hard Disks Tracks

• A disk drive track is a

circular path on the
surface of a disk or
diskette on which
information is
magnetically recorded
and from which
recorded information is
read.
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 18
 Revolutions
Hard Disks per Minute
• Short for revolutions per minute, RPM is used to help
determine the access time on computer hard drives.
• RPM is a measurement of how many revolutions
a computer's hard drive makes in a single minute.
The higher the RPM, the faster the data will be
accessed.
Hard drives have been engineered with spin
rates as low as 1200 RPM and as high as 15K
RPM.
But today's most common RPM rates, in both
laptop and desktop PCs, are between 5400 and
7200 RPM.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 19

Hard Disks Seek Time

• Seek Time is also

called positioning
performance.
• It is the time required
by read/write head to
reach the correct
location on the disk.
• It is measured in
milliseconds (ms).

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 20

Hard Disks Access Time

• Hard Disk Access

time is the total
elapsed time between
the initiation of a
particular request for
data and receipt of
the first bit of that
data.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 21

 Rotational
Hard Disks Latency

• It is the time required

by the spinning
platter to bring the
desired data to
read/write head.
• It is measured in
milliseconds (ms).

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 22

 Spindle
Hard Disks speed

• It is also called transfer

performance.
• It is the speed at which
the drive transfer data.
• It is measured in rotations
per minute (RPM).

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 23

 Transfer
Hard Disks Rate

• Transfer rate is an amount of data which can be

transferred from one device to other device in a
unit time.
• The data transfer rate of a hard drive depends on
the model.
• transfer rate is usually
of about
100 MBps–200 MBps.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 24

HDD ANIMATION

25
Hard Disks

• Formatting is the process of dividing the disk into tracks

and sectors so that the operating system can store and
locate data and information on the disk

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 26

 • Page 358
Usman
•
Ahmad.
Figure 7-9
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter
Discovering Computer 27
Hard Disks

• The hard disk arms

move the read/write
head, which reads items
and writes items in the
drive
– Location often is
referred to by its
cylinder

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 28

Hard Disks

• A head crash occurs when a read/write head

touches the surface of a platter
• Always keep a backup of your hard disk

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 29

Hard Disks

An external hard disk is a separate free-

standing hard disk that connects to your
computer with a cable or wirelessly

A removable hard disk is a hard disk that

you insert and remove from a drive

Internal and external hard disks are available

in miniature sizes (miniature hard disks)

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 30

Floppy Disks or Diskette

• Floppy disk is also called diskette.

• It consists of a thin plastic disk
coated with magnetic material.
• This disk is enclosed in a plastic
jacket.
• It was introduced by IBM in the
early 1970s.
• It is a portable storage medium
and can be removed from one
computer and inserted into
another computer easily.
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 31
Floppy Disks or Diskette

• It is not very popular nowadays.

• A Floppy disk can only store a
small amount of data.
• The data access speed of the
floppy disk is slower than the hard
disk.
• It is an inexpensive storage media.
• The standard size of a floppy disk
is 3.5 inches.
• The capacity of floppy disks is
1.44MB.
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 32
 Floppy Disk Drive
Floppy Disks or Diskette

• The circular piece of plastic on a

3.5 inch diskette is enclosed in a
shell.
• A piece of metal covers the
reading and writing area. It is
called a shutter.
• When the disk is inserted into a

Floppy Disk
disk drive, the shutter opens to
expose the surface of the disk.
• The data stored on a floppy disk
can be read with a floppy disk
drive.
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 33
Floppy Disks or Diskette

• The read/write head in the floppy disk drive is

used to read and write data on the floppy disk.
• Floppy disk drives are downward compatible.
• It means they can use earlier media.
• The storage capacity of a diskette depends on
the following two factors:
– Density
– Number of tracks
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 34
Floppy Disks or Diskette

• Density
– It is the number of bits that can be stored in one inch.
– It is measured as bits per inch (bpi).
– A floppy disk with higher density stores more data.
• Number of Tracks
– The number of tracks on a diskette is measured as
tracks per inch (tpi).
– A floppy disk with more tracks can store more data.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 35

Difference between Diskette and Hard Disk

Diskette Hard Disk

Diskette contains a single flat piece of The hard disk contains one or more metal
Plastic coated with iron oxide. coated with iron oxide.
It is small and portable. It is usually fixed and non-portable.
It is less expensive than hard disk. It is more expensive than diskette.
It can store small amount of data. It can store large amount of data.
Its data access speed is slower than hard Its data access speed is faster than diskette.
disk.
Data stored on diskette is less safe than hard Data stored on hard disk is safer than
disk. diskette.
It can be damaged easily due to dust and It cannot be damaged easily due to dust and
heat. heat.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 36

Zip Disks

• Zip disk is a portable disk.

• It has more storage capacity than a floppy disk.
• Its storage capacity is up to 1000 MB.
• Zip drive is used to read/write on a Zip disk.
• It cannot be used in a conventional floppy
drive.
• It is used for taking the backup of large data.
• Zip disk was introduced in 1995 by omega.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 37

Super Disks

• Super disk is produced by Imation.

• Its capacity is 120 MB or 250 MB.
• A super disk drive can also read
the standard 1.44 MB floppy disk.
• Zip drive cannot read standard
1.44 MB floppy disk.
• It is popularly used in notebook
computers.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 38

HiFD Disks

• HiFD disk is produced by Sony

Corporation.
• Its capacity is 200MB.
• HiFD disk drive can also read the
standard 1.44 MB floppy disk.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 39

Discovering Computer

STORAGE DEVICE
Usman Ahmad.
[email protected] 0321-6433134
40
Discovering Computer

Lecture # 22.

THIS LECTURE CONSIDERS:

• Its All about Storage
Devices
Usman Ahmad.
41
Flash Memory Storage

• Flash memory chips are a type of solid state

media and contain no moving parts
• Solid state drives (SSDs) have several advantages
over magnetic hard disks:

Generate less heat and

Faster access time Faster transfer rates Last longer
consume less power

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 42

Flash Memory Storage

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 43

Flash Memory Storage

• Flash memory is a type of nonvolatile memory

that can be erased electronically.
• It is possible to write new data on it.
• Flash memory chips are a type of solid-state
media.
• They consist of electronic components such as
integrated circuits.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 44

Flash Memory Storage

• Flash memory storage is more durable and shock-

resistant because they contain no moving
particle.
• Different types of flash memory storage are USB
flash drives, memory cards and ExpressCard
modules.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 45

Solid State Drives
• The solid-state drives (SSD) are storage devices that
typically use flash memory to store data, instructions, and
information.
• Solid-state drives are portable and provide fast access to
data.
• They are available in different sizes such as 1.8 inches and
2.5 inches etc.
• They are used in all types of computers such as desktop
computers, servers, and mobile computers, etc.
• They use very little power.
• The storage capacity of SSD is from 16GB to 256GB or
more.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 46

Flash Memory Storage

• USB flash drives plug into a USB port on a

computer or mobile device

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 47

USB Flash

• USB flash drive is a flash memory storage device that is

connected to a USB port in a computer or mobile device.
• It is also called a thumb drive, Key drives, or jump drives.
• USB flash drive is very easy to use because it is light in
weight and small in size.
• It can easily be placed in a pocket or attached to a keychain.
• It can be used to transfer documents, photos music, and
videos from one computer to another.
• It is available in different shapes, sizes, and capacities.
• The storage capacity of the USB drive is from 8GB to 100GB
or 1TB.
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 48
Flash Memory Storage

• A memory card is a removable flash memory

device that you insert and remove from a slot in a
computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer

CompactFlash xD Picture Secure Digital

Secure Digital
(CF) Card High Capacity
(SD)
(SDHC)

Memory Stick
microSDHC microSD Memory Stick
Micro (M2)

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 49

 CompactFlash
(CF)
xD Picture
Card

Secure Digital Memory Stick

microSD
(SD)

Secure Digital
Memory Stick
High Capacity microSDHC
Micro (M2)
(SDHC)
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 50
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 51
Flash Memory Storage

• An ExpressCard module
is a removable device
that fits in an
ExpressCard slot
• Developed by the
PCMCIA (Personal
Computer Memory
Card International
Association)
• Commonly used in
notebook computers

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 52

Cloud Storage

• Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides

storage to computer users

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 53

Cloud Storage

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Cloud Storage

• Users subscribe to cloud storage for a variety of

reasons:
Access files from any computer

Store large files rapidly

Allow others to access their files

Store offsite backups

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 55

Optical Discs

• An optical disc consists of a flat, round, portable

disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is
written and read by a laser
• Typically store software, data, digital photos,
movies, and music
• Read only vs. rewritable

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 56

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 57
Optical Discs

• Optical discs commonly

store items in a single
track that spirals from
the center of the disc to
the edge
• Track is divided into
evenly sized sectors

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 58

Optical Discs

A CD-ROM can be read from but not written to

• Read from a CD-ROM drive or CD-ROM player

A CD-R is a multisession optical disc on which

users can write, but not erase

A CD-RW is an erasable multisession disc

• Must have a CD-RW drive

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 59

Optical Discs

A DVD-ROM is a high-capacity optical disc on

which users can read but not write or erase
• Requires a DVD-ROM drive

A Blu-ray Disc-ROM (BD-ROM) has a storage

capacity of 100 GB

DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD+RAM are high-

capacity rewritable DVD formats

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 60

Other Types of Storage

• Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of

storing large amounts of data and information
• A tape drive reads and writes data and information on a
tape

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 61

Discovering Computer

COMMUNICATION
DEVICE

Usman Ahmad.
[email protected] 0321-6433134
62
Discovering Computer

Lecture # 23.

THIS LECTURE CONSIDERS:

• Modem
• Network Card
• Hub etc.
63
Usman Ahmad.
Communications Devices

• A communications device is any type of hardware

capable of transmitting data, instructions, and
information between a sending device and a
receiving device.
Common Communication devices are:
– Modem
– Network Card
– Hub
– Router

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 64

Communications Devices
Dial-up modem
• Modem is used to send and receives data from one computer to
another on the internet through telephone line.
• Sending and receiving computer must have modems.
• A dial-up modem converts digital signals to analog signals, is
called modulation.
• A dial-up modem converts analog signals to digital signals, is
called demodulation.
• Transfer rate of up to 56 Kbps.
• Much slower than broadband connection.
• Dial-up modem is not used today.
• Internal modem, External modem.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 65

Communications Devices Data Transmission using Modem

External Modem

Internal Modem 66
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer
Communications Devices

Digital Modem
• A digital modem sends and receives data and
information to and from a digital line.
• ISDN Modem sends digital data and information from
a computer to an ISDN line and receives digital data
and information from an ISDN line.
• DSL Modem is a broadband modem that sends digital
data and information from a computer to a DSL line
and receive digital data and information from a
computer to a DSL line.
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 67
Communications Devices

• Cable Modem is a broadband modem that sends

digital data and information over the cable
television network.
• It provides faster internet speed than dial-up
modem, DSL modem and ISDN modem.
• Term:
– ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)
– DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 68

Communications Devices

• A wireless modem uses the cell phone network to

connect to the Internet wirelessly from a
notebook computer, a smart phone, or other
mobile device

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 69

Discovering Computer

COMMUNICATION
DEVICE

Usman Ahmad.
[email protected] 0321-6433134
70
Discovering Computer

Lecture # 23.

THIS LECTURE CONSIDERS:

• Network Card
• Hub & Switch
• Router & Bridge Usman Ahmad.
• Gateway
71
Communications Devices
Network Card
• A network card enables
a computer or device to
access a network
• Available in a variety of
styles
• Wireless network cards
often have an antenna
• Also called Network
Interface Card (NIC).

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 72

Communications Devices
Wireless Access Point
• A Wireless access point is a central communications
device that allows computers and devices to transfer data
wirelessly among themselves or to a wired network

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 73

Communications Devices
Wireless Access Point

• Wireless access points have high quality antennas for

optimal signals.

• Some manufacturers suggest to place the wireless access

point at the highest possible location for the best signals.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 74

Communications Devices
Network Hub
• A HUB is also called concentrator or multi-station
access unit (MAU).
• It provides a central point for cables in a network.
• Hubs also transmit signals and have multiple ports
to which devices are connected.
• Hub works on a physical layer of OSI model.

We will study OSI model in “Data Communication & Networks” coming slides.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 75

76
Communications Devices
Network Hub
• It connects the computers to a network.
• It broadcasts all messages to every computer on the
network but only the intended recipient computer
takes the message.
• The computers that are not the recipients of the
message ignore the message.
• A hub can handle only one-way information traffic at
a time.
• There are two types of HUB:
– Active Hub
– Passive Hub

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 77

Communications Devices
Network Hub
• Active hub strengthen the signal where passive
hub only copy or repeat the signals.
• Active hub need Electricity whereas passive
hub work without it.
• Active hub is a repeater or multi-point repeater
with capability of regeneration of signals.
• Passive hub is just a connector which connects
wire coming from other devices.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 78

 Amplify Signals
Need electric power supply Network Hub

Only Connector,
No electric power supply
Communications Devices
Network Switch
• A Switch is a more intelligent device than a hub.
• A switch connects computers to a network and
sends messages only to the intended computer.
• It can also handle multiple communications
channels at the same time.
• A switch operates at the data link layer of the OSI
model.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 80

Communications Devices
Network Switch
• It uses specialized hardware called an application-
specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

• ASICs can run up to gigabit speeds with very low

latency rates.

• Latency is the time measured from when a frame

enters a port to the time it exists in a port.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 81

Communications Devices
Network Switch
• It can temporarily segment parts of the network with
high traffic from the rest of the network.
• Each network segment connected to the switch must
have the same type of device attached.
• It means that the user can connect an Ethernet hub
into a switch port and then connect multiple Ethernet
hosts to a hub.
• But the user cannot mix Token Ring hosts with
Ethernet on the same segment.
• The type of communication in a switch is full-duplex.
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 83
COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES
Network Switch

84
Communications Devices Summary
Network Hub & Switch
• A hub or switch connects several devices in a local
area network together.
• Switch is more intelligent than Hub.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 85

Communications Devices
Network Bridge
• A network bridge can be used in computer
networks to interconnect two LANs and to
separate network segments.
• A segment is a section of a network separated by
bridges, switches, and routers.
• The bridge works on data link layer in the OSI
model.
• It uses MAC address information for making
decisions to forward data packets.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 86

Communications Devices
Network Bridge
• All network devices have a MAC address.
• Every MAC address have a length of 48 bit.
• It only forwards the data that needs to be sent
across the bridge to the adjacent network
segment.
• An example of using a bridge to segment two
Ethernet LANs is shown in the next slide.
We will study Ethernet Local Area Network (LAN) in “Data Communication &
Networks” coming slides.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 87

Communications Devices
Network Bridge
• It shows that LAN A connects to port 1 of the bridge
and LAN B connects to port 2.
• It creates two segments.
• There are four computers in LAN A and three
computers in LAN B.
• Bridges monitor all data traffic in each LAN segment
connected to its ports.
• A port is an input/output connection on a
networking device.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 88

COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES
Segment 1 Segment 2 Network Bridge

89
Communications Devices Summary
Network Bridge
• A network Bridge can be
used in computer
network to interconnect
two segments in a local
area networks.
• A segment is a section
of a network
• Connects same type of
networks together.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 90

Communications Devices
Network Router
• A router is the most powerful networking device
today.
• It connects multiple networks using similar or
different protocols.
• It manages the best route between two
communication networks.
• Routers are used when several networks are
connected together.
• They can connect networks of different countries.
• Router works on Network layer of OSI model.
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 91
Communications Devices
Network Router
• They transfer data in less time.
• The router is an intelligent device.
• It uses algorithms to find out the best path to
transfer data to a network.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 92

Communications Devices Summary
Network Router
• A router connects
multiple computers or
other routers together
and transmits data to its
correct destination on a
network
• Find the shortest path
b/w sending and
destination device.
• Used to connect multiple
type of networks.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 93

 Communications Devices
Network Gateway
• A gateway is a hardware device that acts as a
gate between two networks.
• It may be a router, firewall, server, or other
devices that enable traffic to flow in and out of
the network.
• A gateway protects the nodes(computers)
within the network, it also a node itself.
A firewall is a network security device or 1st line of defense in
software that monitors incoming and network security
outgoing network traffic and permits or
blocks data packets based on a set of
security rules. 94
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer
Firewall
Communications Devices
Network Gateway
• The gateway node is considered to be on the edge of
the network as all data must flow through it before
coming in or going out of the network.
• It may also translate data received from the outside
networks into a format or protocol recognized by
devices within the internal network.
• A router is a common type of gateway used in home
networks.
• It allows computers within the local network to send
and receive data over the Internet.
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 95
Communications Devices
Network Gateway
• A firewall is a more advanced type of gateway,
which filters inbound and outbound traffic,
disallowing incoming data from suspicious or
unauthorized sources.
• A proxy server is another type of gateway that
uses a combination of hardware and software to
filter traffic between two networks.
• For example, a proxy server may only allow local
computers to access a list of authorized websites.
Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 96
Communications Devices Summary
Network Gateway
• Gateway is a device that
connects two or more
networks with different
types of networks.
• Intelligent device
• Convert data according
to the network.
• Used to connect
different type of
networks.

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 97

Communications Devices
Network Router

100BaseT Hub

Small Hub
The following symbols are
used to draw
a network

Usman Ahmad. Discovering Computer 98