2011 JC1 H2 Mathematics

Tutorial 1B: Graphing Techniques II

(Transformations & Special Graphs)

1. The diagram shows the graph of y = f(x), where f(x) = x 2 − 20 x .

100 y

B (20,0) x

10 20 30
A (0,0)

−100
C (10, –100)
For each of the following geometrical transformations of this function:
(i) describe the transformation(s) ;
(ii) sketch the graph of the transformed function, indicating the coordinates of the
images of the points A, B and C.
(a) y = f(x + 1) + 4
y
(b) y = f(2x – 1)
y

x
x

A ' ( 1 2 ,0 ) , B ' ( 21 2 , 0 ) , C ' (11 2 , −100 )

A ' ( −1, 4 ) , B ' (19, 4 ) , C ' ( 9, −96 )
Translate y = f(x) by 1 unit in the positive x direction,
Translate y = f(x) by 1 unit in the negative x direction,
1
then translate 4 units in the positive y direction. then scale parallel to the x-axis by factor .
2
(c) y = f(1 – x) y
(d) y = 2f(x) – 4y
x

A ' (1, 0 ) , B ' ( −19, 0 ) , C ' ( −9, −100 ) A ' ( 0, −4 ) , B ' ( 20, −4 ) , C ' (10, −204 )
Translate y = f(x) by 1 unit in the negative x direction, Scale y = f(x) parallel to y-axis by factor 2, then
then reflect in the y-axis translate 4 units in the negative y direction

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(e) y = −3f(x) + 1
A ' ( 0,1) , B ' ( 20,1) , C ' (10,301)

Scale parallel to y axis by

scale factor 3, then reflect in
the x-axis. Finally translate 1
unit in the positive y direction.

Note: Tutors can make use of the different sequences provided by students to strengthen the
replacement concept. Advise students against memorising the sequence of transformation.

2. The diagram shows the graph of y = x3 − 3 x 2 .

y

(2, −4)

(i) Describe a sequence of transformations that maps this graph to each of the
following graphs.
(ii) Use these transformations to write down the equation of each graph.

(a) y
(b) y (2, 8)
x

1.5

(1, −4) 3
Reflect graph in the x-axis then scale parallel to
1 y-axis by factor 2.
Scale parallel to x-axis by scale factor .
2 y
Replace y by –y, follow by replacing y by :
Replace x by 2x: 2
3 2
y = ( 2 x ) − 3 ( 2 x ) = 8 x3 − 12 x 2 −y
2
(
= x3 − 3 x 2 i.e. y = −2 x3 − 3 x 2 )
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(c) (d) y
y
(−3, 2)
x
(0,2)
−2 1 x

(−1, −2)
(−1, −4)

Reflect graph in y-axis, then translate in the Translate by 3 units in the negative x-direction,
positive x-direction by 1 unit. then translate by 2 units in the positive y-
Replace x with –x, then replace x with x –1: direction.
3 2 Replace x with x+3, then replace y with y –2:
y = ( − ( x − 1) ) − 3 ( − ( x − 1) )
y − 2 = x3 − 3 x 2
2
= ( x − 1) ( − x + 1 − 3) 3 2
y = ( x + 3) − 3 ( x + 3) + 2
( )
= x 2 − 2 x + 1 ( − x − 2 ) = − x3 + 3 x − 2
y = ( x + 3)
2
( x + 3 − 3) + 2 = x ( x + 3)2 + 2

3. (i) Consider the parabola with equation ( y − 2) 2 = 4( x − 1) . Describe in words how you
can obtain this parabola from the parabola with equation y 2 = x by applying suitable
transformations.
Solution:
Replace Replace x Replace y
x with 4x with (x-1) with (y-2)
2
y =x
2
y = 4x y 2 = 4( x − 1) ( y − 2) 2 = 4( x − 1)

Scale the graph of y 2 = x parallel to x-axis by a factor of 1/4, followed by a translation of 1 unit
in the positive x direction and then a translation of 2 units in the positive y direction.

(ii) Sketch , on separate diagrams, y 2 = x and ( y − 2) 2 = 4( x − 1) .

y
2
y =x

( y − 2) 2 = 4( x − 1)

(1, 2)
x
O

Apply the transformation on

the standard equation of
parabola y 2 = x to get the
general equation
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4. The diagram shows the graph of y = f ( x) . On separate diagrams, sketch the graph of
y

(i) y =| f ( x) |
(ii) y = f( x)
(iii) y 2 = f ( x) x

−1 0 1
(iv) y = f ( x)
(v) y 2 = − f ( x)
1
(vi) y=
f ( x)

(i) y =| f ( x) | (ii) y = f( x)

y y

x
x

Emphasize that it is a cusp at the origin.

(iii) y 2 = f ( x) (iv) y = f ( x) y

(v) y 2 = − f ( x)

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1
(vi) y =
f ( x)
y

Two possible
answers
1
for y =
x f ( x)
−1 1

OR y

x
−1 O 1

5. (J87/P1/12) Sketch on separate diagrams the curves with equations

(a) y = x 2 (1 − x) (b) y 2 = x 2 (1 − x)
y

x
O 1
O 1

Suggest exploring the gradient at x=0 and at

x=1 using the GC. May want to explain that x=0
is a repeated root in y = x 2 (1 − x) hence the
gradient in the y 2 = x 2 (1 − x) is not infinity.

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6. (N99/P1/5 modified) Find the equation of the graph obtained

(i) when the graph of y = x 2 + 4 is translated 2 units in the negative direction of the
x-axis,
(ii) when the graph of y = x 2 + 4 is scaled parallel to the x-axis with a scale factor of
2.
(iii) when the graph of y = x 2 + 4 is scaled parallel to the y-axis with a scale factor of
2 and then reflected in the x-axis.
x2
2
Solution:(i) y = x + 4 x + 8 (ii) y = +4 (iii) y = −2 ( x 2 + 4 )
4

State precisely a sequence of geometrical transformations which would transform the

graph of y = x 2 + 4 onto the graph of y = −2 x 2 − 6 .
y y
Solution: y = −2 x 2 − 6 ⇔ y = −2 ( x 2 + 3) ⇔ − = x 2 + 4 − 1 ⇔ 1 − = x 2 + 4
2 2
Replace y by
Replace y Replace y by y
by 1 + y −y y
y = x2 + 4 1 + y = x2 + 4 1 − y = x2 + 4 2 = x2 + 4 1−
2
Translate the graph in the negative y direction by 1 unit, then reflect the graph in the x-axis.
Finally scale the graph parallel to the y-axis by factor 2.

2
x y2
7. The curve, C has equation + = 1 where a and b are positive constants.
a2 b2
Sketch C for (i) a > b (ii) b > a .
Solution: (i) (ii)
y

b
b

x
x

a O a
O

Find the equation of the graph obtained when

(a) C is translated 2 units in the positive direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the
positive direction of the y-axis.
1
(b) C is scaled by a factor of parallel to the x-axis and a factor of 3 parallel to y-
2
axis.

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2 2

Solution: (a)
( x − 2) +
( y − 3) =1 (b)
4x2 y2
+ =1
a2 b2 a 2 9b 2

State one possible sequence of transformation(s) to transform C to a circle of radius b.

b
Solution: Scale parallel to x-axis by scale factor .
a

8. (VJC06/H2 Promo/12) The diagram shows the graph of y = f(x) . The curve passes
through the origin and has minimum point (−1, −2). The asymptotes are x = 2, y = 0 and
y = 2.
y

y=2

x
O
×
(−1, −2)

x=2
Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graphs of

(i) y = f (x − 1) , [2]
(ii) y = f ( | x | − 1) , [2]
(iii) y = − f(x) , [3]
(v) y 2 = − f ( x) [3]
1
(iv) y= . [3]
f(x)

8 (i):

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8 (ii):

8 (iii):

8 (iv):

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8(v):

9. (CJC06/H2 Promo/9) The graphs of y = f ( | x | ) and y2 = f(x) are shown below.

y = f( | x | ) y2 = f(x)
4 2
(–2, 3 )
1
–1 1
(–2, – 3 )
–2

Sketch on separate diagrams, the graphs of

(i) y = f(x) [3]
1
(ii) y= [3]
f ( x)
You are expected to indicate clearly all important features of the graphs in each case.

9 (i):
y

4
3

x
–2 O 1
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y
9 (ii):

1/3

1/4
x
–2 1

10. N92/II/11(b) Modified

y
x+a
The curve y = , where a and b are positive constants
x+b
is shown on the right. Give the equations of the asymptotes
and the coordinates of the axial intercepts.
Deduce that b > a.
x+a
Sketch the graph of y 2 = . x
x+b O
Solution:
Asymptotes: y = 1, x = −b
( )
Axial Intercepts: 0, a , ( − a, 0 )
b
(
From the graph, the y-intercept 0, a )
b
lies below the horizontal asymptote y=1.
a
⇒ <1⇒ b > a
b
x+a
y2 = x = −b y

x+b

y =1
a
b x

−a
− a
b y = −1
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11.
y  9
C  6, 
 8

1
x
A(0, 0) 2 B(3, 0)

x+c
The curve shown in the diagram above has equation y = a + 2
.
( x + b)
Find the values of a, b and c .
Given that the above graph is y = f (2 x) − 1 , sketch the graph of y = f ( x) .

Solution: a = 1, b = −2, c = −4
y
 1
C 12, 2 
 8

2
A ( 0, 1) • B ( 6, 1)

4 x

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ax
12. The curve C has equation y = . Given that y = 2 is a horizontal asymptote, find the
3x + b
value of a.
Sketch C where (a) b = 1 (b) b = −1.
State a geometrical transformation that would transform graph (a) to (b).
Solution:
ax R
Mtd 1: y = = 2+
3x + b 3x + b
ax = 2 ( 3 x + b ) + R
Compare coefficient of x : a = 6
ax a ab
Mtd 2: y = = −
3x + b 3 3 ( 3 x + b )
a
As x → ±∞, y →
3
a
Since y = 2 is a horizontal asymptote, = 2 ⇒ a = 6.
3

6x 1
(a) y = x =−
3x + 1 3
y

y=2

6x 1
(b) y= x=
3x − 1 3
y

y=2

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Replace x with −x, i.e. reflect the graph in the y-axis.

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