Q1.

The diagram shows a fairground ride called a ‘reverse bungee’.

Two identical stretched elastic ropes are fixed to a cage with passengers inside. The
loaded cage is held in place by a clamp. When the clamp is released the elastic ropes
accelerate the loaded cage vertically into the air.

P is the point where the rope attaches to the top of the vertical tower.
Q is the point where the rope attaches to the cage. Q is level with the centre of mass of
the loaded cage.

Before release, the tension T in each elastic rope is 3.7 × 104 N and each rope makes an
angle of 20° with the vertical tower.

The total mass M of the loaded cage is 1.2 × 103 kg and the mass of the elastic ropes is
negligible.

(a)  Show that the downward force F exerted by the clamp on the loaded cage is about
6 × 104 N.

Page 1 of 81
 (4)

(b)  Calculate the initial acceleration of the loaded cage when the clamp is released.

acceleration = ____________________ m s–2

(2)

(c)  The unstretched length of each elastic rope is 24 m. The ropes obey Hooke’s Law
for all extensions used in the ride.
The vertical distance between points P and Q on the diagram above is 35 m.

Show that the total elastic potential energy stored in both ropes before the loaded
cage is released is about 5 × 105 J.

(4)

(d)  The designers of the ride claim that the loaded cage will reach a height of 50 m
above Q.

Deduce whether this claim is justified.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(e)  The designers also claim that the loaded cage reaches a maximum speed of at
least 90 km h–1.

Page 2 of 81
 Calculate, in J, the kinetic energy of the loaded cage when it travels at 90 km h–1.

kinetic energy = ____________________ J

(3)

(f)   Deduce without further calculation whether the maximum speed claim is justified.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 17 marks)

Q2.
Figure 1 shows a kite boarder holding a line that is attached to a kite.

Figure 1

The wind blows the kite and the kite boarder moves at a constant speed across a level
water surface. The tension in the line is 720 N and the line makes an angle of 50° to the
horizontal.

(a)     (i)      Calculate the vertical component of the tension in the line.

Page 3 of 81
 vertical component of tension ____________________ N
(2)

(ii)     The kite boarder has a mass of 58 kg.

Calculate the normal reaction of the board on the kite boarder.

normal reaction ____________________ N

(2)

(iii)     Suggest how the answer to part (a)(ii) compares with the upthrust of the water
on the board.

Consider the board to have negligible mass.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)     Figure 2 shows the kite boarder about to perform a jump using a ramp.

Figure 2

The end of the ramp is 1.8 m above the water surface. The kite boarder leaves the
ramp at a velocity of 12 m s−1 and at an angle of 17° to the horizontal. The kite
boarder lets go of the line at the instant he leaves the ramp.

Calculate the speed with which the kite boarder enters the water.

Assume that the kite boarder is a point mass and ignore the effects of air resistance.

Page 4 of 81
 speed ____________________ m s−1
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Q3.
A canoeist wishes to cross a river in a straight line between two points labelled A and B
as shown in the diagram below.
The canoeist can paddle the canoe at a speed of 1.8 m s–1 in still water.
The current in the river has a speed of 1.1 m s–1.

To cross from A to B the canoeist has to paddle at an angle θ to the direction of the
current, as shown above.

Determine θ using a scale drawing.

Page 5 of 81
  

angle θ ____________________ degrees

(Total 3 marks)

Q4.
A canoeist can paddle at a speed of 3.8 ms–1 in still water.
She encounters a current which opposes her motion. The current has a velocity of 1.5 ms–
1
at 30° to her original direction of travel as shown in the figure below.

By drawing a scale diagram determine the magnitude of the canoeist’s resultant velocity.

magnitude of velocity ____________________ ms–1

(Total 3 marks)

Q5.
The figure below shows a uniform steel girder being held horizontally by a crane. Two
cables are attached to the ends of the girder and the tension in each of these cables is T.

Page 6 of 81
  

(a)     If the tension, T, in each cable is 850 N, calculate

(i)      the horizontal component of the tension in each cable,

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii)     the vertical component of the tension in each cable,

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(iii)     the weight of the girder.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)

(b)     On the figure draw an arrow to show the line of action of the weight of the girder.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Q6.
(a)     Figure 1 shows the arrangement of apparatus in an experiment to investigate the
equilibrium of three forces.

Figure 1

Page 7 of 81
  

The two pulleys are secured in a fixed position at the same height. The centres of
the pulleys are separated by a horizontal distance x. Identical masses m are
suspended by a continuous string which passes over both pulleys. A third mass M
is suspended from the string at point A, equidistant from the pulleys. The strings
that pass over the pulleys each make an angle θ to the vertical at point A, as
shown in Figure 1.

When the forces are in equilibrium the vertical distance d is measured. Mass M is
varied and the system is allowed to come into equilibrium. For each M, the
corresponding distance d is measured.

The results are shown in the table below.

 

M / kg d/m

0.100 0.035 0.087

0.200 0.066 0.163

0.300 0.105 0.254

0.400 0.139 0.328

0.500 0.183  

0.600 0.228  

(i)      Given that x = 0.800 m, complete the table above.

(1)

(ii)     Complete the graph in Figure 2 by plotting the two remaining points and

Page 8 of 81
 drawing a best fit straight line.
(2)

(iii)    Determine the gradient of the graph in Figure 2.

gradient = ____________________
(3)

(iv)    (1)    Consider the forces that act at point A in Figure 1. By resolving these

forces vertically, show that M = 2mcos θ.
Figure 2

Page 9 of 81
  
(1)

(2)     Express cosθ in terms of d and x and hence show that the gradient of

the graph is equal to .

 
(2)

(3)     Determine the value of m using your value for the gradient from (iii).

Page 10 of 81
 

m = ____________________
(2)

(v)     A student obtains different results for d when M is increased compared with
those obtained when M is decreased.

(1)     Suggest why these two sets of results do not agree.

          ________________________________________________________

          ________________________________________________________
(1)

(2)     State what the student should do with the results to take account of this
problem.

          ________________________________________________________

          ________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     An arrangement for investigating the equilibrium of forces is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Page 11 of 81
  

In the arrangement shown in Figure 1, P and Q are identical masses of mass m. A

student uses this arrangement to investigate the relationship between m and θ
when the system of forces is in equilibrium. Weight W is constant.
The student performs the investigation by marking the position of the strings when
the forces are in equilibrium for different values of m. He does this by marking
crosses on the sheet of white paper.

(i)      The string is about 10 mm from the paper. Describe and explain a technique to
mark accurately the string positions on the paper.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii)     The crosses on the paper are used to determine the directions of the strings.
The results are shown full scale in Figure 2.

(1)     Use Figure 2 and your protractor to measure θ as accurately as

possible and calculate the percentage uncertainty in your answer. State

Page 12 of 81
 the precision of the protractor you used.

precision of protractor = ____________________

θ = ____________________
 

percentage uncertainty = ____________________ %

(3)

(2)     Use Figure 2 and a ruler to determine θ using trigonometry. Show on

Figure 2 the measurements you make.

θ = ____________________
(2)

(iii)    Theory suggests that W = 2mg cosθ.

The student produces a set of results for different values of m and the
corresponding values of θ.
Suggest and explain a graphical way of testing this relationship between m
and θ.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 13 of 81
 Figure 2

 
(1)
(Total 21 marks)

Q7.
In an experiment an unknown load, of weight, W, was supported by two strings kept in
tension by equal masses, m, hung from their free ends, with each string passing over a
frictionless pulley. The arrangement was symmetrical and is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Page 14 of 81
  

The distance x was kept constant throughout the experiment. The length y was measured
for different values of m.

The distance between the strings at the pulleys, x = 0.500m

(a)     Figure 2 shows the three forces acting through the point at which the strings are
attached to the load. The weight of the load is W and the tension in each string is
mg, where g is gravitational field strength.

Figure 2

(i)      By resolving the forces vertically show that      

where φ is the angle between each string and the vertical.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 15 of 81
 ______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii)    Draw the line of best fit through the points plotted on the graph.

 
(1)

(b)     (i)      Determine the gradient of your graph.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 16 of 81
 ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(ii)     The equation for the straight line is      

Given that g = 9.81Nkg–1, determine a value for W.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)     When m was 0.300 kg, y was 0.400 m.

Calculate the percentage uncertainty in for m = 0.300 kg.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(d)     (i)      Explain the term systematic error.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 17 of 81
 ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii)     In practice, there may be a systematic error in this experiment because of

friction in the pulleys.
When the measurements were taken, increasing values of m were used. State
and explain how friction in the pulleys would have affected the measured
values of y.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

Q8.
The following figure shows a roller coaster car which is accelerated from rest to a speed of
56 m s–1 on a horizontal track, A, before ascending the steep part of the track. The roller
coaster car then becomes stationary at C, the highest point of the track. The total mass of
the car and passengers is 8300 kg.

Page 18 of 81
  

(a)     The angle of the track at B is 25° to the horizontal. Calculate the component of the
weight of the car and passengers acting along the slope when the car and
passengers are in position B as shown in the image above.

component of weight ____________________ N

(2)

(b)     (i)      Calculate the kinetic energy of the car including the passengers when
travelling at 56 m s–1.

kinetic energy ____________________ J

(2)

(ii)     Calculate the maximum height above A that would be reached by the car and
passengers if all the kinetic energy could be transferred to gravitational
potential energy.

Page 19 of 81
 maximum height ____________________ m
(2)

(c)     The car does not reach the height calculated in part (b).

(i)      Explain the main reason why the car does not reach this height.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii)     The car reaches point C which is at a height of 140 m above A. Calculate the
speed that the car would reach when it descends from rest at C to its original
height from the ground at D if 87% of its energy at C is converted to kinetic
energy.

speed ____________________ m s–1

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Q9.
(a)     State what is meant by a vector quantity.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     Give one example of a vector quantity.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 2 marks)

Q10.
The graph below shows how the velocity of a toy train moving in a straight line varies over
a period of time.

Page 20 of 81
  

(a)     Describe the motion of the train in the following regions of the graph.

AB ________________________________________________________________

BC ________________________________________________________________

CD ________________________________________________________________

DE ________________________________________________________________

EF ________________________________________________________________
(5)

(b)     What feature of the graph represents the displacement of the train?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c)     Explain, with reference to the graph, why the distance travelled by the train is
different from its displacement.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q11.
The graph shows how the vertical speed of a parachutist changes with time during the first
20 s of his jump. To avoid air turbulence caused by the aircraft, he waits a short time after
jumping before pulling the cord to release his parachute.

Page 21 of 81
  

(a)     Regions A, B and C of the graph show the speed before the parachute has opened.
With reference to the forces acting on the parachutist, explain why the graph has
this shape in the region marked

(i)      A, ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii)     B, ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(iii)    C, ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)

(b)     Calculate the maximum deceleration of the parachutist in the region of the graph
marked D, which shows how the speed changes just after the parachute has
opened. Show your method clearly,

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 22 of 81
 (2)

(c)     Use the graph to find the total vertical distance fallen by the parachutist in the first
10 s of the jump. Show your method clearly.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(d)     During his descent, the parachutist drifts sideways in the wind and hits the ground
with a vertical speed of 5.0 m s–1 and a horizontal speed of 3.0 m s–1. Find

(i)      the resultant speed with which he hits the ground,

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii)     the angle his resultant velocity makes with the vertical.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

Q12.
Complete the following table by stating whether the quantity is a vector or a scalar and by
giving the full name of its unit.
 
Quantity Vector or S.I. Unit
Scalar

force vector newton

displacement    

kinetic energy    

power    

(Total 3 marks)

Page 23 of 81
 Q13.
Complete the following table.
 
Quantity Vector or S.I. Unit
Scalar

Displacement Vector m

Velocity    

Weight    

Energy    

(Total 3 marks)

Q14.
(a)     State the difference between a vector quantity and a scalar quantity.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     Give one example of a vector quantity.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 2 marks)

Q15.
(a)     State what is meant by a scalar quantity.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     State two examples of quantities that are scalar.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 3 marks)

Q16.
The diagram shows an arrangement used to investigate the repulsive forces between two

Page 24 of 81
identical charged conducting spheres.
The spheres are suspended by non-conducting thread.

Each sphere has a mass of 3.2 × 10–3 kg and a radius of 20 mm.

The distance d is 40 mm.

The capacitance of a sphere of radius r is 4πε0r.

Each sphere is charged by connecting it briefly to the positive terminal of a high-voltage

supply, the other terminal of which is at 0 V.
After this has been done the charge on each sphere is 52 nC.

(a)  Calculate the potential of one of the spheres.

potential = ____________________ V
(3)

(b)  The charged spheres in the diagram above are at equilibrium.

Draw labelled arrows on the diagram to show the forces on sphere B.

(2)

(c)  Suggest a solution to one problem involved in the measurement of d in the diagram.

Page 25 of 81
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d)  Show that the magnitude of the electrostatic force on each sphere is about 4 × 10–
3
 N.

(3)

(e)  A student measures the angle θ when the apparatus in the diagram above is at
equilibrium.
The student records θ as 7°.

Discuss whether this measurement is consistent with the other data in this
investigation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(f)   The student says that the gravitational force between the two spheres has no
significant effect on the angle at which the spheres are in equilibrium.

Deduce with a calculation whether this statement is valid.

Page 26 of 81
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

Q17.
(a)     Figure 1 shows a truck moving freely down a ramp inclined at an angle to the
horizontal.

Figure 1

The truck starts from rest at the top of the ramp and reaches point A. Friction and air
resistance are negligible.

As the truck moves down the ramp to point A, its centre of mass has a total vertical
displacement of 8.0 m

Calculate the speed of the truck at point A.

speed = ____________________ m s–1

(2)

(b)     Figure 2 shows the truck moving down a ramp with a varying slope.

Figure 2

The truck starts from rest and moves freely down the ramp. It reaches point C and
then moves along the horizontal runway to D. Friction and air resistance are
negligible.

Discuss how the acceleration of the truck in Figure 2 differs from the acceleration of

Page 27 of 81
 the truck in Figure 1.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c)     The total vertical displacement of the centre of mass of the truck in Figure 2 is also
8.0 m

The speed of the truck when it reaches the horizontal runway is the same as the
speed of the truck in Figure 1 when it reaches point A.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d)     The horizontal runway in Figure 2 has negligible friction and air resistance. As the
truck moves along the runway, it starts to rain. The rain falls vertically and water
collects in the truck.

Page 28 of 81
 Discuss whether there are any changes in the momentum of the truck and collected
water.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q18.
The diagram shows a uniform beam supported by two light cables, AB and AC, which are
attached to a single steel cable from a crane. The beam is stationary and in equilibrium.

(a)     State two necessary conditions for the beam to be in equilibrium.

Page 29 of 81
 Condition 1 _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Condition 2 _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)     State what is meant by the centre of mass.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c)     Explain why the centre of mass of the beam in the diagram must be vertically below
A.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d)     The weight of the beam is 12 000 N

Calculate the tension T1 in cable AB and the tension T2 in cable AC.

T1 = ____________________ N

T2 = ____________________ N
(4)

(e)     The steel cable from the crane has a circular cross-section of diameter 1.5 × 10–2 m
The cable is 12 m long.

Calculate the extension of the cable caused by the weight of the beam. You can

Page 30 of 81
 assume that the weights of all cables are negligible.

Young modulus of steel = 2.0 × 1011 Pa

extension = ____________________ m
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

Q19.
An electric wheelchair, powered by a battery, allows the user to move around
independently.

One type of electric wheelchair has a mass of 55 kg. The maximum distance it can travel
on level ground is 12 km when carrying a user of mass 65 kg and travelling at its
maximum speed of 1.5 m s−1.

The battery used has an emf of 12 V and can deliver 7.2 × 104 C as it discharges fully.

(a)     Show that the average power output of the battery during the journey is about
100 W.

 
(3)

(b)     During the journey, forces due to friction and air resistance act on the wheelchair
and its user.

Assume that all the energy available in the battery is used to move the wheelchair
and its user during the journey.

Calculate the total mean resistive force that acts on the wheelchair and its user.

Page 31 of 81
 total mean resistive force = ____________________ N
(2)

The diagram below shows the wheelchair and its user travelling up a hill. The hill makes
an angle of 4.5° to the horizontal.

(c)     Calculate the force that gravity exerts on the wheelchair and its user parallel to the
slope.

force parallel to the slope = ____________________ N

(1)

(d)     Calculate the maximum speed of the wheelchair and its user when travelling up this
hill when the power output of the battery is 100 W.

Assume that the resistive forces due to friction and air resistance are the same as in
part (b).

maximum speed = ____________________ m s−1

(2)

(e)     Explain how and why the maximum range of the wheelchair on level ground is
affected by

•   the mass of the user

•   the speed at which the wheelchair travels.

Effect of mass _______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 32 of 81
 ___________________________________________________________________

Effect of speed ______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 12 marks)

Q20.
Figure 1 shows a structure that supports a horizontal copper aerial wire W used for
transmitting radio signals.

Figure 1

The copper aerial wire is 12 m long and its area of cross-section is 1.6 × 10–5 m2.
The tension in the copper aerial wire is 5.0 × 102 N.

Young modulus of copper = 1.2 × 1011 Pa

(a)     Show that the extension produced in a 12 m length of the aerial wire when the
tension is 5.0 × 102 N is less than 4 mm.
(2)

(b)     The cables that support each mast are at an angle of 65° to the horizontal.

Calculate the tension in each supporting cable so that there is no resultant

horizontal force on either mast.

Page 33 of 81
 tension = ____________________________ N
(1)

(c)     When wind blows, stationary waves can be formed on the aerial wire.

Explain how stationary waves are produced and why only waves of specific
frequencies can form on the aerial wire.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(d)     Calculate the mass of a 1.0 m length of the aerial wire.

Density of copper = 8900 kg m–3

mass = ____________________________ kg
(1)

(e)     Calculate the frequency of the wave when the third harmonic is formed on the aerial
wire.

frequency = ____________________________ Hz
(2)

(f)     Sketch, on Figure 2, the standing wave on the wire when the third harmonic is
formed.

Figure 2

Page 34 of 81
  
(1)

(g)     High winds produce large amplitudes of vibration of the aerial wire.

Explain why the wire may sag when the high wind stops.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

Q21.
(a)    Indicate with ticks (✓) in the table below which of the quantities are vectors and
which are scalars.
 
  Velocity Speed Distance Displacement

vector        

scalar        

(2)

(b)     A tennis ball is thrown vertically downwards and bounces on the ground. The ball
leaves the hand with an initial speed of 1.5 m s–1 at a height of 0.65 m above the
ground. The ball rebounds and is caught when travelling upwards with a speed of
1.0 m s–1.

Assume that air resistance is negligible.

(i)      Show that the speed of the ball is about 4 m s–1 just before it strikes the
ground.

Page 35 of 81
  
(3)

(ii)     The ball is released at time t = 0. It hits the ground at time tA and is caught at
time tB. On the graph, sketch a velocity−time graph for the vertical motion of
the tennis ball from when it leaves the hand to when it returns. The initial
velocity X and final velocity Y are marked.

 
(3)

(c)     In a game of tennis, a ball is hit horizontally at a height of 1.2 m and travels a
horizontal distance of 5.0 m before reaching the ground. The ball is at rest when hit.

Calculate the initial horizontal velocity given to the ball when it was hit.

horizontal velocity = ____________________ m s–1

(3)
(Total 11 marks)

Q22.
(a)      (i)     State two vector quantities.

vector quantity 1 ________________________________________________

Page 36 of 81
 vector quantity 2 ________________________________________________

(ii)     State two scalar quantities.

scalar quantity 1 ________________________________________________

scalar quantity 2 ________________________________________________

(2)

(b)     The helicopter shown in Figure 1a is moving horizontally through still air. The lift
force from the helicopter’s blades is labelled A.

(i)      Name the two forces B and C that also act on the helicopter.

B ___________________________________________________________

C ___________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii)     The force vectors are also shown arranged as a triangle in Figure 1b.

State and explain how Figure 1b shows that the helicopter is moving at a
constant velocity.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)     The lift force, A, is 9.5 kN and acts at an angle of 74° to the horizontal.

Calculate the weight of the helicopter. Give your answer to an appropriate number of

Page 37 of 81
 significant figures.

answer = ____________________ N
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q23.
Figure 1 shows car A being towed at a steady speed up a slope which is inclined at 5.0°
to the horizontal. Assume that the resistive forces acting on car A are negligible.

Figure 1

Figure 2 represents a simplified version of the forces acting on car A at the instant shown
in Figure 1.

Figure 2

(a)     (i)      Car A has a mass of 970 kg. Show that the component of its weight that acts
parallel to the slope is approximately 830 N.

Page 38 of 81
 (2)

(ii)     Calculate the energy stored in the tow rope as car A is towed up the slope at a
steady speed. The tow rope obeys Hooke’s law and has a stiffness of 2.5 ×
104 Nm–1.

energy stored ____________________ J

(4)

(b)     The tow rope is attached to a fixing point on car A using a metal hook. During the
ascent of the slope the fixing point snaps and the metal hook becomes detached
from car A. The metal hook gains speed due to the energy stored in the rope. State
and explain how the speed gained by the hook would have changed if the rope used
had a stiffness greater than 2.5 × 104 Nm–1.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q24.
(a)     Figure 1 shows a skier travelling at constant speed down a slope of 35°. The force
labelled P is parallel to the slope. The force labelled Q is perpendicular to the slope.
Assume that there is no friction between the skis and the snow.

Figure 1

Page 39 of 81
 (i)      Identify the forces labelled P and Q.

P ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Q ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii)     State the condition necessary for the skier to be travelling at a constant
velocity.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     Figure 2 shows an arrow representing the weight, W, of the skier. The arrow has
been drawn to scale.

Figure 2

scale 1 cm: 100 N

By drawing the forces P and Q onto Figure 2, complete the scale diagram and
determine the magnitude of the force P.

magnitude of force P ______________________ N

(4)

(c)     (i)      The skier moves onto level snow. Initially the magnitude of force P remains
constant.

Page 40 of 81
 The mass of the skier is 87 kg.
Calculate the initial deceleration of the skier.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

deceleration ______________________ ms–2

(2)

(ii)     State and explain what would happen to the deceleration as the skier
continues along the level snow.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Q25.
In the leisure pursuit called parascending a person attached to a parachute is towed by a
towrope attached to a motor boat as shown in Figure 1.

                 Figure 1                                                                   Figure 2

Figure 2 shows the directions of the forces acting on a person of weight 0.65 kN when
being towed horizontally at a constant speed of 8.5 m s−1.

The tension in the tow rope is 1.5 kN and D is resultant force exerted by the parachute on
the parascender.

(a)     (i)      State why the resultant force on the parascender must be zero.

______________________________________________________________

Page 41 of 81
 ______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii)     Calculate the magnitude of D.

magnitude of ____________________ kN
(2)

(b)     (i)      Calculate the horizontal resistance to motion of the boat produced by the tow
rope.

resistance ____________________ kN
(1)

(ii)     The horizontal resistance to the motion of the boat produced by the water is
1200  N. Calculate the total power developed by the boat.

Page 42 of 81
  

power ____________________
(4)

(c)     State and explain the initial effect on the boat if the tow rope were to break.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Q26.
The figure below shows a stationary metal block hanging from the middle of a stretched
wire which is suspended from a horizontal beam. The tension in each half of the wire is 15
N.

(a)     Calculate for the wire at A,

(i)      the resultant horizontal component of the tension forces,

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii)     the resultant vertical component of the tension forces.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b)     (i)      State the weight of the metal block.

Page 43 of 81
 ______________________________________________________________

(ii)     Explain how you arrived at your answer, with reference to an appropriate law
of motion.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Q27.
(a)     State the difference between vector and scalar quantities.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     State one example of a vector quantity (other than force) and one example of a
scalar quantity.

vector quantity _______________________________________________________

scalar quantity _______________________________________________________

(2)

(c)     A 12.0 N force and a 8.0 N force act on a body of mass 6.5 kg at the same time.
For this body, calculate

(i)      the maximum resultant acceleration that it could experience,

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii)     the minimum resultant acceleration that it could experience.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 44 of 81
Q28.
The aeroplane shown in the diagram below is travelling horizontally at 95 m s–1.
It has to drop a crate of emergency supplies.
The air resistance acting on the crate may be neglected.

(a)     (i)      The crate is released from the aircraft at point P and lands at point Q. Sketch
the path followed by the crate between P and Q as seen from the ground.

(ii)     Explain why the horizontal component of the crate’s velocity remains constant
while it is moving through the air.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b)     (i)      To avoid damage to the crate, the maximum vertical component of the crate’s
velocity on landing should be 32 m s–1. Show that the maximum height from
which the crate can be dropped is approximately 52 m.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii)     Calculate the time taken for the crate to reach the ground if the crate is
dropped from a height of 52 m.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 45 of 81
 (iii)     If R is a point on the ground directly below P, calculate the horizontal
distance QR.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)

(c)     In practice air resistance is not negligible. State and explain the effect this has on
the maximum height from which the crate can be dropped.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Q29.
(a)     (i)      State what is meant by a scalar quantity.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii)     State two examples of scalar quantities.

example 1: ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

example 2: ____________________________________________________
(3)

(b)     An object is acted upon by two forces at right angles to each other. One of the
forces has a magnitude of 5.0 N and the resultant force produced on the object is
9.5 N.
Determine

(i)      the magnitude of the other force,

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 46 of 81
 (ii)     the angle between the resultant force and the 5.0 N force.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

Q30.
(a)     (i)      Define acceleration.

______________________________________________________________

(ii)     State why acceleration is a vector quantity.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)     State what feature of a velocity-time graph may be used to calculate

(i)      acceleration,

______________________________________________________________

(ii)     displacement.

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c)     The graph in Figure 1 shows how the displacement of a runner from a fixed point,
along a straight track, varies with time.

                   Figure 1

Page 47 of 81
 Without calculation, sketch on the grid in Figure 2 a graph to show how the velocity
of the same runner varies over the same period. The time scales are the same on
both graphs.

                   Figure 2
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

Q31.
The diagram shows a gymnast of weight 720 N hanging centrally from two rings, each
attached to cables which hang vertically.

(a)     State the tension in each cable.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     The diagram shows the gymnast after he has raised his body so that his centre of

Page 48 of 81
 mass moves through a vertical distance of 0.60 m.

Calculate

(i)      the increase in gravitational potential energy of the gymnast,

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii)     the tension in each cable.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(c)     The gymnast now raises his legs so that they become horizontal, without raising the
rest of his body. State and explain whether his gravitational potential energy is
changed by this manoeuvre.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q32.
(a)     State the condition necessary for the equilibrium of three coplanar forces acting at a
point.

Page 49 of 81
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     The diagram shows a crane hook in equilibrium under the action of a vertical force
of 16.5 kN in the crane cable and tension forces T1 and T2 in the sling.

Find the tension forces T1 and T2 acting in the sling. You may either calculate these
forces or find them by scale drawing. In either case you should show your method
clearly.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

T1 = ____________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

T2 = ____________________
(4)
(Total 5 marks)

Q33.
A heavy sledge is pulled across snowfields. The diagram shows the direction of the force
F exerted on the sledge. Once the sledge is moving, the average horizontal force needed
to keep it moving at a steady speed over level ground is 300 N.

Page 50 of 81
  

(a)     Calculate the force F needed to produce a horizontal component of 300 N on the
sledge.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b)     (i)      Explain why the work done in pulling the sledge cannot be calculated by
multiplying F by the distance the sledge is pulled.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii)     Calculate the work done in pulling the sledge a distance of 8.0 km over level
ground.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(iii)    Calculate the average power used to pull the sledge 8.0 km in 5.0 hours.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(6)

(c)     The same average power is maintained when pulling the sledge uphill. Explain in
terms of energy transformations why it would take longer than 5.0 hours to cover
8.0 km uphill.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 51 of 81
Q34.
An athlete is analysing his shot putting technique so as to improve his performance. He
finds that the optimum performance is achieved when the angle which his leg makes with
the ground is 57° immediately before releasing the shot. The maximum force he can exert
on the ground is 650 N at an angle of 57° to the ground.

(a)     Draw and label arrows on the diagram above to represent

(i)      T, the force the foot exerts on the ground,

(ii)     N, the normal reaction of the ground on the foot,

(iii)    F, the frictional force of the ground on the foot.

(3)

(b)     Calculate the magnitude of

(i)      the frictional force F,

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii)     the normal reaction of the ground N.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q35.
The figure below shows a heavy mirror hanging symmetrically from a nail fixed to a wall. It
is supported by a strong cord attached at two points on its top edge.

Page 52 of 81
  

(a)     Draw and clearly label three arrows on the figure above to show the forces acting
on the mirror in the vertical plane.
(3)

(b)     The tension in the cord is 39 N and the angle that each end of the cord makes with
the horizontal is 40°. Calculate the vertical component of the tension in the cord and
hence the weight of the mirror.

vertical component of the tension ____________________

weight of the mirror ______________________________

(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Page 53 of 81
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a)  Attempt to calculate weight of cage
eg 1.2 × 103 × 9.81 or 1.18 × 104 seen ✔

Attempt to find vertical component of tension TV in one rope

eg 3.7 × 104 cos20 or 3.5 × 104 seen ✔

Uses F = twice their tension – their weight ✔

If weight not calculated, allow MP3 for doubling their tension
or their resolved component

5.8 × 104 (N) ✔

4

(b)  Use of F = ma with 6 × 104 N or their (a) ✔

50 (m s–2) ✔
Allow 48 (m s–2).
2

(c)  Calculation of length of rope

eg 35/cos20 or 37.2 seen ✔
Allow methods using F = k∆L and E = ½ k∆L2

Calculation of extension of one rope or calculation of total extension of both

ropes
eg their length–24 or 13.2 or 26.4 seen ✔

Use of E = ½ F∆L
e.g. ½ × 3.7 × 104 × 13.2 = 2.44 × 105 (J) ✔

4.9 × 105 (J) ✔

4

(d)  Use of E lost = ∆Ep

eg 1.2 × 103 × 9.81 × h = 5 × 105 ✔
No credit for use of suvat in either method and MP3 must
come from correct Physics.
First method is for calculation of max h and comparison with
50 m.

h = 42 (m) ✔
Allow h from their (c) if it rounds to 5 × 105

42 < 50 (m), so claim not justified ✔

OR

Page 54 of 81
 Use of ∆Ep = mg∆h with 50 m
eg 1.2 × 103 × 9.81 × 50 ✔
Second method is for calculation of ∆Ep and comparison with
E.

∆Ep = 5.9 × 105 (J) ✔

5.9 × 105 > 5 × 105, so claim not justified ✔

3

(e)  90 km h–1 = 25 m s–1 ✔

The conversion mark stands alone.
1

Use of Ek = ½ mv2
eg ½ × 1.2 × 103 × (their v)2 ✔

3.8 × 105 (J) ✔

ecf for their v
2

(f)   If their Ek > 5 × 105, claim is unjustified

OR

If their Ek < 5 × 105, claim may be justified depending on gain in Ep or losses

due to resistive forces ✔
1
[17]

Q2.
(a)     (i)      720 sin 50° or 720 cos 40°
550 (552) (N)
2

(ii)     58 × 9.81 or 569 seen

19 (N)
Allow 569-(their (a)(i) for 2 marks
2

(iii)     Upthrust is same as normal reaction (or same as their (a)(ii)

Newton's 2nd or 3rd Law or Archimedes’ Principle
reason given
2

(b)     uh = 12 cos 17° or 11.5 (m s-1) seen

uv = 12 sin 17° or 3.5 (m s-1) seen
Use of v2 = u2 + 2as with either 3.5 or 1.8 or vv = 6.9 (m s-1)
13.4 (m s-1)

OR

Page 55 of 81
 Initial KE = 0.5 × 58 × 122 or 4176 (J) seen
∆GPE = 58 × 9.81 × 1.8 or 1024 (J) seen
or v = √(2 × 9.81 × 1.8) or 5.9 (m s-1) seen
Final KE = 5200 (J) or v = √(2.KE/m)
13.4 (m s-1)
Allow valid suvat arguments that use time of flight
4
[10]

Q3.
Right-angled triangle, nose-to-tail with arrows

M1

Appropriate scale (fills half the space minimum)

A1

52 ± 1 (degrees)
1 mark for 52.3° by calculation

B1
[3]

Q4.
scale <1cm to 1 m s−1 stated or obvious from calculation (allow × 3, 7 etc. here)

B1
allow 2 max for correct calculation

correct resultant direction by eye (needs arrow if not clear from parallelogram
or triangle)

B1
allow 1 max for

2.6±0.2 (m s−1)

B1
correct method of calculation but with error(s)
3
[3]

Q5.
(a)     (i)      horizontal component = 850 × cos 42 (1)
= 630 N (1) (632 N)

(ii)     vertical component = 850 × sin 42 = 570 N (1) (569 N)

(if mixed up sin and cos then CE in (ii))

Page 56 of 81
 (iii)     weight of girder = 2 × 570 = 1100 N (1) (1142 N)
(use of 569 N gives weight = 1138 N)
(allow C.E. for value of vertical component in (ii))
4

(b)     arrow drawn vertically downwards at centre of girder (1)

1
[5]

Q6.
(a)     (i)       0.416 or 0.417 and 0.495 or 0.496
1

(ii)     Both plotted points to nearest mm✓

Straight line of best fit ✓
The line should be a straight line with approximately an
equal number of points on either side of the line.
2

(iii)     Large triangle drawn (at least 8cmx8cm) ✓

Correct values read from graph✓

Gradient value in range 0.805 to 0.837 to 2 or 3 sf✓
3

(iv)     (1)      For showing correct vertical component of at least one of the

forces / tensions as mgcosθ or both vertical components as 2
mgcosθ
Question specifically referred to resolving forces so component
must include g.✓
1

(2)     cosθ  =   =      ✓

                     =             compared to y = mx  ✓

(Hence gradient is )
2

(3)    Magnitude of m correct from

E.g middle gradient value gives m = 0.609 kg

  ✓   kg and 2 or 3 sf   ✓

Allow ecf from gradient value.
Sf and unit mark depends on correct calculation of m from
the gradient value.
2

Page 57 of 81
 (v)     (1)      Friction at the pulleys ✓
1

(2)     Take a mean value of readings from loading and unloading ✓

1

(b)     (i)      Description of technique:

Use small plane mirror beneath string / use of set square / bright light
source to project shadow of the strings onto the paper, and marking
points on shadow to aid drawing lines ✓

Explanation:
Line of sight not perpendicular from string to paper / mark on paper
depends on the angle the eye is positioned at / reference to parallax
error. ✓
2
Markers should measure the angle to check that no scaling
error has been introduced in the photocopying of the paper.
If the angle is different, mark accordingly.
Answers should be consistent with protractor precision
stated by the candidate.

(ii)    (1)     Value of θ quoted as 30o or 31o (for a protractor with precision ±1o)

OR
θ = 30.0, 30.5, 31.0
(for a protractor with precision ± 0.5o) ✓

Correct computation of % uncertainty, answer quoted to 2 or 1sf ✓

Allow ecf for incorrect angle (penalised in 1st marking point).
(e.g. if using a protractor with 1o precision % uncertainty will
be 1/31 × 100% = 3.2% or 3% OR for candidates who
measured the angle 2 θ % uncertainty = 1/62 × 100 = 1.6%
or 2%. With a protractor with precision ± 0.5o the %
uncertainties will be half these values)
This is because the question specifically stated “as
accurately as possible”. It should be clear from the
candidate’s percentage uncertainty calculation whether 2θ or
θ has been measured.

Extra mark for a candidate who measures the angle 2θ (rather than just
the single angle θ) ✓
(This 3rd mark can also be awarded for a candidate who has measured
θ on both sides of the ‘vertical line’,and taken the mean value)
3

(2)     Evidence of right angled triangle drawn on to the diagram with

dimensions of two sides also shown on the diagram. The minimum
dimension shown must be 70mm. ✓
Correct use of cosine rule without right angled triangle is
acceptable.

Angle correctly computed using sine cosine or tangent, with value

Page 58 of 81
 quoted in the range 30.0o to 31.4o ✓
Angle quoted to 3 sf/to 0.1o
2nd mark is still available to a candidate who didn’t achieve
the 1st mark.
2

(iii)     Plot a graph of cos θ against 1/m

AND
Statement that it should give a straight line through origin. ✓
Allow graphs of 1/m against cos θ, against 1/cos θ against
m, which would all be straight lines through the origin.
1
[21]

Q7.
(a)     (i)      W = 2mg cosφ      ∴ m = W/(2g cosφ)✔
The question says show that, so the candidates must write
down both steps.
1

(ii)     Well drawn straight line of best fit.✔

The line should follow the trend of the points with an even
scatter of points on either side of the line.
1

(b)     (i)      Triangle drawn with smallest side at least 8 cm in length. ✔

Correct readings taken from the line for the triangle ✔
Gradient in the range 0.45 to 0.49 (0.445 to 0.494) quoted to 2 or 3 significant
figures ✔
The size of the triangle can be identified from readings taken
from the line.
The third mark is independent of the other two: error carried
forward for incorrect readings (or for a poor line of best fit)
which give a gradient out of range is not allowed.
3

(ii)     Candidate’s answer for gradient in (b)(i) correctly multiplied by g (expected

answer 4.6)✔
N✔
No s.f. penalty.
The second mark is for the unit and can be awarded if the
numerical answer is incorrect.
2

(c)     δx% = 0.2 and δy% = 0.5✔

δ(x/y)% = δx% + δy% = 0.2 + 0.5 = 0.7 ✔
Use of δ(x/y.)2% = 2 × δ(x/y)(%) ✔
Final answer is (±) 1.4 (%) which automatically gains all
three marks
Otherwise

Page 59 of 81
 Accept only 1 s.f. for 1st and/or 2nd marks.
The third mark is for the method, not the final answer
3

(d)     (i)      Systematic errors in measurements are errors which show a pattern or a bias
or a trend ✔
Some acceptable alternatives
•        A systematic error is one which deviates by a fixed
amount from the true value of a measurement
•        An error which has the same value in all readings
•        A difference between the true value of a quantity and
the indicated value caused by a fault in the measuring
device
•        Accept a good example of systematic error.
1

(ii)     y would be larger✔

because angle θ would be smaller
or
because friction would be opposing the increasing weight of m✔
2
[13]

Q8.
(a)     8300 × 9.81 OR = 81423 ✓
(8300 × 9.81 sin 25)
= 3.4 × 10 (N) ✓ (34 411 N) ecf from first line unless g not used
4

msin25 gets zero

Penalize use of g = 10 here only
(35 077 N)
Allow 9.8 in any question
Correct answer only, gets both marks for all two mark
questions
2

(b)     (i)      (E = ½mv )

k
2

= ½ × 8300 × 56 ✓2

= 1.3 × 10 (J) ✓ (13 014 400) allow use of 8300 only

7

In general: Penalise transcription errors and rounding errors

in answers
2

(ii)     mgh = KE (13 014 400)                for mgh allow GPE or E p

OR 13 014 400 / 81 423 ✓

h = 160 (m) ✓ (159.8) ecf 1bi
Allow use of suvat approach
2

(c)     (i)      (work done) by friction \ drag \ air resistance \ resistive forces ✓

Page 60 of 81
 (energy converted) to internal \ thermal energy ✓
Allow ‘heat’
2

(ii)     0.87 x (8300 x 9.81 x 140 = 9 917 000) OR V = ✓

= 49 ( = 48.88 ms ) ✓
-1

87% of energy for 140m or 160m only for first mark.

Use of 160 (52.26) and / or incorrect or no % (52.4) gets max
1 provided working is shown
Do not credit suvat approaches here
2
[10]

Q9.
(a)     (quantity that has both) magnitude and direction

B1
1

(b)     any vector quantity eg velocity, force, acceleration

B1
1
[2]

 
 

Q10.
(a)     AB: (uniform) acceleration (1)
BC: constant velocity / speed or zero acceleration (1)
CD: negative acceleration or deceleration or decreasing speed / velocity (1)
DE: stationary or zero velocity (1)
EF ; (uniform) acceleration in opposite direction (1)
5

(b)     area under the graph (1)

1

(c)     distance is a scalar and thus is the total area under the graph
[or the idea that the train travels in the opposite direction] (1)
displacement is a vector and therefore the areas cancel (1)
2
[8]

Q11.
(a)     (i)      region A: uniform acceleration

                        (or (free-fall) acceleration = g (= 9.8(i) m s–2))

Page 61 of 81
 force acting on parachutist is entirely his weight

            (or other forces are very small) (1)

(ii)     region B: speed is still increasing

acceleration is decreasing (2)            (any two)

because frictional (drag) forces become significant (at higher speeds)

(iii)    region C: uniform speed (50 m s–1)

because resultant force on parachutist is zero (2)            (any two)

weight balanced exactly by resistive force upwards

The Quality of Written Communication marks were awarded primarily for

the quality of answers to this part
(6)

(b)     deceleration is gradient of the graph (at t = 13s) (1)

(e.g. 20/1 or 40/2) = 20 m s–2 (1)

(2)

(c)     distance = area under graph (1)

suitable method used to determine area (e.g. counting squares) (1)
with a suitable scaling factor (e.g. area of each square = 5 m2) (1)
distance = 335 m (±15 m) (1)
(4)

(d)     (i)      speed = √(5.02 + 3.02) = 5.8 m s–1 (1)

(ii)     tan θ =      gives θ = 31° (1)

(2)
[14]

Q12.
vector         metre

B1

          scalar         joule

B1

          scalar         watt

          allow capital letters, misspellings and plural units

accept v, s for vector and scalar

B1
[3]

Page 62 of 81
Q13.
1 mark each correct row

B3
[3]

Q14.
(a)     vector includes direction information
B1
(1)

(b)     example of vector

B1
(1)
[2]

Q15.
(a)     a quantity that has magnitude only (or has no direction)
B1
(1)

(b)     example 1
B1

example 2
B1

e.g. distance or length, area, volume, speed, mass, charge, time, energy,
power
(2)
[3]

Q16.
(a)  C (= 4πεOr = 4π × 8.85 × 10–12 × 0.020)
= 2.2(2) × 10–12 (F) ✔1
✔1 Mark for substitution or answer. Also it may be seen
incorporated into the second mark.
Substitution of

V (= Q/C) = 52 × 10–9/2.22 × 10–12 ✔2

✔2 Use of r = 0.04 m in the previous mark is treated as an
arithmetic error and the substitution 52 × 10–9/4.44 × 10–12 is
given a CE mark.

V = 23 000 (V) ✔3 (23 400 V)

✔3
A continuation of the CE gives a mark to the answer 12000
or 11700 (V)
A correct answer gains all 3 marks.

Page 63 of 81
 Commonly 23000 V gives 3 marks
11700 V gives 2 marks
Also a power of 10 error in the final answer gives 2 marks.
For any other final answer the only possibility is to get one
mark for use of V = Q/C when C is clearly given or V =

 is uses with an incorrect value of r.

3

(b)  Labelled arrows on B
•   Tension or T parallel to thread and upwards
•   weight or mg or W starting from sphere centre vertically down
•   electrostatic force or repulsion to right and starting from the inside or
edge of the sphere ✔✔

2 marks for all 3 arrows and labels

1 mark for 2 arrows and labels
1 mark for 3 arrows, no or incomplete labels
For the electrostatic force label also allow Felec or ‘force
between charges. FA etc.
Ignore gravity between spheres.
If a reaction force given – max 1 mark.
2

(c)  One mark for stating the problem. ✔1

✔1 The problem must be explicitly stated but not much detail
is needed. EG Anything used between the spheres may
disrupt the field.

One mark for giving a corresponding solution. ✔2

✔2 The solution must be detailed enough to convey what
must happen.
For example
Metallic or conducting instruments placed between the spheres will affect the
separation (because of the movement of charge/electrons within the
instrument)
(Inside) callipers made from a non-conduction material in conjunction with a
ruler could be used
Or
A travelling telescope on a vernier scale could be used (at a distance)
Other examples of problems
Physically touching the spheres may alter the reading.
Difficulty of measuring distance between curved objects.
A measuring instrument can have a dielectric constant/permittivity, which will
affect the separation/disrupt the field.
Reading a ruler behind the spheres will give rise to a parallax error.
Other examples of solutions.
Ruler and set square set up parallel to the line joining the
centres of the spheres.
Measure (beforehand) the length of thread y and measure

Page 64 of 81
 the angle with a protractor and calculate distance x using
trig’.
2

(d)  Using distance = 80 mm (mark given even in a wrong formula)

Or
Stating that the charge can be considered to be in the centre of each
sphere ✔1

  ✔2
✔2 Power of 10 errors are condoned and so is the use of the
wrong separation (as this was penalized in the previous
mark).

F = 3.8 × 10–3 (N) ✔3 (Showing at least 2 sig figs)

✔3 No ecf for this final mark.
3

(e)  (As each sphere is in equilibrium then tan θ =   a mark is given for a

reference and substitution into this equation in any configuration. The second
mark is for an evaluation that is said to be consistent. Use of 4 × 10–3 N given
in part (d) gains full credit.)

θ = tan–1   ✔= 6.9° which is consistent ✔

or

Felectrostatic = {3.2 × 10–3 × 9.8 × tan 7°} ✔

= 3.8(5) × 10–3 (N) which is consistent ✔

or

m=   ✔ = 3.1(6) × 10–3 (kg) which is consistent ✔

Alternatively

T=   = 0.032 ✔1Alt

and T =   = 0.031, the same value so consistent ✔2Alt

using 4 × 10–3 N gives 7.3°
More circular routes using Pythagoras are possible but they
end in the same calculated results.
using 4 × 10–3 N gives 3.3(2) × 10–3 kg
✔1Alt Any equation that results in the calculation of the

Page 65 of 81
 tension.
✔2Alt A second calculation of the tension which is stated to be
consistent with the first.
2

(f)   (In the following calculations condone the use of 1 sig fig for all data)

Fgrav   = 6.67 × 10–11 ×   ✔1a

Fgrav = 1.1 × 10–13 (N) which is small/negligible compared to Felect (≈ 4 × 10–3 N)

so statement is valid ✔2a

Alternative
(find the ratio between the forces)

(mark given for this ratio or the substitution below)

  ✔1b

Felec is 3.6 × 1010 times Fgrav

OR

or Fgrav is 2.8 × 10–11 times Felec ✔2b

✔1a It is the use of the formula that is important for the mark.
Giving the equation in symbols followed by an answer gains
the mark.
✔2a No ecf for the second mark in order to keep the same
level of difficulty as in the alternative.
2
[14]

Q17.
(a)     (use of gain in Ek = loss in Ep)
1/2mv2 = mgh
1/2v2 = 9.81 × 8.0 ✔
(v = √(2 × 9.81 × 8.0)) = 13 (12.5) (m s–1) ✔
Bald correct answer scores 1 mark
If use v2 = u2 +2as then zero
Unless resolved g along slope

Page 66 of 81
 If use 10 for g (–1)
Gets second mark if answer rounds to 13
1
1

(b)     THREE FROM:
acceleration of truck in Fig.1 is constant ✔
In Fig.2
acceleration is greater/greatest at start/top ✔
acceleration decreases ✔
reference to zero acceleration/uniform velocity between C and D ✔
because the component of weight/acceleration parallel to the slope changes ✔
1
1
1
(3 max)

(c)     the loss of (gravitational) potential energy is the same

hence gain in kinetic energy is the same ✔
1

(d)     THREE FROM:
rain has no (initial) horizontal momentum ✔
vertical momentum of rainwater decreases ✔
there is no external (horizontal) impulse/force on the truck (and water system) ✔
mass (of truck) increases but speed/velocity decreases ✔
horizontal momentum of water increases (but horizontal momentum of truck
decreases by same amount) ✔
(so) no change in (horizontal) momentum of truck and collected water/total
momentum ✔
If say: ‘vertical momentum/velocity of rain drops/water
changes to horizontal (momentum/velocity)’ score 2 marks
Cannot score last mark if stated that speed/velocity of truck
does not change
1
1
1
(3 max)
[9]

Q18.
(a)     resultant/overall/sum of force = 0 OR forces up equal forces down AND forces left
equal forces right ✔
(sum of) anticlockwise moments (about any point) = (sum of) clockwise
moments/zero resultant moment/torque ✔
1
1

(b)     EITHER
the point through which (the line of action of) a force has no turning effect/causes no
rotation/ no torque ✔

Page 67 of 81
 OR
where the mass of the body can be considered to be concentrated OR where the
weight can be considered to act ✔
NOT where mass can be considered to act
Ignore reference to force of gravity
1

(c)     so there is not a resultant moment/turning effect / turning force OR moments do not
balance OR (beam) does not rotate / oscillate / swing ✔
about A / because A is pivot ✔
Allow moments balanced for no resultant moment
1
1

(d)       
T1 = 12 000 cos 53 ✔
T1 = 7200 (7221) (N) ✔
T2 = 12 000 sin53 ✔
T2 = 9600 (9583) (N) ✔

OR

T1 cos 53 + T2 cos 37 = 12 000 ✔

T1 sin 53 = T2 sin 37 ✔
T2 = T1 sin53/sin37
hence
T1 cos53 + T1 sin53 cos37/sin37= 12 000
T1 = 7200 (7221) (N) ✔
T2 = 7221 sin53/sin37 = 9600 (9583) (N) ✔
If T1 and T2 are the wrong way round get 3 out of 4
If scale drawing 2 max +/- 300(N)
If values out by a factor of 10 then -1 (i.e. confusion over g)
1
1
1
1

(e)     (use of ∆l = Fl/AE)
A = π × (0.75 × 10–2)2 ✔ (= 1.767 × 10–4)
∆l = 12 000 × 12/(1.767 × 10–4 × 200 × 109) ✔
∆l = 4.1 × 10–3 (m) ✔
No attempt to calculate area scores zero
Wrong area (e.g. d2 or 2πr or 2πrl) maximum 1 mark unless
diameter used for radius in πr2 then maximum 2 marks
Accept 4.0 × 10–3

Page 68 of 81
If 4 × 10–3 then -1 as 1 sig. fig.
1
1
1
[12]

Q19.
(a)     Calculation of energy = 12 × 7.2 × 104 = 8.64 × 105 J

Or time = 12000 / 1.5 = 8000 s ✔

Calculation of other quantity and substitution in power =

useful energy / time taken ✔

Power = 110 (108 W) ✔

Or

Time = 8000 s ✔
Allow ecf for current or time

Current = charge / time = 9 A ✔

Power = VI = 108 (W) ✔

3

(b)     Attempt to use Power / velocity ✔

Allow use of 100W for P

73 N ✔
Ignore inclusion of KE in calculation
If 108 used then answer is 72 N
If 100 used then answer is 67 N

or

work done = F × 12000 ✔

equates to 110 × 8000 so F = 73 N ✔

allow ecf from 3.1
2

(c)     Force parallel to slope = 120 × 9.81 × sin 4.5 = 92 N ✔

1

(d)     Total resistive force = ans to (c) + ans to (b) (= 165 N) ✔

Allow ecf for incorrect F

Page 69 of 81
 Allow 0.66 / 0.67 if 108 W or 110 W used
2

(e)     Increasing the mass

Reward discussion of compression of tyres

Reduces the range ✔

increases the friction on the bearings/tyres

OR More energy / power is used accelerating the user to the

final speed

OR user and wheelchair have higher KE/ more energy to

move ✔

Increasing the speed

Reduces the range ✔

Air resistance increases with speed ✔

Treat as independent parts
If not explicit about increasing / decreasing lose the first
mark in each part
Within each part, second mark is dependent on the first
Allow opposite answers for decreasing mass / speed
4
[12]

Q20.

(a)     Substitution of data in

3.1 × 10–3 (m) ✔

2 marks can be awarded if 4mm used to show T>500 N
provided an explanation is provided, otherwise award zero.
2

(b)     (500 = Tcos 65)

T = 1200 N ✔
1

(c)     Wind produces a wave / disturbance that travels along the

wire ✔

Wave is reflected at each end / waves travel in opposite

directions✔

(Incident and reflected) waves interfere / superpose ✔

Page 70 of 81
 Only certain frequencies since fixed ends have to be nodes.
✔
4

(d)     Mass per m of the wire = 0.14(2) kg ✔

1

(e)     Use of to find fundamental

Third harmonic = 7.4 (Hz) ✔

The second mark is for multiplying the fundamental
frequency by 3 – allow ecf
2

(f)      Diagram showing three approximately equally spaced loops

Condone single line
1

(g)     Copper may be stretched beyond elastic limit / may deform

plastically ✔

Permenant deformation / Does not return to original length ✔

Allow 'will remain longer than original' or 'will be permenantly
deformed'
2
[13]

Q21.
(a)    Velocity and speed correct ✓
Distance and displacement correct ✓
 
velocity speed distance displacement

vector ✓ ✓

scalar ✓ ✓
2

(b)     (i)      v2 = u2 + 2as

v=         ✓                          v    =    ✓

= (−)3.9 (m s−1) ✓two or more sig fig needed (− 3.87337 m s−1)

1st mark for equation rearranged to make v the subject (note
sq’ root may be implied by a later calculation) penalise the
use of g = 10 m s2 only on this question

Page 71 of 81
 2nd mark for substituting numbers into any valid equation
3rd mark for answer
Alt’ approach is gainKE = lossPE
missing out u gives zero marks
answer only gains one mark [Note it is possible to achieve
the correct answer by a wrong calculation]
3

(ii)     velocity / ms−1

first line descends from X to the dotted line at tA or up to one division

sooner ✓
(allow line to curve)

first line is straight and descends from X to v = −4 (m s−1) ✓(allow

tolerance one division)
second line has same gradient as the first, straight and descends to v =
1(m s−1) ✓(tolerance ½ division)
a steep line may join the two straight lines but its width must be less than
2 divisions
3

(c)     s  =  ut + 1 / 2at2

t =      OR correct substitution seen into either equation  t =   ✓

 
= 0.49 (s) ✓  (0.4946 s)
working must be shown for the first mark but not the
subsequent marks

v=s/t
= 5.0 / 0.49 = 10 (m s−1) ✓ (10.2 m s−1) (allow CE from their time)
[note it is possible to achieve the correct answer by a wrong

Page 72 of 81
 calculation]
3
[11]

Q22.
(a)      (i)     two from: velocity, acceleration, force etc  
1

(ii)     two from: speed, distance, mass etc  

1

(b)     (i)      B: drag / air resistance  

C: weight
2

(ii)     closed triangle (of vectors)  

so forces are in equilibrium / resultant force is zero / forces balance

(so moving at constant velocity)  
2

(c)     W = 9500 sin 74  

= 9100 (9132)

2 sf  
3
[9]

Q23.
(a)      (i)     uses trigonometry (mg sin5 or mg cos85 seen)

B1

829.3 / 828.5 (N) at least 3 sf

B1
2

(ii)     tension = 830 (N)

C1

E= ½ F∆L and F = k ∆L identified / or combined to E= ½ (F 2 /k)

C1

correct sub condone power 10 error

C1

13.8 (J) range 13.9 to 13.7

Page 73 of 81
 A1
4

(b)     lower speed

B1

less extension

B1

less energy stored (in rope)

B1
3
[9]

Q24.
(a)     (i)      air resistance/drag

B1

(normal) reaction (of the ground on the skier)

B1
2

(ii)     no resultant force (in any direction)/forces in

equilibrium

B1
1

(b)     any closed triangle with W as a complete side

M1

closed triangle with correct lengths or angles even if

P and Q are reserved

A1

correct triangle by eye

A1

force correct 490 ± 20 N

B1
4

(c)     (i)      appropriate force/87 ecf

C1

Page 74 of 81
 5.4 to 5.9 ms–2 cao

A1
2

(ii)     deceleration would decrease

B1

resistance forces increase with speed/are

proportional to speed2/

resultant force gets smaller as speed gets less

B1
2
[11]

Q25.
(a)     (i)      velocity is constant (1)

no acceleration (1)

(ii)     1.5 sin 50 = D cos 55 (1)

2.0 kN (1)
4

(b)     (i)      1.15 kN (1)

(ii)     total resistance to motion = 1200 + 1150 N (1)

use of power = Fv (1)

20 (1)

kW (1)
5

(c)     boat now has resultant force of 1200 N acting on it (1)

boat will accelerate (until resistance of water = 2350 N) (1)

2
[11]

Q26.
(a)     (i)      (horizontal) force = zero (1)

(ii)     (vertical) force = 2 × 15 sin 20 (1)

          = 10(.3) N (1)

3

(b)     (i)      weight (of block) = 10(.3) N (1)

Page 75 of 81
 (allow C.E. for value from (a) (ii))

(ii)     resultant force must be zero (1)

with reference to an appropriate law of motion (1)

3
[6]

Q27.
(a)     vector quantities have direction (as well as magnitude)
and scalar quantities do not (1)
1

(b)     vector: e.g. velocity, acceleration, momentum (1)

scalar: e.g. mass, temperature, energy (1)
2

(c)     (i)      addition of forces (12 + 8) (1)

(use of F = ma gives)    a =  = 3.1 m s–2 (1)      (3.08 m s–2)

(ii)     subtraction of forces (12 – 8) (1)

a=  = 0.62 m s–2 (1)     (0.615 m s–2)

4
[7]

Q28.
(a)     (i)     

                                                                                (1)

(ii)     no horizontal force acting (1)

(hence) no (horizontal) acceleration (1)
[or correct application of Newton’s First law]
3

(b)     (i)      (use of v2 = u2 + 2as gives)       322 = (0) + 2 × 9.81 × s (1)

s=  (1)         (= 52.2 m)

(ii)     (use of s = ½ at2 gives)             52 = ½ 9.81 × t2 (1)

Page 76 of 81
 = 3.3 s (1)    (3.26 s)

[or use of v = u + at gives 32 = (0) + 9.81 × t (1)

 = 3.3 s (1)    (3.26 s)]

(iii)     (use of x = vt gives) × (= QR) = 95 × 3.26 (1)

= 310 m (1)

(use of t = 3.3 gives x = 313.5 m)

(allow C.E. for value of t from (ii)
6

(c)     maximum height is greater (1)

because vertical acceleration is less (1)
[or longer to accelerate]
2
[11]

Q29.
(a)     (i)      a quantity that has magnitude only
[or has no direction] (1)

(ii)     any two: e.g. energy (1)

temperature (1)
3

(b)     (i)     

scale (1)
5 N and 9.5 N (1)
correct answer (8.1 N ± 0.2 N) (1)

[or 9.52 = 5.02 + F2 (1)

F2 = 90.3 – 25 (1)
F = 8.1 N (1)          (8.07 N)]

(ii)     cos θ =

Page 77 of 81
 gives θ = 58° (1)     (± 2° if taken from scale diagram)
4
[7]

Q30.
(a)     (i)      rate of change of velocity

[or a = ] (1)

(ii)     (acceleration) has (magnitude and) direction (1)

2

(b)     (i)      (acceleration) is the gradient (or slope) of the graph (1)

(ii)     (displacement) is the area (under the graph)

2

(c)      

 
4
[8]

Q31.
(a)     360 N (1)
(1)

(b)     (i)      (Ep = mgh gives) Ep = 720 × 0.6 = 4.3 × 102 J (1)

(ii)     T cos 20° (1) = 360 (N)

T = 380 N (1)
(allow e.c.f from (a))
(3)

(c)     (potential energy) changes (1)

centre of mass/gravity moves upwards (1)

The Quality of Written Communication marks were awarded primarily for the
quality of answers to this part
(2)
[6]

Q32.
(a)     resultant force = zero

Page 78 of 81
 (or the forces can be represented in magnitude and direction by the three sides of a
triangle taken in order) (1)
(1)

(b)     

scale drawing:
sensible scale used and stated (1)
arrows shown correctly (1)
one length measurement correctly stated (1)
both scale conversions correct to give T1 = 14 kN, T2 = 8 kN (1)
[or by calculation: T1 = 16.5 sin 60 (1)            14.3 kN (1)

                     T2 = 16.5 cos 60 (1)             8.3 kN (1)

[or by resolving forces vertically and horizontally:

T1 sin 30 = T2 sin 60 (1)

T1 cos 30 + T2 cos 60 = 16.5 (kN) (1)
gives T1 = 14.3 kN (1) and T2 = 8.3 kN (1)
(4)
[5]

Q33.
(a)     F cos 20 = 300 gives F = 319 N (1)
(1)

(b)     (i)      work done = force × distance moved in direction of force (1)

F is not in the direction of motion (1)

(ii)     work done = force × distance = 300 × 8000 = 2.4 × 106 J

(iii)    

= × 106 (1) (allow e.c.f. for work done in (ii))

= 133 W (1)         (allow e.c.f. for incorrect time conversion)

(6)

(c)     on the level, work is done only against friction (1)

Page 79 of 81
 uphill, more work must be done to increase in potential energy (1)
sensible conclusion drawn

(e.g. increased work at constant power requires longer time) (1)

(3)
[10]

Q34.
(a)

lines of action of the three forces pass through single point (1)
max 3

(b)     (i)      F = 350N (1)

(ii)     N = 550N (1)

if “sine” used in (i) and “cos” in (ii) allow one mark
allow calculation from drawing scale diagram
if (i) and (ii) not awarded marks, then award
one mark for correct vector diagram
2
[5]

Q35.
(a)     two tension arrows, directions correct, on cord

B1

weight arrow, starting from centre of mirror, acting

downwards

B1

two arrows labelled tension or T + one arrow labelled

weight, W or mg (not gravity) and no other arrows

B1
3

(b)     vert comp = T sin 40 (39 sin 40) = 25(.1) N

C1, A1

          weight = 50 (–1 or –2) N

B1

Page 80 of 81
 3
allow e.c.f. from (b)

          or graphical method: 25  2 N, 50  5 N

A1, A1
(s.f. error if not 2 s.f.)
max 2
[6]

Page 81 of 81