by:

Juniesel C. Pascual

PRESENTATION
Motherboard
The motherboard, also known as the mainboard
or the parent board, is the primary component of a
computer. It is used to connect all the
components of the computer. The motherboard is
a printed circuit that has connectors for expansion
cards, memory modules, the processor, etc.
 Characteristics of a Motherboard
Form Factor Chipset Type of Processor Input-Output
socket used Connectors
Refers to the motherboard's Is an electronic circuit that The processor is characterized The motherboard has a number
geometry, dimensions, basically coordinates data by its speed or frequency, of input-output sockets on its
arrangement, and electrical transfers between the different which is the rate at which it rear panel.
requirements. The industry has components of the computer executes instructions. For
defined a few standards for the (such as the processor and example, an 800-MHz
form factors so that they can be memory). processor can perform 800
used in different brands of million operations per second.
cases.
The slot on the motherboard in
to which the processor is
inserted is called the processor
socket or slot.
Common Motherboard Form Factors
Motherboard
Parts

1. CPU socket
2. Chipset
3. DIMM/RAM slots
4. PCIe x16 slot
5. PCI x1 slot
6. M.2 connector
7. SATA ports
8. Front panel connectors
9. USB 2. header
10. USB 3.1 Gen1 header
11. USB 3.1 Gen2 header
12. ATX power connector
13. CPU power connector
14. BIOS chips
15. CMOS battery
16. Fan headers
17. Front panel header
18. VRM heatsink
19. COM/Serial header
20. TPM header
21. RGB header
 22. PS/2 Keyboard/Mouse Port
I/O 23. USB 3.0/3.1 Gen1 ports
24. DisplayPort
Connectors 25. HDMI port
26. USB Type-C
27. USB 3.1 Gen2
28. Ethernet port
29. Analogue/digital audio ports
Yellow - Subwoofer
Light Blue - DVD/CD Player, Electric Guitar, MP3 Player
Light Green - Headphone, Earphone
Pink - Microphone
Black - Rear Speaker
Gray - Optical Digital Audio Output
CMOS clock &
battery
the real-time clock (RTC) is a circuit that is
used to synchronize the computer's signals.
When the computer is switched off, the
power supply stops providing electricity to
the motherboard. You must observed that
when we turn on the system, it always
displays the correct time. This is because
an electronic circuit, called the
complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor (CMOS) chip, saves some
system information, such as the time, date,
and other essential system settings.
BIOS basic input/output system
is an interface between the operating system and the motherboard. The BIOS is stored in the Read-only memory (ROM),
which cannot be rewritten. The BIOS uses data stored in the CMOS chip to know about the system's hardware
configuration.
RAM
Connectors
Processor
Socket
AGP Slot
the AGP slot (also known as
Accelerated Graphic Port) is a fast port
used for graphics cards.
Expansion
Slots
are compartments into which
expansion cards can be inserted. Such
cards render new features or enhance
the computer's performance. For
example, the AGP slot (also known as
Accelerated Graphic Port) is a fast port
used for graphics cards.
Input Devices
is used to feed data and instructions into a computer. In the absence of an input device, a computer would have only been
a display device.
 INPUT DEVICE

Keyboard
is the main input device for
computers.
Advantage:
Easy to use and inexpensive

Disadvantage:
Cannot be used to draw
figures
The process of moving the
cursor to another position is
very slow.
 INPUT DEVICE

Mouse
Invented by Douglas Engelbart
in 1963. Used in a graphical user
interface (GUI).
Advantage:
Easy to use and can be used to quickly place the cursor
anywhere on the screen.
Helps to quickly and easily draw figures.
Inexpensive
Point-and-click capabilities make it unnecessary to
remember and type commands

Disadvantage:
Need extra desk space to be placed and moved easily.
Ball in the mechanical mouse must be cleaned to remove
dust from it.
 INPUT DEVICE

Trackball
used to control the position of
the cursor on the screen.
Advantage:
Provides a better resolution.
Occupies less space.
Easier to use as compared to a
mouse as its use involves less
hand and arm movements.

Disadvantage:
The trackball chamber is often
covered with dust, so it must
be cleaned regulary.
 INPUT DEVICE

Touchpad
is a small, flat, rectangular
stationary pointing device with a
sensitive surface of 1.5-2 square
inches.
Advantage:
Occupy less space.
Easier to use as compared to a
mouse as their use involves
less hand and arm
movements.
Is in-built in the keyboard, and
hence negates the need to
carry an extra device.
 INPUT DEVICE

Joystick
is a cursor control device widely
used in computer games &
computer-aided design (CAD) /
Computer-aided manufacturing
(CAM) applications.
 INPUT DEVICE

Stylus
is a pen-shape input device
used to enter information or
write on the touchscreen of a
handheld device.
 INPUT DEVICE

Touchscreen
is a display screen that can
identify the occurrence and
position of a touch inside the
display region.
 INPUT DEVICE

Barcode Reader
is a handheld input device that
is used to capture and read
information stored in a barcode.
Advantage:
Inexpensive
Portable
Handy and easy to use

Disadvantage
must be handled with care. If they develop a
scratch, the user may not be able to read the
code.
Can interpret information using thin and wide
bars. To interpret other unique identifiers, the
bar display area must be widened.
 INPUT DEVICE

Image Scanner
is a device that captures images,
printed text, and handwriting, from
different sources such as photographic
prints, posters, and magazines and
converts them into digital images for
editing and display on computers.
Advantage:
Any printed or handwritten document can be scanned and stored in a computer for further processing.
The scanned and stored document will never deteriorate in quality with time. The document can be displayed and printed
whenever required.
There is no fear of loss of documents. The user can scan important documents and store them permanently on the
computer.

Disadvantage
Scanners are usually costlier than the other input devices.
The documents that are scanned and stored as images have a higher size as compared to other equivalent text files.
Text documents are scanned and stored as images, Therefore, they occupy more space and are also uneditable because
computers cannot interpret individual characters and numbers in the image.
 INPUT DEVICE

Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) Device
is a device that captures images,
printed text, and handwriting, from
different sources such as photographic
prints, posters, and magazines and
converts them into digital images for
editing and display on computers.
Advantage:
Printed documents can be converted into text files.
Advanced OCR can recognize handwritten text and convert it into computer-readable text files.

Disadvantage
Cannot recognize all types of font
Documents that are poorly typed or have strikeover cannot be recognized.
Very old documents when passed through OCR may not convert into an exact copy of the text file. This is because some
characters may not have been recognized properly. In such cases, the user has to manually edit the file.
 INPUT DEVICE

Optical Mark Recognition

(OMR) Device
is the process of electronically
extracting data from marked fields,
such as checkboxes and fill-in fields,
on printed forms.
Advantage:
Optical mark readers work at very high speeds. They can read up to 9000
forms per hour.

Disadvantage
It is difficult to gather large amounts of information using an OMR.
Some data may be missing in the scanned document.
It is a sensitive device that rejects the OMR sheet if it is folded, torn, or
crushed.
 INPUT DEVICE

Magnetic Ink Character

Reader (MICR)
is used to verify the legitimacy of
paper documents, especially bank
checks.
 INPUT DEVICE

Microphone
Feeds audio input to the computer.
Advantage:
Can be used by people who are visually impaired.
Are best used in situations where users want to avoid input
through a keyboard or mouse.

Disadvantage
Not effective in noisy places.
With audio input devices, it is difficult to clearly distinguish
between two similar-sounding words such as "sea' and
"see".
 INPUT DEVICE

Camera
used to capture images or videos.
Advantage:
Are very useful for applications such as videoconferencing

Disadvantage
Videos and images captured using video input devices
have very big file sizes, and they must be compressed
before being stored on the computer,
Output Devices
A device that outputs/gives information from a computer. Also, are electronic devices that accept digital data (in form of
0s and 1s) from the computer and convert them into human-understandable language.
 OUTPUT DEVICE

Soft Copy Devices

are those that produce an electronic
version of an output.
Advantage:
The user can easily edit soft copy output.
Searching for data in a soft copy is easy and fast.
Electronic distribution of material as soft copy is cheaper. It
can be done easily and quickly.

Disadvantage
The output can be viewed only when the computer is on.
Soft copy cannot be used by people who do not have a
computer.
 OUTPUT DEVICE

Monitors
is a soft copy output device used to display video and graphics information
generated by the computer through video card.
 OUTPUT DEVICE

Cathode Ray Tube

(CRT) Monitor
Advantage:
Provide images of good quality (bright as well as clear)
Are cheapest when compared to LCD and plasma monitors.
Images are clear even when you try to view it from an
angle.

Disadvantage
Occupy a large space on the desk.
Bigger in size and weight and therefore difficult to move
from one place to another when compared with other
types of monitor.
Power consumption is higher than the other monitors.
 OUTPUT DEVICE

Liquid Crystal Display

(LCD) Monitor
Advantage:
Are very compact and lightweight.
Consume less power.
Do not suffer from geometric distortion.
There is little or no flicker of images (depending on the
backlight technology used).
More reliable than CRTs.
Can be made in almost in any size or shape.
Cause less eye fatigue.

Disadvantage
Expensive than CRTs.
Images are not very clear when tried to view from an angle.
 OUTPUT DEVICE

Plasma Monitor
Advantage:
The technology used in plasma monitors allows producing
a very wide screen using extremely think materials.
Very bright images are formed which look good from
almost every angle.
These monitors are not heavy and are thus easily portable.

Disadvantage
Expensive
Have a higher power consumption.
Images are phosphorus-based, at times, they may suffer
from flicker.
 OUTPUT DEVICE

Light-Emitting Diode
Advantage:
LEDs are far better than LCD monitors because they do not
use fluorescent bulbs due to which they are lighter and
thinner in weight.
LEDs consume less energy and save a lot of power
LEDs provide bright image quality by enhancing the
contrast and enriching the range of colors.
They have a long lifespan in comparison to LCDs.
LEDs monitor produces a flicker-free image which reduces
eye fatigue, eye strains, and headaches.

Disadvantage
Very expensive, so they are not easily affordable for
common people.
Shift color with age
 OUTPUT DEVICE

Projectors
is a device that takes an image from a
video source and projects it onto a
screen or another surface
 OUTPUT DEVICE

LCD Projectors
use of their own light to display the
image on the screen/wall. To use this
projectors, the room must be first
darkened, else the image formed will
be blurred.
 OUTPUT DEVICE

Digital Light Processing

(DLP) Projectors
Use a number of mirrors to reflect the
light. When using the DLP projector,
the room may or may not be darkened
because it displays a clear image in
both situations.
 OUTPUT DEVICE

Hard Copy Devices

are those that produce a physical form
of output. For example, the content of
a file printed on paper is a form of hard
copy output.
 OUTPUT DEVICE

Printers
is a device that takes the text and
graphics information obtained from a
computer and prints it on a paper.
 Qualities of printers that are of
interest to users:
COLOUR RESOLUTION SPEED MEMORY

Colour printouts are needed for The resolution of a printer Means a number of pages that Most printers have a small
presentations, maps, and other means the sharpness of text and are printed in one minute. amount of memory (for example,
pages where color is part of the images rendered on paper. It is 1MB), which can be expanded by
information. usually expressed in dot per the user. Having more memory
inch (dpi). enhances the speed of printing.
 Impact Printer Non-impact Printer
These printers print characters
by striking an inked ribbon
against the paper. Are much quieter than impact
Ex. Dot-matrix printer, daisy printers, as their printing heads
wheel printer, and most types do not strike the paper. Offer

Classification
of line printers. better print quality, faster
printing, and the ability to print
Advantages sophisticated graphics.

of Printers Enable the user to produce

carbon copies. Advantages
Cheap Can print text in different
fonts.
Disadvantages
Slow, poor print quality Disadvantages
especially in the case of Expensive
graphics. Ink cartridge used are also
Extremely noisy and can costly.
print only using standard
font.
 DOT MATRIX PRINTER

Different types of Print characters and images of all types as a pattern.

Printers DAISY WHEEL PRINTER

Use an impact printing technology to generate high-quality output

comparable to typewriters, and are three times faster than dot matrix
printer.

LINE PRINTER

A high-speed impact printer in which one typed line is printed at a

time. Speed 600-1200 lines per minute, approximately 10-20 pages per
minute.

BAND PRINTER (LOOP PRINTER)

An impact printer with a printing mechanism that uses a metal loop or

band to produced typed characters.
 INKJET PRINTER

Different types of
The printhead of inkjet printers has several tiny nozzles. also called
jets. As the paper moves past the printhead, the nozzles spray the ink
onto it.

Printers LASER PRINTER

is a non-impact printer that works at a very high speed and produces

high-quality text and graphics. It used the technology used in
photocopier machine.

PLOTTERS

Is a printing device that is usually used to print vector graphics with

high print quality. Widely used to draw maps, in scientific applications,
and computer-aided engineering (CAE).

DRUM PLOTTER

used to draw graphics on paper that is wrapped around the drum.

 FLATBED PLOTTER

Different types of The paper is spread on the flat rectangular surface of the plotter, and
the pen is moved over it.

Printers