Applied Physics A (2019) 125:186

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-019-2483-2

Design of dual-band antenna using an optimized complementary split

ring resonator
Abdelmalek Reddaf1,2   · Fatima Djerfaf1 · Karim Ferroudji2 · Mounir Boudjerda2 · Khaled Hamdi‑Chérif2 ·
Isslam Bouchachi2

Received: 15 December 2018 / Accepted: 7 February 2019 / Published online: 18 February 2019
© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019

Abstract
The goal of this study is to propose a method to optimize the dimension and the position of complementary split ring reso-
nator considered as a defect structure in the ground to obtain a dual-band antenna. Therefore, the ground of the antenna is
graved by the optimized complementary split ring resonator through Particle Swarm Optimization method. The designed
antenna operates in two bands, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. The area of the proposed antenna is reduced approximately by 81.3%
compared to the conventional antenna alone without complementary resonators cell. Furthermore, the return loss is improved
from − 15 to − 26 dB. As well, the gain and bandwidth are improved for the two resonance frequencies.

1 Introduction Moreover, multiple frequency bands can be obtained either

using additional resonator structures or using band rejection
An antenna is a sensor that converts an electrical signal into in Ultra-Wide Band (UWB). Typically, the band rejection
electromagnetic waves and radiates into space and vice versa proprieties are realized by the addition of parasitic patches
[1]. Microstrip antenna has several advantages such as the [6], by the use of Split Ring Resonators (SRR) [7] along
low weight, profile and cost. However, these antennas have with the radiator, or by embedding slots [8, 9]. Furthermore,
some limitations such as single operating frequency, low multiple bands in the antenna design can be obtained by
impedance bandwidth, and low gain. Therefore, these anten- metal etched off in the ground plane [10, 11]. The antenna
nas designs are changed using various techniques to operate with a defect ground structure (DGS) is the mostly used
in dual-band and multi-band applications, for dual or circu- method among all the reported techniques to improve the
lar polarization [2], which are widely used in several practi- parameters because of its simple structure [12].
cal applications such as medical applications, satellites, and Generally, the DGS is a periodic or non-periodic cas-
military systems [3]. caded defect configuration engraved in the ground plane of
There are a lot of techniques that have been reported to a planar transmission line. The defect geometry is easy to
improve the parameters of patch antennas. These methods implement and does not need a large area. These features
are devoted to reduce the size of microstrip antennas, such enable such structures to acquire a great relevance in micro-
as using different feed techniques [4], frequency selective wave circuit design [13]. In particular, DGS is employed to
surfaces (FSS), electromagnetic band gaps (EBG), pho- design microstrip antennas for different applications, as for
tonic band gaps (PBG), and meta-materials. Several works instance, cross polarization, mutual coupling reduction in
used organic magnetic materials, which have stable mag- antenna arrays, and harmonic suppression. Moreover, DGS
netic performance, higher permeability and permittivity to has been widely used in the development of miniaturized
design compact size and wide-band microstrip antennas [5]. antennas [14]. When DGS is introduced in a microstrip
antenna, the defect geometry etched in the ground plane
* Abdelmalek Reddaf disturbs its current distribution [15]. This disturbance modi-
[email protected] fies the characteristics of an antenna or a transmission line
(or the whole structure) by including some parameters (slot
1
Semiconductors and Functional Materials Laboratory, resistance, slot capacity and slot inductance) to the param-
University Amar Telidji Laghouat, Laghouat, Algeria
eters of the line (line resistance, line capacitance and line
2
Research Center in Industrial Technologies CRTI, Cheraga, inductance) [16]. In other words, any defect etched in the
P.O. Box 64, 16014 Algiers, Algeria

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ground plane under an antenna patch modifies the effec- the actual dimensions of CSRR and location. The Microsoft
tive capacitance and the inductance by adding resistance, Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScript) is employed to
capacitance, and inductance of the slots, and thus reducing transfer the data of S-parameters.
its size with respect to a given resonance frequency [17]. In
this paper, an alone antenna has been designed at 5 GHz, the 2.1 Structure of the designed antenna
feeding point and patch dimensions are optimized to obtain
minimum return loss. After that, we integrated the concept The proposed microstrip patch antenna [2] is shown in
of DGS, which is a complementary split ring resonator Fig. 2. In this design, the substrate F
­ R4 is used due to its low
(CSRR) [18] graved in the ground in this antenna to have a cost and easy fabrication. The substrate height is 1.6 mm,
bi-band antenna and to get an enhanced bandwidth and gain. the dielectric constant is 4.4 and the loss tangent is 0.02. The
We employed Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) [19] to dimensions of antenna are calculated to work at 5 GHz with
determine the dimensions and the position of the CSRR. the programmed formula (Table 1).
The two frequencies of the design are 2.40 GHz and 5 GHz.
2.2 Complementary split ring resonator

2 Methods In general, the equivalent circuit of a CSRR consists of a

parallel tuned circuit in series with the transmission line to
The goal of this study is to introduce the CSRR into the which it is coupled, as shown in Fig. 3 [20].
antenna to create two resonance frequencies for enhancing In this case, the bandwidth and the resonance frequency
the gain and the bandwidth; Fig. 1 shows the processing are taken into consideration by including the parallel resist-
steps that are adopted in this study to integrate CSRR in ance R in the equivalent circuit (refer to Fig. 4).
the antenna.
First, we design the equivalent circuit with localized ele- 2.3 Circuit model
ments for the 5 GHz antenna and then we determine the
values of these elements by the optimization method. After The equivalent circuit model of both the patch antenna alone
that, the equivalent CSRR circuit (Fig. 4) is added in the and the patch antenna loaded with CSRR are presented in
equivalent circuit of the antenna to have a dual-band antenna Fig.  5 [21]. Where C­ C1, ­LC1, ­CC2 and ­LC2 represent the
(2.4 GHz and 5 GHz). Therefore, we optimized the values of
the localized elements of CSRR corresponding to the new
antenna. Then, the return loss and angular are considered
L
as reference in the optimization process (PSO) to deduce

FL EFL
FW EFW W
Antenna’s
performance Patch Antenna design
evaluation (alone at 5GHz)

Fig. 2  Front view of the proposed antenna

Optimization of
dimension and position Find the equivalent
of CSRR via PSO circuit Table 1  Antenna parameters
algorithm Antenna parameters Dimensions

h Height of the substrate 1.6 mm

λ Wavelength 60 mm
W Width of patch 18.3 mm
Find values of the
Add the CSRR in the L Length of patch 14.2 mm
model circuit of dual
equivalent circuit FL Feed length 13.1 mm
band with CSRR
FW Feed width 1.2 mm
EFW Edge feed width 0.687 mm
EFL Edge feed length 8.3 mm
Fig. 1  Design and analysis method of CSRR

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Design of dual-band antenna using an optimized complementary split ring resonator Page 3 of 9  186

Table 2  The optimized values of the localized elements of the equiv-

g1
alent circuit

Equivalent circuit Antenna alone 5 GHz Dual-band antenna

values

W2 W1 Lf 3.6 nH 3.6 nh
Cc 0.76 pF –
g2 W3 Lc 20.04 nH –
Rp 121 Ohm 121 Ohm
Lp 0.42 nH 0.42 nH
Cp 2.72 pF 2.72 pF
CC1 – 3.22 pF
S LC1 – 1.21 nH
CC2 – 0.76 pH
Fig. 3  Complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) design LC2 – 20.05 nH
RCSRR – 915 Ohm
LCSRR – 11.26 nH
CCSRR – 0.08 pF
PRLC
ID=RLC
PORT RES R=Rssr Ohm RES
P=1 ID=R1 L=Lssr nH ID=R2
Z=50 Ohm R=R1 Ohm C=Cssr pF R=R2 Ohm
impedance of the transmission line, the parallel combination
of ­LCSRR and ­CCSRR represent the proposed CSRR, and the
parallel combination of ­Lp and ­Cp represent the alone patch
antenna. From the equivalent circuit models, there are two
resonance frequencies: the patch resonator and the comple-
mentary resonator can be identified, respectively, as follows:

Fig. 4  Equivalent circuit of CSRR structure 1

fp = √ , (1)
2𝜋 Lp Cp

PLC 1
PORT
P=1
IND
ID=L1
ID=LC1
L=LC nH
fCSRR = √ . (2)
Z=50 Ohm L=Lf nH C=CC pF 2𝜋 Lcsrr Ccsrr

PRLC
Cc and Lc represent the impedance of the transmission
ID=RLC1
R=Rp Ohm
line of conventional antenna 5 GHz. The values of Cc and
L=Lp nH
C=Cp pF Lc are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Since the circuit in Fig. 5b has four resonators, normally
in the response we will have more than the two resonance
(a)
frequencies. However, the modification of the shape of the
CSRR on the ground plane makes it possible to create a
bandgap centered at a frequency fixed from the dimensions
PLC PLC
PORT IND ID=LC2 ID=LC1
P=1 ID=L1 L=LC1 nH L=LC2 nH
Z=50 Ohm L=Lf nH C=CC1 pF C=CC2 pF
of the CSRR. We find that by optimizing the values of the
split ring resonator in the equivalent circuit, we succeed in
disabling the other resonance frequencies corresponding to
­LC1, ­CC1 in parallel and L ­ C2, ­CC2 in parallel as shown in
PRLC PRLC Fig. 8. Knowing that the values of L ­ C1, ­CC1 in parallel and
­LC2, ­CC2 in parallel depend on the dimension and position
ID=RLC2 ID=RLC1
R=Rcsrr Ohm R=Rp Ohm
L=Lcsrr nH L=Lp nH
C=Ccsrr pF C=Cp pF
of the CSRR in the proposed antenna.
The resonance frequency of patch antenna fp depends on
(b) the dimensions of the patch [22]. The resonance frequency
fCSRR is the required frequency. Simply, it is the way to create
Fig. 5  Equivalent circuit of antenna: a without CSRR; b with CSRR a dual-band patch antenna using a CSRR structure.

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Frequency of Generation of initial population

the coupled
resonators
Evaluation of searching point of each agent
fc1 fc2

fr2 Modification of agents speed

fr1

Frequency of SRR Frequency of the

resonator antenna

Stop criterion No
satisfied?
Fig. 6  Shifting of the frequencies by coupling the resonators

Yes
From the literature, if we have two resonators each one
Best Solution
has a resonance frequency fr1 and fr2, coupling these resona-
tors will create a system with two degrees of freedom, which
End
has two resonance frequencies fc1 and fc2 [23] (Fig. 6),
where
fc1 < fr1 and fc2 > fr2 . Fig. 7  Flowchart of PSO method
In our case, fr1 = fCSRR = 3 GHz and fr2 = fp = 5 GHz; nor-
mally, the obtained resonance frequencies after coupling the continuous optimization problems. However, unlike GA
two resonators will be as follows: each population individual is also assigned a randomized
fc1 < 3 GHz and fc2 > 5 GHz. velocity, in effect, flying them through the solution hyper-
space. PSO has been expanded to handle also the combinato-
The goal of our study is to obtain f c1 = 2.4  GHz and
rial optimization problems and both discrete and continuous
fc2 = 5  GHz. Therefore, we minimized the mutual cou-
variables as well. Unlike other EC techniques, PSO can be
pling between resonators to obtain f c2 = fr2 = 5  GHz and
realized with only small program. Namely, PSO can handle
fc1 = 2.4 GHz by optimizing the CSRR dimension and posi-
mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problems with only
tion using Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm.
small program.
We use the SRR proposed by Divyasri et al. [24] with
The feature of PSO is one of the advantages compared
3 GHz resonance frequency as an initial design. This choice
with other optimization techniques. Natural creatures some-
is made because (i) 3GHz = fr1> 2.4 GHz = fc1, and (ii) the
times behave as a swarm. One of the main goals of artificial
SRR with 3 GHz resonance frequency already exists so we
life researches is to examine how natural creatures behave
did not need further investigation to create an SRR with
as a swarm and reconfigure the swarm models inside a
3 GHz.
computer.

2.4 Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO)

3 Optimization with PSO
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a new optimization
technique for continuous non-linear functions [25, 26] and Particle Swarm algorithm [26] is used for optimization of
it has a simple concept (Fig. 7). PSO requires primitive the dimensions of CSRR graved in the ground, the popula-
mathematical operators, so is computationally inexpensive tion is selected to 100 and the stop condition is either to get
in terms of both memory requirements and speed. As well, the minimum error of the reflection coefficient scattering
PSO has been recognized as an evolutionary computation parameter ­S11 (dB) between the circuit model and dimen-
technique [27] and has features of both genetic algorithms sions optimized or complete the numbers of iterations of
(GA) and evolution strategies (ES) [28]. Other evolution- generation, where it is selected to 5000 iterations.
ary computation (EC) techniques such as genetic algorithm The topology of CSRR design is optimized and the goal
(GA) also utilize some searching points in the solution of optimization is to get the minimum of ­S11 (dB) at the
space. It is similar to a GA in that the system is initialized frequency of 2.40 GHz and 5 GHz .By this way, to find
with a population of random solutions. While GA can han- the optimal process parameters, the system architecture is
dle combinatorial optimization problems, PSO can handle illustrated in Fig. 8.

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Design of dual-band antenna using an optimized complementary split ring resonator Page 5 of 9  186

Table 3  The values optimized by PSO from CSRR

Start
1
CSRR dimensions Values
Extract S parameters of w1 18.4 mm
Guess DGS Antenna
dimensions w2 9.8 mm
w3 3.7 mm
g1 1.6 mm
Change DGS Compare with g2 1.17 mm
Dimensions equivalent s 1.1 mm
Call FEM circuit desired
X position − 0.155 mm
Analysis
Y position + 6.52 mm
No
PSO Stop criterion
Perform Full- Algorithm satisfied ?
waves Analysis
Y
Yes
Patch

X
1 Stop
Substrat
CSRR
Fig. 8  Flowchart of design and analysis of the proposed antenna

(X,Y)= (0,0) Ground

The optimization process runs in two phases. In the first
phase, the design of the antenna started by an antenna work-
ing at 5 GHz by adding a resonator in the form of CSRR
graved on the ground of the antenna whose frequency of
resonance is 3 GHz as initial state [27]; after we compare the Fig. 9  Three-dimensional view of the designed antenna
frequencies of resonances of this antenna with the reference
which is an equivalent circuit of this antenna. The second
phase is the integration of the PSO to optimize the resona- 300 Normalized evaluation function
tor dimensions and its position to minimize the evaluation Desired evaluation function (normalized)

function, which represents the area existing between the 250

equivalent circuit S
­ 11 and the FEM (finite element method)
Normalized fitness function

model ­S11. 200

The solution, which is obtained at the end of optimiza-
tion, is one of many other solutions that can be obtained. It
150
can obtain a different solution for each new optimization
algorithm execution [29].
100

50

4 Results and discussion 1
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Table 2 shows the optimal values of the localized elements of Iteration

equivalent circuits with and without SRR by adopting the

amplitude and phase frequency responses of the conven- Fig. 10  Convergence plot of the PSO process
tional antennas.
Table 3 presents the optimal dimensions and CSRR posi-
Figures 11, 12, 13, and 14 illustrate the results of the
tion found by PSO method using the antenna equivalent cir-
simulation of the alone antenna and the proposed antenna.
cuit with CSRR as a reference.
Figure 10 shows the convergence plot of the PSO pro-
X position and Y position are the position of the CSRR
cess which is plotted with normalized fitness function val-
relative to the center of the ground as shown in Figs. 9 and
ues versus iteration number. It can be seen that after the
10.

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186 
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0 0

-5 -5

-10 -10

return loss dB
return loss dB

-15
-15

-20
-20

-25
-25
Conventional antenna
Optimization method Dual band antenna
Circuit model -30
-30 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 frequency GHz
frequency GHz

Fig. 14  Comparison of simulated return loss ­(S11) between conven-

Fig. 11  Comparison of simulated return loss (­ S11) between optimized
tional and dual-band antenna at 2.4 GHz
method and circuit model

Table 4  Results for both frequencies

200
Alone Alone Dual-band antenna
150
antenna antenna
100 2.4 GHz 5 GHz

Total area ­(mm2) 8576.95 1597.5 1597.5

Phase S11 deg

50

0
Return loss (dB) − 15.33 − 22.58 − 26.15 at 2.4 GHz
− 28.22 at 5GHz
-50
Bandwidth (MHz) 43 162.8 63.5 at 2.4 GHz
-100 189 at 5 GHz
-150
Gain (dB) 1.755 3.47 1.89 at 2.4 GHz
Optimization method
Circuit model
3.47 at 5 GHz
-200
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
frequency GHz

iteration 4000 the value of normalized fitness function

Fig. 12  Comparison of simulated phase ­
(S11) between optimized
method and circuit model of PSO process does not change (equal to 5.16), thus we
obtain an error of 5.16 × 10− 1. Consequently, several solu-
tions can be considered. The solution that provides the best
return loss and the best bandwidth at the frequencies 2.4
0 and 5 GHz is picked up as the appropriate configuration for
our application.
-5 Two kinds of stopping criteria are usually exploited in
evolutionary algorithms like PSO. First, maximum number
-10 of iterations (Stop criterion), second the algorithm proceeds
return loss dB

until the difference between the best solution during the

-15
optimization process and the desired solution is minimized
(halting criterion).In this case, the optimization process is
-20
reiterated until satisfaction of halting criterion (­ 10− 1) or if
a total number of generations (5000 generation) is reached.
-25
Conventional antenna
Since the equivalent circuit, response is used as a guide or
Dual band antenna reference to find an antenna that resonates at two frequen-
-30
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 cies 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz with an enhanced bandwidth com-
frequency GHz
pared to conventional antennas (­ 10− 1 can be considered as
an accepted error).
Fig. 13  Comparison of simulated return loss ­(S11) between conven-
tional and dual-band antenna at 5 GHz We performed five executions in the optimization process,
and we select the execution that achieves the best return

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Design of dual-band antenna using an optimized complementary split ring resonator Page 7 of 9  186

loss and the best bandwidth at the frequencies 2.4 GHz and addition to the bandwidth more than 189 MHz while the
5 GHz. These five exactions are not much different since the gain is almost constant.
initial conditions are the same. The only difference between A typical impedance matching antenna specification is
the obtained solutions is that the position of the CSRR is the voltage standing wave ratio VSWR ≤ 1.5, corresponding
slightly modified. to the reflection coefficient ­S11 ≤ 0.333 and the return loss
Table  4 shows the comparison between the obtained RL ≥ 9.5 dB [19]. This is the reason why the bandwidth of
results. The proposed antenna has saved about 81.3% of the the antenna is calculated to a loss of return of 10 dB.
total area of the alone antenna for the 2.4 GHz frequency and The antenna radiation pattern at all the bands in E-plane
improved performance loss of about − 12 dB, thus improv- (xz) and H-plane (yz) is shown in Fig. 15. The figures depict
ing the gain and width of the bandwidth of the antenna the principal planes at two frequencies 2.4 and 5  GHz.
around 20 MHz. E-plane has the values (phi = 0 degrees and theta = all
Furthermore, for the frequency of 5 GHz, the proposed values) and H-plane has the values (phi = 90 degrees and
antenna is also improved in loss of efficiency about 6 dB in theta = all values). The radiation pattern shows that the

E-Plane E-Plane
0 0

-30 30 -30 30 Conventional antenna

15.00 18.00 Dual band antenna
Conventional antenna
Dual band antenna
10.00 11.00

-60 60 -60 60

5.00 4.00

0.00 -3.00

-90 90 -90 90

-120 120 -120 120

-150 150 -150 150

-180 -180

(a) (c)
H-Plane H-Plane
0 0

-30 30 -30 30 Conventional antenna

13.00
Conventional antenna 18.00 Dual band antenna
Dual band antenna

6.00 6.00

-60 60 -60 60

-1.00 -6.00

-8.00 -18.00

-90 90 -90 90

-120 120 -120 120

-150 150 -150 150

-180 -180

(b) (d)

Fig. 15  E-Plane and H-Plane Polar plots of the field radiation: a E-Plane 2.4 GHz, b H-Plane 2.4 GHz, c E-Plane 5 GHz, d H-Plane 5 GHz

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Table 5  Comparison of the proposed antenna with other dual-band antenna

Antenna Gain Dimension of patch Bandwidth MHz Return loss (dB) Frequency ratio
­mm2

Kumar et al. [30] 2.4 GHz : 3.5 1291.65 2.4 GHz : 533 2.4 GHz : -27.08 1.08
2.6 GHz : 4.5 2.6 GHz : 200 2.6 GHz : -27.24
Lal et al. [31] 1.85 GHz : 1.6 611 1.85 GHz :131.3 1.85 GHz : -14.85 1.31
2.4 GHz : - 2.4 GHz : 24.2 2.4 GHz : -17
Tanwani et al. [32] 3 GHz : - 811.66 3 GHz : 205 3 GHz : -11.75 1.66
5 GHz : - 5 GHz : 995 5 GHz : -7.86
Sim et al. [33] 2.4 GHz : 1.25 525 2.4 GHz : 210 2.4 GHz : -30 2.08
5 GHz : 3.5 5 GHz : 2650 5 GHz : -7.86
Gill et al. [5] 2.4 GHz : 3.8 768 2.4 GHz : 41 2.4 GHz : -12 2.08
5 GHz : 5.8 5 GHz : 450 5 GHz : -18
Proposed antenna 2.4 GHz : 1.89 260 2.4 GHz : 43 2.4 GHz : -26.15 2.08
5 GHz : 3.47 5 GHz : 162.8 5 GHz : -28.22

proposed antenna can give a nearly omni-directional char- the ground layer to operate at two frequencies 2.4 GHz and
acteristic in the E-plane in both bands and quasi Omni-direc- 5 GHz. The used CSRR is designed through PSO method.
tional pattern in the H-plane especially in 2.4 GHz. The results show that the new antenna design can min-
Table 5 shows quantitative comparisons regarding all the iaturize the area of the conventional antenna to a quarter as
characteristics (gain, dimension, return loss, bandwidth, well as operate in two frequencies 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz with
and frequency ratio) with other designs of dual-band patch slight deterioration in the antenna performances.
antennas in literature. It is noteworthy that our proposed Therefore, the improvement of the bandwidth is remark-
dual-band patch antenna design outperforms the other able for the two resonance frequencies, thus for the gain
designs in terms of dimension of patch (smaller size) and that is regular at 5 GHz frequency and small increase for
return loss. We obtain comparable results with the listed 2.4 GHz.
designs in Table 5 regarding the gain and the bandwidth. The experimental stage is not addressed in this study.
The frequency ratio of the two bands is also a vital criterion However, and to validate the proposed methodology, we
in the design of dual-band antennas. Most of the proposed compared the obtained results with other experimental stud-
antenna structures illustrated in Table 5 have a smaller fre- ies. It is noteworthy that, this methodology can be easily
quency ratio of a range around 1.6 or less than that [30–32]. expanded to design any other antennas or filters of different
A high number of proposed antennas, which have a small geometry, frequency, or bandwidth.
value of frequency ratio usually, do not radiate for useful
application bands [31]. The frequency ratio comparison of
the proposed antenna with other dual-band patch antennas
is also given in Table 5. References
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