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Assignment #1 Have An Advance Reading and Define The Following

The document discusses the key topics for Assignment #1: 1. It outlines the major systems that make up the human body - cardiovascular, digestive, etc. 2. It describes the three main body types - endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph - based on predominant tissues. 3. It explains that the human body is made up of cells, tissues, organs, and systems, and defines biological fitness as the ability to survive and reproduce. 4. It provides details on the skeletal system, including bones and other components like cartilage and ligaments. 5. It identifies the five major muscle groups - chest, back, arms/shoulders, abdominal, and legs/but

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Chan Lee
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122 views

Assignment #1 Have An Advance Reading and Define The Following

The document discusses the key topics for Assignment #1: 1. It outlines the major systems that make up the human body - cardiovascular, digestive, etc. 2. It describes the three main body types - endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph - based on predominant tissues. 3. It explains that the human body is made up of cells, tissues, organs, and systems, and defines biological fitness as the ability to survive and reproduce. 4. It provides details on the skeletal system, including bones and other components like cartilage and ligaments. 5. It identifies the five major muscle groups - chest, back, arms/shoulders, abdominal, and legs/but

Uploaded by

Chan Lee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment #1

Have an advance reading and define the following:


 Parts of the human body
 Body Types
 Man’s Biological Make-up and Fitness
 The Human Skeletal System
 Human Major Muscle Group
(Image from
Answers University of Waikato)

1. Parts of the
Human Body

The human body is made


up of several interconnected
systems that work
together to keep the internal environment stable. (University of Waikato, 2011)

According to Science Learning Hub (n.d.), these are the different body systems and
its function:
 Cardiovascular System - in charge of pumping blood in our body.

 Digestive System – the one breaking down the food into nutrients that are
being absorbed to the bloodstream.

 Endocrine System - interacts with the nervous system to coordinate the


metabolic activities of body cells.

 Excretory System – all about eliminating the wasted in our body.

 Immune System – the one that defends body against infection.


 Integumentary System – particularly is the skin that cover the body for UV
protection and temperature regulation.

 Musculoskeletal System – to allow free movement in conjunction with


skeletal muscles.

 Respiratory System – in charge of respiration process or exchanging of


oxygen and carbon dioxide.

 Reproductive System – responsible for reproduction.

 Nervous System - the body's responses to internal and external stimuli are
coordinated and regulated by this system.

2. Body Types

According to Andrew Payne's blog (n.d.), body


type or somatotype refers to the belief that people are
born with one of three generalized body
compositions.
Dr. W.H. Sheldon proposed the concept in the
early 1940s and named the three somatotypes
endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph.

(Image from Precision


ENDOMORPH Nutrition)
 Relative predominance of soft roundness throughout various regions of the body.
 Digestive viscera are more massive and relatively dominate bodily economy.
 Have a more relaxed, comfortable, and extroverted personality.

MESOMORPH
 Relative predominance of muscle, bone, and connective tissue that dominates bodily
economy.
 Heavy, hard, and rectangular in outline.
 Have a more active, dynamic, assertive, and aggressive personality.
ECTOMORPH
 Relative predominance of linearity and fragility
 Greatest skin surface area relative to body mass causes greater sensory exposure
 Have a more introverted, thoughtful, inhibited, and sensitive personality.
3. Man’s Biological Make-up and Fitness
According to U.S. National Cancer Institute (n.d.), the human body is a single
structure but it is made up of billions of smaller structures of four major kinds:

 Cells - simplest units of living matter that can maintain life and reproduce
themselves. The human body, which is made up of numerous cells, begins as a
single, newly fertilized cell.

 Tissues - organization of several identical cells connected by variable amounts and


types of nonliving intercellular substance.

 Organs - an organization of several tissues that are structured in such a way that
they can perform a certain function when they are together.

 Systems - an organization of various numbers and types of organs that, when


united, can perform complex duties for the body.

Definition of Biological Fitness


Biological fitness, also called Darwinian fitness, means the ability to survive to
reproductive age, find a mate, and produce offspring.
Basically, the stronger an organism's biological fitness, the more offspring it
produces during its lifetime. Given that differences in survival and number of offspring
produced depend mainly on an individual's DNA, biological fitness is frequently defined in
terms of the most and least successful genes, or traits. (Biological Fitness: Definition &
Concept, 2015)

Measures of Biological Fitness


Biological fitness is relative measure. If an individual produces more offspring
throughout the course of its life, it is said to be more fit than another. Averaging the fitness
of a population's individuals can also be used to assess the population's overall fitness. The
ratio of the number of individuals with a genotype before and after selection is known as
absolute fitness.
Fitness is usually expressed in terms of genotypes, or gene collections. Genotype
fitness is the average fitness of all individuals with a certain genotype in a group. A relative
fitness of one is assigned to the genotype with the highest absolute fitness. For other, less
fit genotypes, the relative fitness of genotype x equals the absolute fitness of
genotype x divided by the absolute fitness of the most successful genotype. (Biological
Fitness: Definition & Concept, 2015)

4. The Human Skeletal System


The skeletal system is the body’s central framework. It consists of bones and
connective tissue, including cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. It’s also called the
musculoskeletal system. (Cleveland Clinic, 2019)
This system has four major functions:
 allows movement.
 it produces blood cells.
 protects and support organs.
 it stores minerals.

Main part of Skeletal System:
 Bones - hard structures that create your body’s
framework — the skeleton.
(Image from
Innerbody Research)
Other components of skeletal system:
 Cartillage - enables bones to move without friction.

 Joints - is where two or more bones in the body


come together.

 Ligaments - bands of strong connective tissue called ligaments hold bones


together.

 Tendons - bands of tissue that connect the ends of a muscle to your bone.

5. Human Major Muscle Group

According to WonderLabs (2018), there are 5 major muscle groups:


 The Chest Muscles - the main muscle group of the chest is the pectorals. They
provide support when you hold objects in front of your body and they are activated
when you reach across your body.

 The Back Muscles - the back is the most complex major muscular structure in the
entire body. It is a perfect combination of multiple muscles working in harmony and
complementing each other in various physical activities.

 The Arm and Shoulder Muscles – the arm and shoulder muscles are biceps,
triceps and deltoids. The biceps help control the motion of both the shoulder and
elbow joints. Triceps are muscles in the back of the upper arm which help stabilize
the shoulder joint and allow the elbow joint to be straightened. Deltoids known as the
shoulder muscles which is used on all side of body lifting motions.

 The Abdominal Muscles - assist in the breathing process and protect inner organs.
They are key in twisting motions, such as a golf swing or looking behind yourself.
They also play a key part in bending over motions, and in maintaining good posture.

 The Legs and Buttocks Muscles – under these muscle group are hamstrings,
gluteals, quadriceps, and gastrocnemius. Hamstrings helps in bending knees and
propelling body forward in some activities. Gluteals is in charge of the movement of
the legs backwards and sideways. Quadriceps are 4 huge muscles that compromise
the front of our thigh. Gastrocnemius are the calf muscles which is located at the
lower back of our legs.

References (Image from Body


Training and Exercise)

Cleveland Clinic. (2019). Skeletal System. Retrieved from


https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21048-skeletal-system
U.S. National Cancer Institute (n.d.). Introduction to Human Body. Retrieved from
https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/body/

Payne, A. (n.d.). Body Types: How To Train & Diet For Your Body Type. Retrieved from
https://blog.nasm.org/fitness/body-types-how-to-train-diet-for-your-body-type

Science Learning Hub (n.d.). Body Systems. Retrieved from


https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1885-body-systems

Biological Fitness: Definition & Concept. (2015, September 8). Retrieved from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/biological-fitness-definition-lesson-quiz.html

WonderLabs (2018). 5 Major Muscle Groups of the Body and Their Function. Retrieved
from https://www.wonderlabs.com/blog/5-major-muscle-groups-of-the-body-and-their-
function

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