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DIgSILENT PowerFactory Training

Prepared for

STEDIN

July 2019
Rotterdam
Publisher:
DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-Straße 9
72810 Gomaringen / Germany
Tel.: +49 (0) 7072-9168-0
Fax: +49 (0) 7072-9168-88

Please visit our homepage at:

http://www.digsilent.de

Copyright DIgSILENT GmbH

All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or
distributed in any form without written
permission of the publisher.
CONTENTS

Contents

1 Creation of a network model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2 Creation of a first project and entering of network data . . . . . . . . . . 21

2 Load Flow Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2.1 Load Flow Analysis with PowerFactory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2.2 Load Flow Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2.3 Evaluation of results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2.4 Load Flow Calculation with Voltage Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3 Network enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3.1 Use of Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3.2 Enhancement of a medium voltage grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

3.3 Optional Exercise: Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4 Short Circuit Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.1 Presentation: Short-Circuit Calculation in PowerFactory . . . . . . . . . 50

4.2 Short Circuit Calculation in a medium voltage grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

4.3 Additional Exercise: Complete Method and Calculation of Multiple Faults 61

4.4 Additional Exercise: Short Circuit Calculation in an Industrial network . . 63

5 Connection of grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

5.1 Exercise: Network Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

6 Network Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

6.1 Presentation: Network Planning and Operation: Organising the Project

Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

6.1 Presentation: Advance Data Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

6.2 Exercise: Low voltage network planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

6.3 Study Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

6.4 Consolidation of a variation into the base grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

7 Load Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

7.1 Feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

7.2 Voltage Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

7.3 Feeder Load Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Training material ii
7.4 Exercise: Quasi-Dynamic-Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

iii Training material

1 Creation of a network model

Purpose: Understanding the PowerFactory Data-Model

Creation of a network model in PowerFactory

Contents: Introduction in PowerFactory

• Data- and project-structure of the PowerFactory software
– Libraries
– Data and Network Model
– Network Diagram and its handling
• Use of Study Cases

• Introduction of different possible illustrations of nodes

• Undo Functionality of inputs
Exercise: Creation of a network model
• Creation of a new project

• Drawing new network elements in the Network Diagram

• Handling of the Network Diagram
• Entering element and type data
• Verification of Input parameters
Level: Basic.

1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

Notes:
...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

1 Training material
1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Introduction to the Database Structure

PowerFactory Software

• Leading network calculation software with

Transmission
more than 10,000 users worldwide and for Networks
30 years on the market
- Continuous further development with annual Distribution
release cycles of main versions Networks

• Integrated simulation of interdisciplinary Integrated

Simulation
systems and applications
Industrial Grids,
• Full Windows compatibility Power
Generation
• User-friendly handling

• Modular design, scalable solution Renewable Energies,

Decentralized Generation

Introduction to the Database Structure 2

Training material 2
1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

Software Structure

Unique data management concept

Comprehensive and flexible incl. versions, derivatives with down
modeling functions and comparison tools

Powerful network diagrams Process optimization based

& display functions on the integrated script
functionality

Wide range of features from standard Extensive interface options and

to complex and demanding integration of monitoring systems
applications

Introduction to the Database Structure 3

Basic Concepts

• All data is stored in a database

• The network topology is also presented graphically

• Flexible data access:

- Via the Data Manager

- Via the graphical user interface

• The Project Overview can also be used to administrate the data

Introduction to the Database Structure 4

3 Training material
1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

Graphical User Interface

Introduction to the Database Structure 5

Graphical User Interface – Data Manager

Data Manager

Introduction to the Database Structure 6

Training material 4
1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

Project Structure

• Within a project, data is structured in folders (workbook structure).

• A project is a complete set of data:

- Calculation commands (load flow, short circuit, etc.)

- Consumption and generation distribution

- Libraries for types and operating data

- Network Models & Diagrams

- Results

- General Settings

Introduction to the Database Structure 7

Database Structure

Global Library:
Library Only administrator is allowed
to make changes

User 1

User 2

User 3

Project
Local Library:
Library User 3 is allowed to
make changes

Introduction to the Database Structure 8

5 Training material
1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

Network Data: Element – Type Concept

Project

General Definitions
Equipment Types Type A “Manufacture´s Datasheet”
…

Topology and
Grid Element 1 Element 2 Operational Data
…

Introduction to the Database Structure 9

Equipment Type Library

Local Library Global Library

• Located typically inside the project • Only the Administrator can create new

• The User can edit and create new types types and/or change the existing ones

• All the users of the Database can access

• The Equipment Type Library, automatically
the types in the Global Library
created when a project is created, doesn‘t
contain default types • The Global Library is replaced with every
new installation
• Only the User should use the types inside
this library

Introduction to the Database Structure 10

Training material 6
1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

PowerFactory Library – Global Library

• Includes equipment type data of typical

data provided by manufacturers, including:
- Standard cables
- Induction machines
- Transformers

• The global types can be used in every

project.

• Includes standard load profiles, dynamic

models, protection devices, etc...

• Administrator can add customer specific

types

Introduction to the Database Structure 11

PowerFactory Network Model

The PowerFactory Network Model contains two folders called Network Data and Diagrams
which contains all electrical and graphical information.

• Network Data: electrical information, including:

- network components

- controller models

- Topology (Variations)

- Network areas, zones, boundaries, paths, etc.

• Diagrams: graphical information

- The network elements can have more
than one graphical representation.

Introduction to the Database Structure 12

7 Training material
1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

Graphical User Interface – Project Overview

Project Overview

Introduction to the Database Structure 13

Project Overview

Project overview displays and allows easy

administration of:

• Time of the active Study Case

• Study Cases

• Operation Scenarios

• Variations and expansion stages

• Grids

 Active and calculation relevant

objects are highlighted!

Introduction to the Database Structure 14

Training material 8
1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

Graphical User Interface – Drawing Area

Drawing Area

Introduction to the Database Structure 15

Drawing Area – Diagrams

Electrical Data and Topology

Graphical Representation in Diagrams

Overview Geographical Simplified Single Detailed Single

Diagrams Diagrams Line Diagrams Line Diagrams

Substations

Introduction to the Database Structure 16

9 Training material
1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

Diagrams – Simplified Single Line Diagram

• Clear presentation

• Easy access to the network elements

• Simple and quick modification of switching

states

• Access to the results via the result boxes

• Customisable colouring

Introduction to the Database Structure 17

Diagrams – Detailed Single Line Diagrams

• Can be generated in addition to simplified

single line diagrams

• Detailed representation of substations

• Representation of:
- Circuit-breakers
- Disconnectors
- Tie breakers

Introduction to the Database Structure 18

Training material 10
1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

Graphical User Interface – Drawing Tools

Drawing Tools

Introduction to the Database Structure 19

Drawing Tools – Handling

• Typical approach: Insert busbars and the connect branch elements (lines, transformers)

• Double-click on symbol to open element’s edit dialog

• Double-click on switch to open / close switch

• Some keyboard shortcuts:

- Ctrl while selecting -> Multiple selection of several elements
- Ctrl while drawing loads/generators -> 90° rotation
- Ctrl+C Copy marked object
- Ctrl+V Paste copied object (graphic + data)

• Graphic Export (.emf, .wmf, .svg, .png, *.bmp, …)

Introduction to the Database Structure 20

11 Training material
1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

Terminals

• Terminals are used to represent simple Busbar

Terminal
Systems.

• Several graphic symbols available

Cub 1
Junction Nodes

Short Terminal without result box Switch

Long Terminal with result box
Cub 2
• Elements are connected to the terminals via
cubicles.
Switch
• Only circuit-breakers possible, no disconnectors

• Switches can be deleted

Introduction to the Database Structure 21

Substations and Busbar Systems

Substations are used to manager complex busbar

Substation
systems
Busbars
Double busbar system

Single busbar system with disconnector Bays

1 ½ breaker busbar system Disconnectors

• Substations include:
Breakers
- Busbars
- Bays (including Disconnectors, Breakers) Nodes / Terminals

- Internal nodes / Terminals

Circuit breaker

Introduction to the Database Structure 22

Training material 12
1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

Substations and Busbar Systems

Representation of the double busbar Representation of the double busbar

system in the simplified single line system in the detailed single line
diagram diagram

Introduction to the Database Structure 23

Graphical User Interface – Navigation Window

Navigation Window

Introduction to the Database Structure 24

13 Training material
1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

Graphical User Interface – Search Function

Search Function

Introduction to the Database Structure 25

Graphical User Interface – Drawing Toolbar

Drawing Toolbar

Introduction to the Database Structure 26

Training material 14
1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

Drawing Toolbar – Working Modes

“Freeze” Mode:

• Freeze the graphic to enter and change data, e.g. Switches statuses or changing loads (P, Q)

• No graphical changes possible

• Changing of result boxes formats

Graphic Mode:

• Change graphical representation, e.g. Move, rotate, delete elements

• Change the size of busbars / terminals

• Re-connect elements

• Change position, size and orientation of text and result boxes

Introduction to the Database Structure 27

Drawing Toolbar – Layers

• In PowerFactory, the drawing area is divided

into layers

• The layers are sorted from top (foreground) to

bottom (background).

• In each level, certain graphic groups are

defined (e.g.: results).

• Layers can be edited or newly created

according to your own ideas

Introduction to the Database Structure 28

15 Training material
1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

Drawing Toolbar

Zoom In - for zooming within the drawing area

Settings - for the complete graphic area

Legend layer - for results & colorings

Result layer

Coloring - depending on desired parameters

Heatmap

Drawing format

Diagram layout tool - for automatic generation of the network topology

Insert page
Introduction to the Database Structure 29

Graphical User Interface – Symbol Toolbar

Symbol Toolbar

Introduction to the Database Structure 30

Training material 16
1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

Symbol Toolbar

Data Manager - Manages the project data

Network Model Manager - Shows an overview of calculation-relevant elements/types

Network Data Assessment - Checks network data for consistency

Load flow Command

Short-circuit Command

Maximize graphics window

Maximize output window

Additional, advanced features to the base package ...

Introduction to the Database Structure 31

Advanced Features

Contingency Analysis Reliability Analysis Functions

Quasi-Dynamic Simulation Optimal Power Flow (OPF)

Network Reduction Unit Commitment and Dispatch Optimisation

Protection Functions Techno-Economical Analysis

Arc-Flash Analysis State Estimation

Cable Analysis Stability Analysis Functions (RMS)

Connection Request Assessment Electromagnetic Transients (EMT)

Transmission Network Tools Motor Starting Functions

Distribution Network Tools Small Signal Stability (Eigenvalue Analysis)

Outage Planning System Parameter Identification

Probabilistic Analysis Interfaces

Power Quality and Harmonic Analysis Scripting and Automation

Introduction to the Database Structure 32

17 Training material
1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

Symbol Toolbar – Undo Functionality

• All changes are internally recorded with a time stamp in the project history.

• The Undo function allows to go back in the project history.

• Undo includes all data changes (e.g. done inside the Data Manager)

• The project history resp. the time stamp is cleared upon project deactivation.

• Changes can be:

- Deleting, changing, adding elements

- Graphical changes

- Modifications of parameter values

- Multiple simultaneous changes will be recorded as one change

- …

Introduction to the Database Structure 33

Graphical User Interface – Output Window

Output Window

Introduction to the Database Structure 34

Training material 18
1.1 Introduction in PowerFactory

Output Window

• The output window contains a lot of important information:

Errors finish the calculations and have to be fixed (e.g. load flow does not converge!).

Warnings are issued to draw the user's attention to critical issues, but do not
terminate the calculations (e.g. reactive power limits of generators exceeded!).

Info informs the user about the calculation steps carried out in PowerFactory.

Events are output for certain simulations in which certain simulation events are
defined at certain times (e.g. failure event).

Other displays that may be of interest to the user (e.g.: result reports)

Introduction to the Database Structure 35

19 Training material
1.2 Creation of a first project and entering of network data

1.2 Creation of a first project and entering of network data

In this first exercise you will be introduced to the basic concepts of PowerFactory. A 110 kV grid
will be built from scratch.

• Create a new project with the name “PF Seminar”. To create a project, select the option
File → New→ Project. . . from the main menu.

• A grid is automatically created in the new project and a dialog will pop up. Name the grid
“110 kV grid”.
• Also a new diagram will be automatically created; rename it “Single Line Diagram HV”. To
rename the diagram, right click on the diagram tab and select → Rename page
• Change the drawing format from landscape to portrait using the icon Drawing Format. . .
from the graphic tool bar.
• You may maximise the graphic window by clicking on the icon Maximise Graphic Window
. By clicking this icon again you will get back to the original mode.

1.2.1 Entering the network element in the single line diagram

We will use a background picture as reference to help us draw the network. To include a
background picture:

• Select the icon Layers. . . to display graphic layers.

• Create a new layer Background, using the Add Layer button you can define your own
layers.
• To configure the background layer, choose the Layer type “Background image”.
• Select the file “PF Seminar 110 kV grid.wmf” provided by the instructor as background
picture.

• A warning window will be opened indicating that the selected file is not located in the
“External Data Directory”. In this case we can ignore the message.

Here is some guidance about creating network elements in the single line diagram:
• Select the elements from the Drawing Toolbox.

• Place the selected element in the network diagram by clicking with the left mouse button.
• If you want to enter the same element more than once, just click again in a empty space
of the network diagram.
• If you want to select a different element, right click on the mouse or press the Esc key.

• To move the element, click on it and by keeping the mouse button pressed and move the
object to the new position. Releasing the mouse sets the new location.
• If you want to resize a busbar or a terminal, select the element once and drag one of the
black boxes to the left or to the right.

• When inserting branch elements (eg. lines, transformers, loads, etc.) it is possible to
connect them directly to the desired node when inserting them into the diagram.
• Double clicking on any element will open its dialog. Here you may input the different
parameters.

Training material 20
1.2 Creation of a first project and entering of network data

Hint: Always start with node positioning. Then it will be easier to connect Branch Ele-
ments.
When editing the network, also use the Zoom-function and the Undo-functionality.

Enter the network elements of the 110 kV grid as given in figure 1.1 as follows:

• Use the element Busbar ( ) to represent the 380 kV busbar. Change the voltage level
accordingly.

• Use the short terminal element ( ) to represent the busbars between the generators and
the transformers. The voltage level here is 10 kV.

• Use the elements Single Busbar System ( ) and Double Busbar System ( ) to repre-
sent the 110 kV substations. Make sure the voltage level is set to 110 kV.
• Change the names of the single and double busbar objects according to figure 1.1. To
access the substation name open the edit dialog of the busbar and then click on the blue
arrow ( ) next to the Substation parameter.

• Connect the busbars with the line elements ( ) and change the names according to
figure 1.1.

• Add the transformers ( ), generators ( ), loads ( ) and the external grid ( ) to the
network and change the names accordingly.

21 Training material
1.2 Creation of a first project and entering of network data

Figure 1.1: 110 kV network

• After the network data has been entered, make the background layer invisible again.

Training material 22
1.2 Creation of a first project and entering of network data

1.2.2 Types definition

So far we have entered all the network elements, however some elements (eg. lines, transform-
ers, generators) are not completely defined without a type. First we will import a predefined
library:

• Deactivate the project before importing a file. Deactivation can be done via File → Deac-
tivate Project.
• Import the Library folder Types.pfd
• You can find the import option in the main menu bar: File → Import→ Data (*.pfd,*.dz,*.dzs).
Select the corresponding file.

• Press the black arrow button ( ) close to the New Path parameter to select the path to
which you want to import the objects. Select the folder Library → Equipment Types Library
within your project.
• Activate the project. There are several ways activate a project:
– Via the main menu bar: File → Activate Project. . . .
– Furthermore the last 5 activated projects are listed in the File menu on the main
menu bar. The last activated project is the first one in this list. By selecting an
inactive project this project will be activated.
– Via the Data Manager. Right click on the project and select Activate from the context
menu.

Then we will create the new types:

• Open the Data Manager and locate the folder Equipment Type Library within your project.

• Click on the left side of the Data Manager and then click on the New Object icon ( ).
• Select the corresponding type from the list.
• Create one line type (TypLne), one 2-windings transformer type (TypTr2), one synchronous
machine type (TypSym) and one busbar type (TypBar ) by using the data sheets given in
tables 1.1, 1.3, 1.4 and 1.2.
• Any parameters which are not provided should be left at their default values. You might
have to change between the different pages on the element dialog to find the parameters.

23 Training material
1.2 Creation of a first project and entering of network data

Table 1.1: Transformer Type Data

2-Windings Transformer (TypTr2)

Name T-380/110-150MVA
Build Year 2010
Rated Power 150 MVA
Transmission 380 kV / 110 kV
Tap changer
Adjusting Range 0.62 % per tap Min: 1, Neutral: 14, Max: 27
Tap changer at HV
Type Ratio/Asym. Phase Shifter
Vector Group YNyn0
No Load Losses [kW]
0.9 * Un 84
1.0 * Un 139 guaranteed 1.0 Un: 150 kW
1.1 * Un 177
No Load Current 0.15 %
Copper Losses [kW]
Position 1 1020
Position 14 1030
Position 27 1107
Short-Circuit Voltage uk [%]
Position 1 18.73
Position 14 16.94
Position 27 15.91
Short-Circuit Voltage uk0
uk0 14 %

Table 1.2: Busbar Type Data

Busbar (TypBar)
Name SS 110 kV
Nominal Voltage 110 kV
Short-Circuit Peak Current 30 kA
Rated Short-Circuit Thermal Current 16 kA 1 s

Training material 24
1.2 Creation of a first project and entering of network data

Table 1.3: Cable Type Data

Cable (TypLne)
Name N2XS(FL)2Y 1x300RM
Nominal Cross Section [𝑚𝑚2 ] 300
Rated Voltage [𝑘𝑉 ] 110
Rated Current [𝐴] 594
Max. Operational Temperature [∘ 𝐶] 90
Positive Sequence AC Resistance @90∘ 𝐶 [𝑂ℎ𝑚/𝑘𝑚] 0.078053
Positive Sequence AC Resistance @20∘ 𝐶 [𝑂ℎ𝑚/𝑘𝑚] 0.0613
Positive Sequence Reactance [𝑂ℎ𝑚/𝑘𝑚] 0.144
Zero Sequence Resistance [𝑂ℎ𝑚/𝑘𝑚] 0.2451
Zero Sequence Reactance [𝑂ℎ𝑚/𝑘𝑚] 0.578053
Capacitance [𝜇𝐹/𝑘𝑚] 0.15
Earth-Fault Current [𝐴/𝑘𝑚] 9.002249
Rated Short-Time (1s) Current [𝑘𝐴] 42.9
Max. End Temperature [∘ 𝐶] 240
Laying Ground

Table 1.4: Synchronous Machine Type Data

Generator (TypSym)
Name 46 MVA Gen
Rated Power 46.306 MVA
Rated Voltage 10.5 kV
Power Factor 0.8
Connection D
Rotor Resistance 0.0732 p.u.
Stator Resistance 0.0132 p.u.
Reactances [p.u]
xd 2.01
xd” sat 0.15
xd’ 0.27
xd” 0.175
xq 1.03
xq” 0.41
x2 0.29
Time Constants [s]
d-axis Transient 1.04
d-axis Subtransient 0.04
q-axis Subtransient 0.04
Rotor Type Salient Pole
Inertia Time Constant [s] 2.2 (rated to Sgn)

25 Training material
1.2 Creation of a first project and entering of network data

1.2.3 Network elements parameters

Now we will define the network elements parameters, which includes assigning the correspond-
ing type.

• Use the information provided in tables 1.5 to 1.9 to assign the types and define elements
parameters. Any parameters which are not provided should be left at their default values.

• You might have to change between the different pages on the element dialog to find the
parameters.

Hint: To assign an element type:

• Double click on the element to open its edit dialog.
• On the Basic Data page, click on the Select button ( ) next to the Type parameter.
• Since all the types we will use are defined inside project, select the option Select
Project Type
• Select the corresponding type defined or imported in exercise 1.2.2

Table 1.5: Lines and Cables

Name Type Length

L-1-1 N2XS(FL)2Y 1x300RM 10 km
L-1-2 N2XS(FL)2Y 1x300RM 10 km
L-2-1 N2XS(FL)2Y 1x300RM 25 km
L-3-1 Al/St 150/50 50 km
L-3-2 Al/St 150/50 50 km

Table 1.6: Transformers

Name Type Tap position

T-1 T-380/110-150MVA 14
TPP1 T-110/10-60MVA 0
TPP2 T-110/10-60MVA 0

Table 1.7: External Grid

Name Bus Type Voltage setpoint Voltage angle Sk”max Sk”min

Ext-380kV SL 1.02 p.u. 0.00ř 8000 MVA 7000 MVA

Table 1.8: Generators

Name Type Local Controller Active Power Voltage

Gen1 46 MVA Gen Const. V 30 MW 1.00 p.u.
Gen2 46 MVA Gen Const. V 30 MW 1.00 p.u.

Training material 26
1.2 Creation of a first project and entering of network data

Table 1.9: Loads

Name Dispatch: Active Power Dispatch: Power factor

L SS 1 22.0 MW 0.86 (ind.)
L SS 2 35.0 MW 0.86 (ind.)
L SS 3.1 46.4 MW 0.85 (ind.)
L SS 3.2 50.0 MW 0.85 (ind.)

1.2.4 Graphical adjustments

• Define a title for the project: To edit the title:

– Double click the title block to edit it. If no title block is visible, then make it visible by
activating the Title within the Layers... ( )
– Press the right-pointed arrow button to edit the title.
– Enter the project, title, etc.

• Add the Vector Groups layer to the grid. ( )

• Change the colouring mode to voltage levels and show the legend:
– Select the button Diagram Colouring ( ) to open the colouring dialog for colouring
the network diagram.
– Enable the check-box 3. Other. Then select Topology for the first selection and
Voltage Levels for the second selection. In Colour Settings. . . change the colours
according to figure 1.1.
– Enabling the option Show Colour Legend Block ( ) will create a legend in the active
single line diagram. You can move and resize the legend by using the graphics cursor.
• Export the scheme as a .wmf file. Select File → Export Graphic to do so.

1.2.5 Data validation

In this exercise we will use the command Network Data Assessment to check if all the data was
correctly inserted and see if there are any problems with the network topology:

• Press the Network Data Assessment ( ) to open the edit dialog of the command.
• Select Verification → Input parameters.

• Execute the command and check for messages in the output window.
• Execute the command again with the option Verification → Topology.
• Fix the errors if there are any.

27 Training material
2 Load Flow Analysis

Purpose: Understanding the Load Flow Calculation.

Content: Principles of Load Flow Calculation

• Area of application
• Mode of Calculation

• Options of Calculation
• Presentation of Results
Exercise: Load Flow Calculation
• Load Flow Calculation on the basis of an existing network

• Analysis of results by scheme and by tables

• Export of results
• Voltage control
– by a Station Control of a generator
– by an automatic tap changer of a transformer
Level: Basic.

2.1 Load Flow Analysis with PowerFactory

Notes:
...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

Training material 28
2.1 Load Flow Analysis with PowerFactory

Load Flow Analysis

Basics and Models

Load Flow Applications

Normal System State In Contingency

• Loading, losses and voltage profile • Loadings and voltage profile

• Network planning and operation • Simulation of contingencies, network

security/reliability
• Generation scheduling, optimisation
• Operation margins
• Steady state initial conditions for short
circuit (complete method) and dynamic • Reliability analyses: failure effect,
simulations (RMS, EMT) automated re-supply

• Load shedding strategies

Load Flow Analysis 2

29 Training material
2.1 Load Flow Analysis with PowerFactory

General Procedure

• For each element 2 quantities can be defined

• The other quantities are results of the load flow calculation

• The grid must contain one element without power dispatch

(“Slack” element, in most cases the “External Grid”)

Type Fixed Calculated Applications

PV P, U Q, 𝜑 Big power plants
Loads, small generators
PQ P, Q U, 𝜑
(no voltage control)
SL U, 𝜑 P, Q Reference machine

Load Flow Analysis 3

Calculation Methods

AC load flow

• The calculation requires the solving of a set of non-linear equations

• Therefore done iteratively

• Voltages, angles, active and reactive powers calculated

DC load flow

• The calculation requires the solving of a set of linear equations

• No iterations, fast, no convergence problems

• All node voltage magnitudes fixed at 1.0 per unit.

• Only active power and voltage angles calculated

• Losses neglected

Load Flow Analysis 5

Training material 30
2.1 Load Flow Analysis with PowerFactory

Load Flow Calculation Command Options

• Basic options
– Balanced / unbalanced load flow
– AC or DC load flow method
– Automatic adjustment of taps and shunts
– Consider/ neglect active and reactive power
limits
– Consider/ neglect voltage dependency of loads
and feeder load scaling

• Active power control

- Active power distribution (e.g. as
dispatched, according to inertias,
secondary control etc.)
- Active power balacing

• Calculation settings
- Iteration control (number of iterations,
calculation accuracy etc.)

Load Flow Analysis 9

Troubleshooting Load Flow Calculations (1)

• Information in the output window - find cause

– Information messages

– Warning messages

– Error messages

• Open element edit dialog or select Mark in Graphic

• Use the Network Data Assessment tool

• Evaluate importance of warnings (e.g. Exceeding Mvar limit range might not be acceptable)

• Use graphic colouring to find problematic elements

Load Flow Analysis 10

31 Training material
2.1 Load Flow Analysis with PowerFactory

Troubleshooting Load Flow Calculations (2)

“Isolated Areas”

• A network area is isolated, if no galvanic connection exist to the slack bus bar.

• If this isolated area is not connected to a generator, then it is ‘isolated and not supplied’.

• It is recommended to check, if the isolated areas are meant to be isolated.

Load Flow Analysis 11

Accessing Results & Reporting

1. Result and Text Boxes on the Single Line Diagram

2. Results in form of Tabular Data (export results to Microsoft Office tools, windows clipboard)

3. Predefined PowerFactory Reports

4. Verification and Convergence Reports

Load Flow Analysis 12

Training material 32
2.1 Load Flow Analysis with PowerFactory

Result and Text Boxes on the Single Line Diagram

Load Flow Analysis 13

Results in form of Tabular Data

Load Flow Analysis 14

33 Training material
2.1 Load Flow Analysis with PowerFactory

Predefined PowerFactory Reports

Load Flow Analysis 15

Representation of the External Grid

Usually used Slack Elements:

• External Grid
- Definition of the voltage
- Definitions of the angle
-> Voltage is constant for all operational points

• AC voltage source:
- Definition of the voltage
- Definitions of the angle
Additionally:
- Definition of Impedance (positive, negative and zero sequence
-> Voltage deviation due to Load Flow will be taken into calculation

• Synchronous Machine

Load Flow Analysis 16

Training material 34
2.2 Load Flow Calculation

2.2 Load Flow Calculation

• Import and activate the project “BA LDF START”.

• To import a project select from the main menu File → Import→ Data (*.pfd;*.dz;*.dzs). . .
and then select the file to import. To activate it, right click on it and select Activate.

• Open the Load Flow Calculation command

• Deactivate all options other than AC load flow, balanced, positive sequence.
• Execute the Load Flow Calculation command.
• Check the messages in the output window to verify if there are any warnings or error
messages (error messages will be shown in red colour) and correct the mistakes if there
are any listed.
• Once mistakes are corrected repeat the load flow calculation.

2.3 Evaluation of results

Results can be assessed and listed in the following ways:

2.3.1 Results in the network scheme

• Notice that the colouring mode changes automatically to Voltages/Loading after a load
flow calculation. Move and/or resize the colour legend if necessary.
• Add the Direction Arrows layer to the grid and configure it to show the direction of the
active power flow. (use the Layers button and jump to Element details, where the
setting Power Flow direction arrows has to be set.
• Evaluate the results shown in the result boxes.
• Add the legend for the results to the single line diagram.
– Press the Show Legend Block button to show the results box legend.
– Double click the legend with the data cursor to change the view.
– Use the graphics cursor to move/resize the legend.
• Fill out Table 2.1 with the calculation results.

Table 2.1: Calculation results

Calculation Result Value

Lowest voltage in p.u. / name of busbar
Highest loading of a line in % / line name
Active Power at HV side of T1
Reactive Power at HV side of T1

35 Training material
2.3 Evaluation of results

• Choose the Current, Power Factor result box format for the edge elements (lines, trans-
formers, generators, etc.) and evaluate the results.
• Select the Branch Flow result box format for edge elements again and observe the changes
in the listed variables.
• Change the exponent for the current from kA to A.
Hint: The exponent can be changed on the Basic Data page on the study case edit dialog.
To open the study case edit dialog, right click on the active study case and select Edit
or select from the main menu Edit → Project Data→ Study Case.

• Display the voltage deviation for the nodes (busbars) within the result boxes:
– Right click on the result box of the busbar and select → Edit Format for Nodes.
– Append a new row and add the voltage deviation (m:du) to the result box.
• Create an additional result box for the transformer T-1 and add the variables active and
reactive power losses to the textbox.
– Right-click on the transformer and select Create Additional Result Box. This will
create a default textbox in the single line diagram.

Solution of the Exercise 2.3.1

Table 2.2: Solution table 2.1

Calculation Result Value

Lowest voltage in p.u. / name of busbar 0.94 / SS3
Highest loading of a line / line name 75.7% / L2-1
Active Power at HV side of T1 95.6 MW
Reactive Power at HV side of T1 51.3 Mvar

2.3.2 Using the flexible data page to access results

• Open the Network Model Manager ( ) in order to display all busbars relevant for calcu-
lation ( ).
• Go to the Flexible Data page and sort the list according to the voltages in p.u. To sort the
list click on the corresponding column title.
• Filter the data to get only the busbars with a voltage below 1.00 p.u. Use the select icon
to define the column filter.
• Show only two decimal places in column u, Magnitude p.u.. To do so right-click on the
column title and select Edit Number Format.
• Fill out Table 2.3 with the results. Report only one busbar per substation.

Table 2.3: Busbar Voltages

Nom. Volt Ul Magnitude u Magnitude

Name In Folder
[kV] [kV] [p.u.]

Training material 36
2.3 Evaluation of results

• Open the Network Model Manager ( ) in order to display all the grids ( ).
• Define the flexible data page for the grid and select the following variables:
– Generation, Active Power (c:GenP)
– General Load, Active Power (c:LoadP)
– Losses (c:LossP)
– Line Losses (c:LossPlne)
• Fill out Table 2.4 with the results.

Table 2.4: Grid Results

Generation, Active Power Load P(U) Losses Line Losses

Name
MW MW MW MW

2.3.3 Result documentation

• Create an ASCII report for the Total System Summary and observe the results in the
output window. ASCII reports can be created by pressing the (Output Calculation
Analysis) button on the main menu.

• Clear the output window. Click on the Clear All ( ) in the output window.
• Create a new ASCII report for the Complete System Report → All.

• Clear the output window again.

• Open the Load Flow Calculation command and this time enable the option Show Verifica-
tion Report on the Outputs page of the dialog.
• Select to report in the output window all the elements with a loading higher than 60 per
cent and those with voltages ± 0.05 p.u.
1
• Press Execute. Are there elements outside the defined limits?
• Open again the Load Flow Calculation command and disable the option Show Verification
Report

Solution of the Exercise 2.3.2

Table 2.5: Solution table 2.3

Nom. Volt Ul Magnitude u Magnitude

Name In Folder
[kV] [kV] [p.u.]
S1 SS1 110 105.948 0.96
S1 SS2 110 106.109 0.96
S1 SS3 110 103.598 0.94

1 Yes: SSE/S1, L2-1, T-1, Gen1 and Gen2

37 Training material
2.3 Evaluation of results

Table 2.6: Solution table 2.4

Generation, Active Power Load P(U) Losses Line Losses

Name
MW MW MW MW
110 kV grid 60 153.4 2.172 1.349

Training material 38
2.4 Load Flow Calculation with Voltage Control

2.4 Load Flow Calculation with Voltage Control

As you may have realised, the voltage on some busbars in the 110 kV grid is relatively low,
especially at substation “SS3”. To support the voltage in the grid, we will firstly use a station
control. We will then consider the reactive power limits and capability curves of the generators.
Finally we will adjust the transformer taps to find the best operation point of the tap changer.

2.4.1 Station Control

A station control is a reactive power controller for one or more generators which will keep the
voltage at a specific busbar at the given set-point.

• Define a station controller for the generators “Gen1” and “Gen2”. The station control
should control the voltage of busbar “S1” of the substation “SS1”.
• To define a new station controller, select the two generators and the busbar and right-click
the selection. Then select Define → Station Control. . . .
• This will open a predefined station control dialog, which already has the generators and
the busbar entered at the corresponding positions.

• On the Load Flow page, set the voltage setpoint to 1.01 p.u.
• On the Distribution tab, change the reactive power distribution to be shared equally Ac-
cording to Nom. Power. Use the Info-button to print the control strategy in the output
window.

• Execute the load flow calculation. Has the new voltage setpoint of “SS1” been reached?
Are there any overloaded elements? 2

• Use the Network Model Manager ( ) to get the recently created Station Control ( ).
• Put the station controller out of service and execute a load flow calculation.
• We will now use the Comparison of results tool to compare the results with and without
station control, follow these steps:
– Click on the Comparing of results on/off button ( ), a message indicating that the
results where saved as Case A will pop-up.
– Put the station control in service and execute the load flow calculation command
again.
– The results are now deviations in percent (%) relative to Case A.
– Click on the button Edit Comparing of results ( ) and change the Compare Mode
to Case_B-Case_A. What is the difference on the generators? 3
– Press again the Comparing of results on/off button ( ) to disable the function.

2 The voltage is reached but the two generators are overloaded at 102.8 %
3 27.2 %

39 Training material
2.4 Load Flow Calculation with Voltage Control

2.4.2 Consideration of Reactive Power Limits

• Set the reactive power limits of the generators Gen1 and Gen2 to -12 MVAr / +30 MVAr.
The reactive power limits are fixed on the Operational Limits tab on page Load Flow of the
synchronous machine dialog.
4
• Execute a load flow calculation. Are there any warnings listed in the output window?

• Open the Load Flow Calculation command and enable the option Consider Reactive
Power Limits.
• Execute a new load flow. Are there any changes in the results? Can the voltage setpoint
of the station control be reached? 5 If not, why not? 6

2.4.3 Generator Capability Curve

Reactive power limits of generators are actually dependent on the operating point. By con-
sidering the generator capability curve the reactive power limits can be entered precisely in
PowerFactory.

• Create a new capability curve, which is dependent on the active power of the machine.
Use the values given in table 2.7.
• To define a capability curve locate the folder Mvar Limit Curves within the Operational
Library. Click on the right side of the Data Manager and press the icon New ( ). The
Capability Curves (IntQlim) should be selected.
• The Input Mode is defined on the Configuration page. Take care to use the limits in p.u.
instead of in MVA.

Table 2.7: Capability Curve

Active power Min. reactive power Max. reactive power

p.u. p.u. p.u.
0 -0.5 0.86
0.3 -0.4 0.83
0.6 -0.29 0.72
0.8 -0.22 0.6
0.9 -0.18 0.4
0.95 -0.16 0.3
1 -0.1 -0.04

• Apply the new capability curve to generators Gen_01 and Gen_02.

• The capability curve is defined on the Operational Limits tab on page Load Flow of the
synchronous machine dialog.
7
• Execute the load flow calculation again and check the output window for warnings.

4 Maximum Reactive Power Limit exceeded (Q = 36.98 Mvar > Qmax = 30.00 Mvar )
5 S1: Voltage set point cannot be kept (v = 0.9935 p.u., vset = 1.0100 p.u.)
6 The generators reach their limits
7 S1: Voltage set point cannot be kept (v = 0.9984 p.u., vset = 1.0100 p.u.)

Training material 40
2.4 Load Flow Calculation with Voltage Control

2.4.4 Automatic tap adjustment of transformers

The voltage can be controlled by changing the tap position of a transformer. Verify that the
Station Controller is still in service.

• Adjust the automatic tap changing for the transformer T-1 as following:
– Controlled Node: LV
– Tap control: discrete
– Control mode: V
– Upper voltage bound 1.03 p.u.
– Voltage setpoint: 1.02 p.u.
– Lower voltage bound: 1.01 p.u.
• Execute the load flow calculation with the additional option Automatic Tap Adjust of Trans-
formers enabled.
8
• Are they any warning messages or elements loaded over 100 %?

• Display the transformer tap positions on the network graphic (use layers and activate
the corresponding setting within the Element Detail page).

8 No

41 Training material
3 Network enhancement

Purpose: Understanding the PowerFactory Data-Model.

Contents: Exercise: Network enhancement

• Enhancement of an existing medium voltage grid
• Creation of a substation-template

• Entering element-data
Level: Basic.

3.1 Use of Templates

Notes:
...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

Training material 42
3.1 Use of Templates

Enhancement of Networks

Use of Templates

Templates

Templates are commonly in the following cases:

• Substations: a specific design of a substation can be defined and store in a template

element, e.g. additional tie breaker or bay

• Configurations: when a configuration of busbars, transformers, loads, generators, etc.

should be used several times (e.g. Power plant), the configuration can be stored as a
template and inserted several times in the network.

43 Training material
3.1 Use of Templates

Templates Library

• Templates are stored with the Project in a

folder called Templates located inside the
project’s Library

• By clicking the button Pack on the edit

dialog of the Template, the types used by
the templates are copied inside the
template

• A user defined template can be (after

packing it) exported and shared with other
users or used in several projects.

Training material 44
3.2 Enhancement of a medium voltage grid

3.2 Enhancement of a medium voltage grid

Within this exercise, firstly you will become familiar with the 20 kV grid. Afterwards a new line
will be entered and loads and a wind farm will be connected along this line.

• Import and activate the project “BA Enhancement START” (File → Import→ Data (*.pfd;*.dz;*.dzs))
• First look at the Project Overview window: how many networks are considered in this
calculation?
• What date does the Study Case have?
• Note that you can change settings using the Project Overview window. Change the date
of the Study Case to the current day.

3.2.1 Inserting a new line with teed-off loads

• Add the components of the 20 kV grid as shown in figure 3.1. Add a new line with a length
of 10 km between SS1 (20 kV) and SS3 (20 kV). The loads can be connected by selecting
the load element and directly clicking on the line. A new window will appear, where you
can enter the position of connection.

• Add switches to the left and right side of the new terminals. To add switches, right-click on
the line very close to the terminal, select Create Switch.
• Enter the load data and the line types according to figure 3.1.
• Open the circuit breaker on the right side of load L2.

• Execute a load flow calculation and check the results.

Figure 3.1: Enhancement of a 20 kV grid

3.2.2 Connection of a Wind Farm

Now we will connect a small wind park as shown in figure 3.2, which consists of a wind-turbine
and a step-up transformer.

45 Training material
3.2 Enhancement of a medium voltage grid

Figure 3.2: Connection of a Wind Farm

• Use single busbar system ( ) to represent the medium voltage connection of the wind
park:
– Substation Name: Wind MV
– Nominal Voltage: 20 kV
– Type: T-SS-20

• Use a short busbar ( ) for the low voltage side of the wind farm:
– Name: Wind LV
– Nominal Voltage: 0.69 kV

• Connect the Wind MV busbar with a cable ( ):

– Name: L Wind
– Type: N2XS(F)2Y 1x300RM
– Length: 2.0 km
• Connect the substation Wind MV and the busbar Wind LV with a 2-winding transformer
( ):
– Name: T Wind
– Type: T-20/0.69kV-3MVA
– Number of parallel transformers: 2

• Connect a wind generator ( ) at the busbar Wind LV :

Training material 46
3.3 Optional Exercise: Templates

– Name: WT
– Plant Category: Wind
– Subcategory: Onshore
– Number of parallel units: 1
– Nominal Apparent Power: 5 MVA
– Power Factor: 0.9
– Local controller: Const.Q
– Dispatch: P = 4.5 MW, Power Factor = 1.0
– Sub transient short circuit current: 5 kA
– R/X” ratio: 0.1
• Execute a load flow calculation. Check if there are overloaded (> 100 %) elements.

3.3 Optional Exercise: Templates

3.3.1 Plant Template

It is often the case that a combination of generator, busbar and transformer should be used more
than once to represent a plant. In this exercise we will learn how to create a plant template to
as a solution to this requirement.

• Select the wind park created in exercise 3.2.2 (generator, transformer and low voltage
busbar).
• Right-click on the selection and select Define template

• Name the template “Wind Park”.

• Open the Templates library and check which objects are part of the template.

Now we will connect the newly created template to the substation Wind MV :

• Press the General Templates button in the drawing toolbox.

• A list of available templates will be shown. Select the one called Wind Park.
• Click once into the drawing area. You can see the shape of the selected template attached
to your mouse pointer.

• Place the template with another mouse click.

3.3.2 Substation Template

PowerFactory already offers some predefined substations. However it is also possible to create
customised substations, which might contain a different number of switch bays or an additional
busbar. In this exercise we will create a new substation template for a single busbar system with
two tie breakers and two bays per busbar.

• Insert a Single Busbar System with Tie Breaker ( ) system on a free area in your single
line diagram.

• Set the nominal voltage to 20 kV.

47 Training material
3.3 Optional Exercise: Templates

• Open the detailed view of the newly created substation ( → Show Detailed Graphic of
Substation).

• Delete two bays in every busbar and resize the busbars accordingly.
• Copy one section of the substation (e.g. BB2) and the connected elements (including tie
breaker) and paste it connecting it to the busbar BB2.
• Rename the substation to “SS Two Bays Two Tie Breakers”, short name “2B2TB”.

Hint: To access the substation name open the edit dialog of one of the busbars of the
substation and then click on the blue arrow ( ) next to the Substation parameter

• The new connected busbar is shown in figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3: Detailed graphic of the new substation

• Go back to the single line diagram, select the original substation, right click on it and select
→ Update Representation.

• To hide the name of the new busbar, right click on the label and select Shift to Layer →
Invisible Objects.
• If desired, rearrange/resize the substation.
• To apply this as an user-defined substation, right click on the substation and select Define
substation template.

• You may use the new template, if you click the icon General Busbar System on
the Drawing Toolbox. Place the new substation in your network and check whether the
requested number of busbars, breakers and bays is correct.

Training material 48
4 Short Circuit Calculation

Purpose: Understanding the Short Circuit Calculation in PowerFactory.

Contents: Short Circuit Calculation in PowerFactory

• Comparison of different Short Circuit Calculation methods
• Fields of application of the different methods

• Temporal progress of a Short Circuit

• Differences of Short Circuit Calculation through different methods
of Star Point Grounding
Exercise: Short Circuit Calculation
• 3-Phase Short Circuit
– at busbars
– on a line

• 1-Phase fault and ground fault compensation

• Multiple Faults
• Short Circuit Calculation in a industrial network
Level: Basic.

4.1 Presentation: Short-Circuit Calculation in PowerFactory

49 Training material
4.1 Presentation: Short-Circuit Calculation in PowerFactory

Short Circuit Analysis

in
DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Short Circuit: Applications

• Application in Network Planning

– SC Capacity of existing and new substations
– Design and protection
– Dimensioning of earthing grids
– Thermal SC capacity of cables
– Check for SC power at load connection
– Induction problems during unsymmetrical faults

• Application in Network Operation

– Staying within SC limits during network switching
– Localising network faults based on the fault impedance
– Investigation of protection mal-operation

Training material 50
4.1 Presentation: Short-Circuit Calculation in PowerFactory

Short Circuit Analysis - Calculation Methods

Planning Conditions Operational Conditions

Online-S/C calculation
Simplified Methods
(IEC, ANSI, ...) Complete Method,
Reduced Set of Data Comprehensive set of data

Method 1: Method 2.1: Method 2.2:

Equivalent Voltage Source Superposition Solution of Diff.
at the fault location Method Equation (EMT)

Initial S/C current I"SC , U SC

i
iSC (t)
I”SC (Ikss)
k m m, n
k m m, n
ip Ib ib Ith
ip Ib Ith

Explanation of IEC Method

Initial State before S/C:

No-Load Case

Backward-Infeed at fault
location (incl. Security
Factor)

Superposition as result
approximation

51 Training material
4.1 Presentation: Short-Circuit Calculation in PowerFactory

Superposition Method

Initial State before S/C

Backward-Infeed at fault
location

Superposition as result

Comparison IEC 60909 – Complete method

IEC 60909 Complete method

Consider Loads No Yes
Correction Factor Yes No
Load Flow initialisation No Yes
Position of tap changer Neutral Out of element setting

Training material 52
4.1 Presentation: Short-Circuit Calculation in PowerFactory

Field of application

IEC
Dimensioning of switchgears Max. currents
Cable sizing Max. thermal loading
Dimensioning of switches Ib for max. currents
Protection concept Min currents

Complete method
Protection concept Precise calculation, if Load Model is
exact
Multiple faults Supported

Short Circuit quantities

Use Case Quantities for investigation

Cable sizing - Thermal equivalent Short-Circuit
current Ith at the line
- Comparison with Ithr out of type
- Short-circuit duration (Ta) in command
(Ithrtk)
Switchgear sizing - Peak Short-Circuit current ip at busbar

Dimensioning of switches - Short-Circuit breaking current Ib

- Fault clearing time Tk in Short-Circuit
command
Protection - Initial Short-Circuit Current Ikss

53 Training material
4.1 Presentation: Short-Circuit Calculation in PowerFactory

Short Circuit Analysis - Time Plot of SC current

Current

Upper Amplitude ib

iDC ib

2 2Ib

2 2Ib
Lower Amplitude

Short Circuit: Time plot of SC current (far from generator)

Current

Upper Amplitude
DC-Component iDC

Time

Lower Amplitude

Training material 54
4.1 Presentation: Short-Circuit Calculation in PowerFactory

IEC 60909: Voltage Correction Factors

Nominal Voltage Calc. max. S/C Current Calc. min S/C Current
cmax cmin

Low Voltage 1.05 (bei Umax  1.06 Un)

0.95
Un  1 kV 1.10 (bei Umax  1.10 Un)

Medium Voltage
1.10 1.00
1 kV < Un  35 kV

1.10 1.00
High Voltage
If Un not defined: If Un not defined:
35 kV < Un
cmaxUn  Um cminUn  0.9Um

In general must be considered: cmaxUn  Um

Star Point Grounding (1)

1PE
ZE

1 U1 ~ ZN1 ZT1 Z L1

2 ZN2 ZT2 Z L2

0 Z N0 ZT0 ZL0
C L/2 C L /2
3 ZE

55 Training material
4.1 Presentation: Short-Circuit Calculation in PowerFactory

Star Point Grounding (2)

Low-Impedance Grounding Isolated Star-Point

1 U1 ~ ZN1 ZT1 ZL1 1 U1 ~ Z N1 ZT1 Z L1

2 ZN2 ZT2 ZL2 2 Z N2 ZT2 Z L2

0 ZN0 ZT0 Z L0 0 Z N0 ZT0 ZL0

C L/2 C L /2 C L/2 C L/2
3 ZE 3 ZE

Star Point Grounding (3)

Star-Point Compensation

1 U1 ~ Z N1 ZT1 Z L1

2 Z N2 ZT2 Z L2

0 ZN0 ZT0 ZL0

C L/2 C L/2
3 XE

02  3LE  CL  1

Training material 56
4.1 Presentation: Short-Circuit Calculation in PowerFactory

Current iteration for static generators

• K factor and max. current can be entered

iq(ind) [p.u.]

K
U
K

iq(kap) [p.u.]

• Iterative caluclation of voltage and current

57 Training material
4.2 Short Circuit Calculation in a medium voltage grid

4.2 Short Circuit Calculation in a medium voltage grid

In this part of the exercise, you will learn how to use the Short Circuit Calculation both near
and far from the generator, as well as the influence of switching operations on the Short Circuit
Analysis of a 20 kV medium voltage grid. Furthermore, you will consider the influence of a wind
turbine on the resulting short circuit current and how it affects the dimensioning of a busbar.
Finally, you will get to know how ground fault compensation can be implemented.

4.2.1 Verification of busbars sizing

• Import and activate the project “BA SHC START”.

• Deactivate the grid “110 kV grid” from the calculation.
• Run the simulation cases 1) and 2) that are listed below and enter the results in table 4.1:
1. 3 ph. max Short Circuit Calculation at all busbars according to IEC 60909 for the
given network topology. Are there any overloaded elements?
2. Change the network topology by closing the circuit-breaker at the line “L SS1-SS3_b”
and calculate a 3 phase Short Circuit according to IEC 60909 at all busbars. Are there
any overloaded elements?

Table 4.1: Results short circuit medium voltage grid

Base case CB closed

Initial Short-Circuit Power
Skss max
Initial Short-Circuit Current
Ikss max
Peak Short-Circuit Current
Ip max
Overloaded network components
Configuration allowed?

Open the circuit breaker again at the line “L SS1-SS3_b” next to load “L-2” so that the original
network topology is obtained.

Now switch to the “Single Line Diagram HV”. Activate the grid “110 kV grid” again.

• Calculate a max 3-phase Short Circuit at busbar “S1” of the substation SS1 in the “110 kV
grid”.

• Analyse the influence of the break time on the breaking current Ib. For this purpose add
Ib to the results shown in the result boxes. Use Comparison of Results for the analysis.
• Analyse the influence on the fault clearing time on Ith. Add Ith to the results shown in the
result box.

4.2.2 3-Phase Short Circuit Calculation on a line

• Switch over again to the 20 kV grid. Calculate a 3-phase Short Circuit on line “SS1-SS2-
1”. The fault location should be at 70 per cent of the line (counted from the external grid).
• Analyse the influence of the fault location on the short-circuit currents.

Training material 58
4.2 Short Circuit Calculation in a medium voltage grid

4.2.3 Additional Exercise: Single-Phase Short Circuit

In this exercise, different treatments of the transformer star point will be analysed.

Single-Phase short-circuits are especially problematic in medium voltage grids. Thus we will
continue the Short Circuit training in the 20 kV-grid.

Single-Phase to ground fault in a system with isolated star points

This is most likely to be used in small MV networks.

• Change the LV star point of the two 110/20 kV transformers at substation “SS1” and “SS3”
to be “not connected”.
• Execute a single phase to ground short circuit at “SS1”. Use the IEC 60909 method.
• Note the resulting values in table 4.2.

Earthfault Compensation

• Execute the short circuit calculation at “SS1” and “SS3”, considering the isolated star
point of both transformers. What is the value of the imaginary part of the zero sequence
impedance at both locations?
• Enter the internal grounding impedance of each transformer in a way, that the network is
compensated. Therefore, use the zero sequence impedance (R0, X0) at the short circuit
busbar.

• Enter the values observed at substation “SS1” in table 4.2.

59 Training material
4.3 Additional Exercise: Complete Method and Calculation of Multiple Faults

Solid Grounded System

• Note the phase current after an unbalanced load flow calculation.

• Connect the transformers star point at substation “SS1” to ground without any impedance.
• Enter the values in table 4.2.
Table 4.2: Short-Circuit currents and voltages

4.3 Additional Exercise: Complete Method and Calculation of Multiple

Faults

4.3.1 Short Circuit Calculation with the Complete Method

• Now calculate the single-phase Short Circuit with the Complete Method. Is the single-
phase ground fault still compensated?
• Compare the results with those of the IEC method. Why does the connection technology
of the loads not matter in the IEC Short Circuit Calculation?

4.3.2 Calculation of Multiple (Simultaneous) Faults

A typical application of this function is the calculation of double ground faults:

• Calculate a simultaneous single phase to ground fault at the 20 kV-lines “SS1-SS2-1” (fault
in phase A) and “SS1-SS2-2” (fault in phase B) by applying the option Multiple Faults for
the Short-Circuit method complete.
• For this mark both lines and select the right-mouse-option Calculate → Multiple Faults. . . .
After that double click on each one of the listed Short Circuit events and select the fault
type.

Training material 60
4.3 Additional Exercise: Complete Method and Calculation of Multiple Faults

• Afterwards press Close. The Short Circuit Dialog appears. Note that the complete method
and the option Multiple Faults is selected automatically. Press Execute.

• Observe the current distribution after the calculation. Change the variable choice if nec-
essary, to see the results of several phases.

61 Training material
4.4 Additional Exercise: Short Circuit Calculation in an Industrial network

4.4 Additional Exercise: Short Circuit Calculation in an Industrial net-

work

Import the project “industrial grid.pfd” and activate the project. The example project contains
motors, loads, diesel generators, a battery and includes several voltage levels.

Please have a look at the position of the switches in the network in figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1: Industrial network start

• Close the switch for the external grid and for the low voltage side of the transformer “T1”
as shown in figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2: Connection of external infeed

• Calculate the max. 3 phase Short Circuit for all Busbars and Junction Nodes according
to IEC 60909. Are there any overloaded elements? Note the automatic change of the
colouring mode.

Training material 62
4.4 Additional Exercise: Short Circuit Calculation in an Industrial network

• Define a table for busbars with the use of flexible data having the following results:
– Initial short circuit current (Ikss)
– Initial short circuit power (Skss)
– Peak current (ip)
– Break current(Ib) or (Ia)
– Thermal equivalent short circuit current (Ith)
• Sort the table according to the highest initial short circuit power. At which busbar do you
observe the highest short- circuit power? Please fill out Table 4.3.

• Analyse the influence of the motor on the short-circuit current. Which motor has the largest
contribution to the fault? Please add the result to Table 4.3.

Up till now the 11 kV busbars have not been connected. Close the circuit breaker at the busbar
“Power Station” between “L1” and “R1” (as shown Figure 4.3)

Figure 4.3: 11 kV busbars connected

• Recalculate the 3 phase max. Short Circuit for all busbars. Is this configuration allowed?
Add the results to Table 4.3 below.

Table 4.3: Results Short Circuit Calculation

Base case 11 kV connected

Overloaded elements
Initial Short-Circuit Power
Skss max
Initial Short-Circuit Current
Ikss max
Thermal equivalent
Short-Circuit current
Ith max
Peak Short-Circuit Current
Ip max
Motor with highest contribution
Configuration allowed?

63 Training material
4.4 Additional Exercise: Short Circuit Calculation in an Industrial network

By entering a type for a circuit-breaker, the user is able to detect overloading of the circuit-
breaker element during a fault. Please set up the configuration shown in Figure 4.4. The
external infeed should be switched off, the battery and the “Generator 1” should be set to out
of service. Ensure that the circuit-breaker between “L1” and “R1” of the busbar “Power Station”
remains closed.

Figure 4.4: “Generator 1” turned off

• Add a new circuit-breaker type to the motor “CWP 2”. The circuit-breaker type should have
the following default data:
– Rated Current = 1 kA
– Peak Short-Circuit Current = 50 kA
– Rated Breaking Current = 50 kA

• Are the threshold values respected for this circuit-breaker element? Activate the option
“verification” in the tab “verification” in the Short Circuit command and set the limit to 90
per cent.
• Change the type if the limits are not respected.

Training material 64
5 Connection of grids

Purpose: Become acquainted with different methods of grid connection

Contents: Exercise: Connection of grids

• Connection via graphical copy of a node
• Connection via the use of an edge element
Level: Basic.

Notes:
...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

65 Training material
5.1 Exercise: Network Connection

5.1 Exercise: Network Connection

The project “BA NETCON START” contains a 110 kV- and a 20 kV-grid, shown in the diagrams
“Single Line Diagram HV” and “Single Line Diagram MV” respectively. The two grids are not
connected, but if you look in a Data Manager you can see that the 20 kV-grid contains three
110kV busbars. The busbars “SS1 110kV” and “SS3 110kV” are currently just connected to
external grids, but could in fact correspond to “SS1/S1” and “SS3/S1” in the 110 kV grid, and be
represented on both graphics. Mark these in graphic on the “Single Line Diagram MV”. You will
now use two different methods for achieving the connection just described.

5.1.1 Connection via pasting the same element into a second grid

• Delete the external network “Ext-SS1” and the busbar “SS1 110 kV” in the 20 kV grid.

• Navigate to the 110 kV grid and copy the busbar “SS1/S1”. Paste the copied into the 20 kV
grid ONLY graphically; to do so, return to the 20 kV grid and select the right click option
Paste Graphic Only. By selecting Paste Graphic Only a graphical representation of the
element will be added to the 20 kV grid; the electrical element will remain on the 110 kV
grid.

• Connect the transformer “T SS 1” to the busbar. Validate the results by performing a Load
Flow Calculation. The voltage at the busbar “SS1/S1” should be equal at both grids. Right
click on the busbar “SS1/S1” and select Mark in other diagram to jump from one grid to
the other.

5.1.2 Connection of grids via the use of an edge element

• Start the connection by deleting the elements “Ext-SS3” and “SS3-110”.

• Right click on the transformer “T-SS3” and select the option Connect Element. You can
see now a drawing line linked to your mouse. Click with the left mouse in the single line
diagram tab “Singe Line Diagram HV” to switch the single line diagram. Connect the
transformer to the busbar “SS3/S1” in the 110 kV grid.
• Perform a Load Flow Calculation and evaluate the results. Are any elements overloaded?
• What is the interchange power between the two grids?

Training material 66
6 Network Planning

Purpose: Become acquainted with helpful tools for grid expansion and operational
planing.

Contents: Network planning in PowerFactory

• Grids

• Variations
• Expansion Stages
• Operation Scenarios
• Study Cases

• Data Management
Exercise: Planning by use of Variations, Operation Scenarios and
Study Cases
• Set up a Variation for Network Planning
• Usage of several expansion stages

• Create and apply Operation Scenarios

• Compare Operation Scenarios
• Create and apply Study Cases
Level: Intermediate.

6.1 Presentation: Network Planning and Operation: Organising the Project

Data

Notes:
...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................

67 Training material
6.1 Presentation: Network Planning and Operation: Organising the Project Data

Network Planning and Operation

Organising the Project Data

Relevant Terminology

1. Grids

2. Variations
1

3. Expansion Stages 2 6
3
4. Operation Scenarios

5. Study Cases

6. Study Time

7. Project overview

8. Study Case overview

Network Planning and Operation 2

Training material 68
6.1 Presentation: Network Planning and Operation: Organising the Project Data

1. Grids

• A grid is a grouping of network models.

• Network models are usually grouped in a grid if they have one of the following criteria in
common:
– Voltage level
– Ownership
– Geographical location
• A grid is assigned a frequency, a diagram, a colour, and may also be assigned an owner
and an interchange schedule

• A grid can be:

– Active (considered during calculations)
– Inactive (not considered during calculations)

Network Planning and Operation 3

2. Variations

• Variations are used to define network

topology changes

• Application:
- Representing the phased expansion of
the network in relation to time

- Representing alternative planning

possibilities

• Definition:
- Variations are defined in terms of
Expansion Stages

Network Planning and Operation 4

69 Training material
6.1 Presentation: Network Planning and Operation: Organising the Project Data

3. Expansion Stages

• Changes made to the network will be

stored in the recording expansion stage

• The recording expansion stage is

identified by red colouring

• It can be changed by changing the Study

Time or by right clicking on the expansion
stage (the study time will be changed to
the expansion stage activation time)

Network Planning and Operation 5

Variations and Expansion Stages

Base
Stage Variation I

Expansion
Stage 1

Variation II

Expansion
Stage 1

Expansion
Stage 2
Network Planning and Operation 6

Training material 70
6.1 Presentation: Network Planning and Operation: Organising the Project Data

Variations Expansion Stages & Study Time

Base Stage

Variation II

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

Act. Time: 01.04.2011 08.07.2011 03.11.2011

Study Case Time: 19.10.2011

Network Planning and Operation 7

4. Operation Scenarios

An Operation Scenario is a collection of operational

network data

Properties of Operation Scenarios:

• An Operation Scenario can be activated and

deactivated

• When active the complete set of operational data is

applied to the network model

• When inactive, model returns to (base) network

model

• Operation Scenarios must be saved by the user,

otherwise changes discarded

Network Planning and Operation 8

71 Training material
6.1 Presentation: Network Planning and Operation: Organising the Project Data

4. Operation Scenarios (cont.)

Generation • Active and Reactive power

Patterns • Voltage set-point
• Active and reactive power
Demand Data • Power demand transfer to a
different load
Transformer • Actual Tap Position
Tap Settings • Control Mode
• Circuit Breaker &
Local Switch
Status • Disconnector Status (Open/
Closed)
Data stored in an • Running Arrangement
RA Selection
Operation Scenario Selection per substation
is highlighted by blue • Enabling / Disabling Out-of-
Out of Service
Service Flag of elements

Network Planning and Operation 9

Variation vs. Operation Scenario

Variation Operation Scenario

Network Model Changes Operational Data Changes

Several Variations can be active simultaneously Only one Scenario active at any time

Mainly for Expansion Planning

Mainly for Operational Planning

Variation ≠ Operation Scenario

Network Planning and Operation 10

Training material 72
6.1 Presentation: Network Planning and Operation: Organising the Project Data

Operation Scenarios, Expansion Stages & Study Time

Stage II.1 Stage II.2

Operation
Scenario A Exp. Exp. Exp.
Stage I.1 Stage I.2 Stage I.3

Operation
Scenario B
Time

1970 Study Time

Network Planning and Operation 11

5. Study Cases

The Study Case specifies which grids, operation scenarios, variations and calculation options
to use for a study.

A concept of study case allows the user to reproduce results

Therefore, the study case holds:

- Links to active Grids, Operation Scenarios and Variations
- Study Time
- Calculation command definitions (Load flow settings, etc.)
- Results of calculations
- Outage definitions for Contingency Analysis
- Graphical settings (Plots; Visibility of diagrams, Frames, and Block definitions)

Network Planning and Operation 12

73 Training material
6.1 Presentation: Network Planning and Operation: Organising the Project Data

5. Study Cases (examples)

Study Case Grid A Grid B Var X Var Y Var Z Scen i Scen ii Scen iii

SC0 x x

SC1 x x x

SC2 x x x x x

SC3 x x x x x X
SC4 x x x x x X

• PLUS: each SC has a study time

• PLUS: each SC has calculation options
• PLUS: each SC may have results, sets etc.

Network Planning and Operation 13

Project Data

Project

General Definitions
Equipment Types Type A “Manufacturer’s Datasheet”
…

Topology and
Grid Element 1 Element 2 Operational Data
…

Operation Operation Operation

Operational Data Point A Point B Scenarios
Limits A Limits B (optional)

Study Cases

Network Planning and Operation 14

Training material 74
6.1 Presentation: Network Planning and Operation: Organising the Project Data

7. Project Overview

• Used to evaluate the current status of project

at a glance and update it where necessary.

• Active objects are indicated in bold print.

• Right click objects to activate, deactivate

apply, compare etc.

• Right click headers for additional options.

• The recording expansion stage is clearly

indicated.

• Click on the arrow on the StudyCases

header to access the study case overview.

Network Planning and Operation 15

8. Study Case Overview

• Used to quickly configure and evaluate

multiple study cases simultaneously.

• Very fast to configure study cases since

activation and deactivation is not required.

• Double click to make changes.

Network Planning and Operation 16

75 Training material
6.1 Presentation: Network Planning and Operation: Organising the Project Data

Data Management

Network Planning and Operation 1

Undo Functionality

• All changes are internally recorded by a “time stamp” in a project “history”.

• The Undo function can go back in the project history.

• Undo includes all data changing (e.g. done inside the Data Manager)

• The history is cleared upon project deactivation.

• Changes can be:

- Deleting, changing, adding elements

- Graphical changes

- Modifications of parameter values

- Multiple simultaneous changes will be recorded as one change

- …

Network Planning and Operation 2

Training material 76
6.1 Presentation: Network Planning and Operation: Organising the Project Data

Tracking Changes in Object Data

Last Modified information:

• Shows a time stamp, when the object has

been touched the last time.

• The user who is responsible for the

change is shown.

Information allows:

• Check when/if object has been changed.

• Important: ANY change is considered!

Network Planning and Operation 3

Project Versions

A Version is a snapshot of the whole Project

Project

Latest version
Version 1 Version 2 Version 3 Version 4 created by the user.

Time of Working
V1 V2 V3 V4 with the Project

Status of Project

Network Planning and Operation 4

77 Training material
6.1 Presentation: Network Planning and Operation: Organising the Project Data

Roll-Back Function

• Rolling back to a previous versions:

• Version will be copied onto the project data.
• All changes made are deleted and can not be recovered.

Project

Latest version created

Version 1 Version 2 Version 3 Version 4 by the user.
Roll-Back

Time
V1 V2 V3 V4

Status of Project

Network Planning and Operation 5

The Derived Project

The Derived Project is a “Virtual Project Copy”:

• Behaves like a “real copy” from the user’s point of view

• Internally only the data differences between the Base Project and the Derived Project are stored in
the database

• This approach avoids the data overhead

Purpose: all users use same power system model

• Always remains connected to the base project

• User is notified of changes in base project

Network Planning and Operation 6

Training material 78
6.1 Presentation: Network Planning and Operation: Organising the Project Data

Base Project, Versions and Derived Projects

Base Project

Latest regular version of

Version 1 Version 2 Version 3 the Base Project

The data administrator issues updates to the

Base Project in form of Versions.

User 1 Derived Project

User 2 Derived Project

Network Planning and Operation 7

Updating to a New Version of the Base Project

Base Project

New Version of
Version 1 Version 2 Version 3 Version 4 the base project

User 1 Derived Project User 1 must

compare these.
This can be
User 2 Derived Project done with the
Compare and
Merge Tool.
User 3 Derived Project

Network Planning and Operation 8

79 Training material
6.1 Presentation: Network Planning and Operation: Organising the Project Data

Updating to a New Version of the Base Project

Base Project

Version 1 Version 2 Version 3 Version 4

Merge Tool
User 1 Derived Project

Merge Tool
User 2 Derived Project

Merge Tool
User 3 Derived Project

Network Planning and Operation 9

Training material 80
6.2 Exercise: Low voltage network planning

6.2 Exercise: Low voltage network planning

In the next exercise you will be introduced to the network planning and operation tools in
PowerFactory.

• Import and activate the project “BA PLAN START”.

• Insert a new grid via Insert → Grid. . . . Name the grid “400 V town grid”.
• A new window will open, select the option Add Grid to active Study Case, this is equivalent
to activate the grid.

6.2.1 Use of Variations and Expansion Stages

• Insert a new variation via Insert → Variation. . . . Name the variation “Low voltage plan-
ning”. Activate the variation.
• A new Expansion Stage will be automatically created, rename it as “First planning step”.
Chose a date in 3 months’ time as the activation time.

• Notice the differences shown in the Project overview window. Check if the study case time
is equal to the time of the active expansion stage.
• Compare the project overview window of your project to the Figure 6.1 below.

Figure 6.1: Project overview window

• Adjust the title of the “400 V town grid” according to your needs. You could add for example
the project title, study case name, or your company name to the title.

Note: To show the title block, select the corresponding Layer ( ). Once it is shown
double click on it to open the edit dialog

Now we will build the low voltage town network:

• Copy the busbar “SS2 (20kV)/S1” from the 20 kV grid and paste the busbar only graphi-
cally to the 400 V grid by using the right mouse-option Paste Graphic Only.
• Adapt the width of the busbar if necessary.

81 Training material
6.2 Exercise: Low voltage network planning

• Now, build up the 400 V grid as shown in Figure 6.2. Use the types from the global library
of PowerFactory.

• Use Low-Voltage Loads ( ) for the loads of this exercise.

Figure 6.2: Low voltage enhancement

• Perform a Load Flow Calculation and note the results of busbar “Police” in the 400 V grid.
What voltage do you obtain at the node?

Additional Expansion Stage

The 400 V grid will be enhanced by a new terminal called “Town hall”. The terminal “Town hall”
is 400 m away from the terminal “Police”.

Furthermore the local fire department and the police plan to use the spacious roof area to install
a solar power plant. We will analyse whether retrofitting measures will be necessary to allow
the connection of several hundred kWp PV-power.

• Create a new expansion stage with the name “Second planning step”. The activation date
should be 6 months from today.

Training material 82
6.2 Exercise: Low voltage network planning

• Build the grid as shown in figure 6.3. Note the change of the load at the substation
“Firefighters”. Use the stated types from the global library.

• For the solar plants use the element PV System .

Figure 6.3: Second step with PV

• Are the limits respected for Load Flow Analysis? Are changes to the network topology
required?
• Choose another type for the overloaded lines in order to respect the limits.

It is time now to test how the activation and deactivation of variations and expansion stage work
and their relation to the Study Time:

• Deactivate the variation by using the project overview window. Which changes appear if
the variation is not active?
• Freeze the single line diagram . What changed?
• Why is the 20 kV busbar visible when the variation is deactivated if it was drawn after
inserting the variation?
• Activate the variation “Low voltage planning” again.
• Change the Study Time to 4 months from now. Which expansión stage is activated?
• Now select the expansion stage Second planning step as recording expansion stage.
Observe the message in the pop-up window and the change in the Study Time.

83 Training material
6.2 Exercise: Low voltage network planning

6.2.2 Use of Operation Scenarios

Before defining new operation scenarios, we recommend that our users save the base case
data in an operation scenario.

• Save the actual base case data in an operation scenario. To do so, select File → Save
Operation Scenario as. . .
• Name the newly created scenario “Base Case”.
• Open the edit dialog of some of the elements of the network. All data which is treated
as operational data has a blue background . This is a hint that an operational scenario is
active.
• The new scenario is listed in the project overview window, in the Data Manager the
operational scenarios are located in the folder Operation Scenarios. In case of an active
operation scenario, the name is highlighted in red.
• Create a new operation scenario and name it “high load”. Activate this operation scenario.

• View all loads within the project using the Network Model Manager ( ). Change the
scaling factor for all loads to 1.1.
Hint: The parameter Scaling Factor is located on the Load Flow tab

• Notice the star (*) next to the name of the operational scenario in the project overview
window. This is a hint that operational data has been changed and has not been saved.
• Define the Flexible Data page of the loads to include the Active Power (e:plini) and the
Actual Active Power (e:plini_a). Verify the scaling factor is applied.
• Execute a Load Flow Calculation and check the convergence.
• Deactivate the operational scenario high load and activate the scenario base case. You
will be asked if you want to save the changes in the deactivated scenario. Select Yes.

Comparison of scenarios

The defined changes in the operation scenarios will be compared to each other now.

• Deactivate any operational scenario which is active and clear the output window.
• Compare the operation scenario high load with the scenario base case. Follow these
steps:
– Right click on the base scenario and select Compare.
– A new window will open.
– Select the operation scenario which you want to compare with (high load) and con-
firm the selection pressing OK.
• The differences between the operation scenarios will be listed in the output window.

Operational data can be applied from one scenario to another. E.g. the high load data could
become the future base case.

• Activate the scenario to which you would like to apply the changes (destination operation
scenario) here: “base case”.
• Mark the operational scenario “high load” and select the right click option Apply.
• The data will be copied automatically and previous values will be overwritten.
• Now compare both scenarios. Are there still differences between the scenarios?

Training material 84
6.3 Study Cases

6.3 Study Cases

With the use of study cases, you can manage your calculation cases. A study case contains
all the necessary references to the active grids, variations and operation scenarios. By defining
study cases, you can switch easily between different calculation set-ups which differ by variation
or scenarios.

• Define several study cases, which represent the grid with different active variations, expan-
sion stages and operation scenarios, e.g. “base case”, “base case - low load”, “variation -
low load”.
– For this purpose select Insert → Study Case. . . .
– Add networks, possibly variations and operation scenarios to the Study Case via the
Project Overview Window using the right click option Activate.
– One or more grids can be assigned to one Study Case. During a calculation only
elements of an active grid will be included.
• Analyse whether there are particular combinations which lead to unacceptable operating
conditions.

6.4 Consolidation of a variation into the base grid

Changes done in a network within a variation can be consolidated into the base grid. The
variation itself will be removed and the changed will be stored in the base network.

• Please ensure that the variation “Low voltage planning” with its two expansion stages is
active.
• Since the consolidation is irreversible, please export the project now.

• Create a version to save the currently existing project. Call the version “Finished enhance-
ment”.
• Right click in the project overview window on your active study case and select Consolidate
Network Variation. The active variations will be consolidated into the base network by this
command and the variation will be removed.

85 Training material
7 Load Scaling

Purpose: Become acquainted with methods of manual and time-dependent load

scaling

Contents: Exercise: Load Scaling

• Define feeders and create voltage profiles

• Load scaling (manual and by time characteristics)

• Quasi-Dynamic-Simulation
• Applying load profiles
Level: Intermediate.

Training material 86
7.1 Feeders

7.1 Feeders

Medium voltage networks are usually operated in a radial configuration. In these exercises
some typical analyses for medium voltage systems based on the 20 kV network will be carried
out. Voltage profiles which show the dependency of some variable in relation to the distance
from a feeding point and Load Flow calculations for the situation where loads along a feeder are
scaled according to a single value measured at the feeder location are examined.

• Import and activate the project “BA SCALING START”.

• Set generation “Gen1” in the 20 kV grid Out of Service.
• Change the date of the Study Case to 01.01.2016, 01:00.

• Define feeders at the in-feed transformers of the 20kV grid “T SS1” and “T SS3”.
– Define the feeder directly from the connection of the Busbar and Transformer.
– Click the right mouse button on the field between transformer and busbar and choose
Define → Feeder....
– Enter a name for the feeder and try to find a colour for later colouring. Here you can
select as well the type of load scaling.
• Name the feeders “Feeder SS1” respectively “Feeder SS3”. Note that the feeder direction
is into the 20 kV grid.
• Change the colouring mode to Feeder. Change the colours of the feeders to your liking.

7.2 Voltage Profiles

• Calculate a Load Flow.

• Select one element contained in the feeder “Feeder SS1”.

• Click with the right-mouse button on this element and select Show → Voltage Profile to
create a voltage profile plot for this feeder definition.
– A voltage profile can only be created if a Load Flow Calculation was previously
performed and a feeder was defined.
• Create a second voltage profile plot for the second feeder definition “Feeder SS3”.

7.3 Feeder Load Scaling

The loads along the feeder “Feeder SS3” are to be scaled according to a total power demand
of 35 MW that has been measured at the feeder.

• Open the Network Model Manager in order to display all relevant loads for the calculation.
• Enable the option “Adjusted by Load Scaling” for the loads “L 6”, “L 7” and “L 14” in the 20
kV grid to adjust these loads automatically. Close the browser again.
• Set the load-scaling mode of the feeder to Active Power and set the measured active
power to 35 MW.
• Calculate a Load Flow with the option Feeder Load Scaling enabled.

87 Training material
7.3 Feeder Load Scaling

Show the adjusted scale factor in the result box of the loads (Variable Set: Signals, variable:
scale).
Note: If required, it is possible to permanently apply the scaled values in place of the original
values in the network model.

• After performing an automatic load scaling, the determined scaling factors can be adopted
permanently in the database, by choosing the button Update Database and selecting
Scaling Factor of Loads.

• Increase the active power scaling of “Feeder SS3” from 35 MW to 50 MW. Are there any
overloads? Are they visible in the voltage profile plot?

Training material 88
7.4 Exercise: Quasi-Dynamic-Simulation

7.4 Exercise: Quasi-Dynamic-Simulation

With the help of the command Quasi-Dynamic-Simulation you can perform Load Flow simula-
tions over a whole day, a week or a whole year, etc. This simulation is performed in the low
voltage grid.

• Edit the PV-system “PV Police” at the busbar “Police”.

• Switch the model to Solar Calculation.
• Choose any type from the global library.
• Change the Number of Panels per Inverter to 40.
• The orientation and the tilt angle can be changed within the tab System Configuration.
The values remain at their default values.
• Additionally, you will find the coordinates of the PV system within the tab System Config-
uration. These coordinates are taken from the busbar and have to be changed as follows.
– Open the busbar, on which the PV system is connected (busbar “Police”).
– Switch to the page Description.
– At Geographical Coordinates tab enter the following data:
* Latitude: 48.447132
* Longitude: 9.08094
In this part of the exercise, the loads will be defined using a yearly energy consumption profile:

• Edit the load (ElmLodlv).

• Switch to Load Flow page and select “E, cos(phi)” as Load Type.
• Select as Consumption Profile “H0_Haushalt” from (Global Library → Characteristics→
BDEW Load Profiles→ Based on Yearly Consumption)
• Adjust also the Yearly Energy as indicated in Table 7.1

Table 7.1: Assignment of profiles to the loads

Name Profile Annual Energy Consumption

L School Household (Haushalt (H0)) 50 MWh
L Town Hall Household (Haushalt (H0)) 100 MWh
L Police Industry (Gewerbe (G0)) 200 MWh
L Fire Instustry (Gewerbe (G0)) 300 MWh

Now the network consists of loads and one PV system, where the power infeed is calculated
depending on the altitude of the sun. The loads are defined by the load profiles.

• Switch to Quasi-Dynamic-Simulation in the main menu bar.

• Select the elements whose data you would like to observe.
• Define the variables to be recorded. The definition of variables to be recorded can be
done in two different ways:
– 1.) Define the variable to be recorded for one individual element.
– 2.) Define the variable to be recorded for an element class.
– Option 1
* Select the PV system and right click this element.
* Select Define → Results for Quasi-Dynamic-Simulation. . . .

89 Training material
7.4 Exercise: Quasi-Dynamic-Simulation

* In the following window you can select the PV system and choose the variables.
* Choose active and reactive power.
– Option 2
* Select the button Edit Result Variables in the toolbar of the Quasi-Dynamic-
Simulation.
* Choose the Results AC, balanced.
* Create a new object.
* Select Others. . . in the Class Name menu.
* Select in the following dialog Bus Net Elements and choose the element Low-
Voltage Load (ElmLodlv).
* For the element choose active and reactive power as the variable to be recorded.
• Run a simulation for the whole day. Pay attention to the date of the Study Case (12 months
from today). Choose a step size of 1 h.
• Create a diagram by selecting the option Create Subplot in the toolbox. For example add
the loading of the transformer “T SS3”, the voltage at “SS3/S1” or the active power at the
Low-Voltage Load “L Police” to the diagram.

• If you like, define several diagrams.

• Analyse the results of the curve shapes.
• Open the Quasi-Dynamic Simulation Reports and select Voltage Ranges as well as Load-
ing Ranges to display the tabular reports.

Training material 90
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