QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

MODULE 6
SOCIAL LITERACY

A. OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define social literacy
2. Discuss social skills, their impact and strategies for improvement
3. Describe an emotionally intelligent person
4. Identify ways on how to integrate social literacy in the lesson
5. Analyze research abstract on social literacy and its implications on teaching-learning
process

B. TOPIC GUIDE

1. Definition of Terms
2. Types of Social Skills
3. Improving social skills
4. Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
5. Strategies for Enhancing Emotional Intelligence
6. Recommended Tools in Enhancing Emotional Intelligence
7. Ten Characteristics of an Emotionally Intelligent Person (Connors, 2018)
8. Strategies in Obtaining Good People Skills
9. Ten Essential People Skills to Succeed

C. KEY TERMS:

 Social Skills, Emotional Intelligence

D. LECTURE DISCUSSION:
SOCIAL LITERACY
The school is a social institution established for the contemplation of reality in a
profound, personal, informal and unstructured way. Teachers facilitate learning,
teach students and model certain types of acceptable behavior while developing them
in all aspects: academically, physically, emotionally and socially. In performing such
tasks, teachers also relate to parents and other stakeholders. That is why
understanding and attaining social literacy is imperative among them.

Social Literacy
Social literacy entails the development of social skills, knowledge and positive
human values toward desire and ability in human beings to act and react positively

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Page 1 of 40
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

and responsibly in a wide range of complex social settings. It can be acquired through
social process of inquiry, values exploration and social decision-making that relate to
the acquisition of knowledge and understanding (Arthur, Davison and Stow, 2000).

In school, social literacy can be demonstrated by teachers in dealing with their

superiors, colleagues, parents, students and others, while for students, by way of
interaction and interrelation with the surroundings around them - their peers, the
media and political influencers, technology agents, religious groups, school staff,
family
members, etc.

Social Skills
Social skills are aspects of social literacy. As such, these are an integral part of
functioning in society. It involves good manners, communicating effectively with
others, being considerate of others' feelings and expressing personal needs. In fact,
children gain social skills through playing while adults obtain it by interrelating with
others, both verbally (spoken language) and non-verbally (gestures, body language,
facial expressions, eye contact and appearance).

Social skills are also important in schools because they help build, maintain
and grow relationships of students with classmates, peers, teachers, students, and
others, while for teachers, with their superiors, colleagues, parents, students, and
others. These can be attained through:
(1) gaining ideas, information, techniques and perspectives from people with
different areas of expertise;
(2) providing their own perspective for the benefit of others;
(3) accomplishing tasks and working together toward shared goal;
(4) providing mutual support for difficult situations;
(5) expanding network to learn about and pursue new opportunities;
(6) gaining feedback and referrals from people who
can personally attest to work, skills and qualities; and
(7) making the school truly a healthy and conducive learning environment.

Types of Social Skills

There are types of social skills that teachers can demonstrate among students
to attain a harmonious relationship with them.

1. Effective communication. It is the ability to Communicate effectively and

share thoughts and ideas with students through group conversations,
discussions, etc.
2. Conflict resolution. It is the ability to get to the source of the problem and find
a workable solution by weighing both sides from those involved with the goal of
mediating for reconciliation

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

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 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

3. Active listening. It is the ability to pay close attention to a student in times of

counseling, introspection and consultation. Empathy. It is the ability to
understand and identify the feelings of students in times of difficulty and
trouble.
4. Relationship management. It is the ability to maintain relationships
stakeholders for the student's development.
5. Respect. It can be done by knowing when to initiate communication and
respond during interactions or even in times of heated arguments and
confrontations.
6. Problem-solving skills. These involve seeking help, making effective decisions
and accepting Consequences to derive better solutions to the problem.
7. Interpersonal skills. These include the abilities of sharing, joining activities,
asking for permission and waiting for one's turn in every facet of school
undertakings.

Improving social skills. Social skills can be improved by focusing on sustaining

desirable attitudes and eliminating those undesirable ones through modeling, role-
playing and performance feedback mechanisms.

In addition, one may consider:

(1) maintaining eye contact;
2)using proper body language;
(3) knowing the difference between being assertive and being aggressive;
(4) selecting effective communication channels;
(5) being flexible;
(6) accepting criticism without being defensive;
(7) remaining positive at all times; and
(8) being teachable and a good student in most instances
(https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/social-skills.html).

Likewise, other ways that may help are as follows: (1) Behave as a social person;
(2) Start small if necessary; (3) Ask open-ended questions; (4) Encourage others to talk
about themselves; (5) Create goals for yourself; (6) Offer compliments generously; (7)
Read books about social skills; (8) Practice good manners; (9) Pay attention to your
body language; (10) Join a social skills support group; (11) Stay up to date on current
events; and (12) Identify and replace negative thoughts.

Impact of Social Skills. Possessing social skills results to; (1) better
relationships; (2) better communication; (3) greater efficiency (4) advanced career
prospects; and (5) increased over-all happiness (https://www.masters-in-special-
education.com/lists/5-types-of-social-skills-deficit/).

Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Page 3 of 40
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Emotional intelligence can bring about maintaining a healthy and purposeful

relationship with others that may best depict a socially literate person.

Goleman (1996) defines Emotional Intelligence (EQ) as the ability

to: (1) recognize, understand and manage own emotions; and (2) recognize,
understand and influence the emotions of others.

It is being aware that emotions can drive behavior and impact people (positively
and negatively), and learning how to manage those emotions, both one's own and
others' when under pressure, especially in times of: (1) giving and receiving feedback;
(2) meeting tight deadlines; (3) dealing with challenging relationships; (4) not having
enough resources, (5) dealing with change; and (6) experiencing setbacks and failure.

Strategies for Enhancing Emotional Intelligence

Goleman (1995) laid down ways of enhancing emotional intelligence in the light of
understanding and managing emotions that teachers need to know and understand.

1. Think about feelings. A person has to be sensitive to one's and other's feelings
to come up with the right manner of approach or appropriate response. For
example, a teacher has to be aware of his/her students' background or
situation that may trigger negative emotions. In that case, he/she would know
the right approach when dealing with sensitive issues in class.
2. Pause. This is about taking a moment to stop and think before doing anything
to refrain from resorting to an unsound decision at the height of anger. For
example, at the peak of anger with a student who commits violations, a teacher
may gently pausefor a while and take a moment of silence to rethink and cool
down before jumping to any decision in order to avoid untoward consequences.

3. Strive to control one's thoughts. This is controlling the reaction to emotions

by focusing on one's thoughts in harmony with goals and values. For example,
instead of overreacting to a certain incident or situation in class, try to control
negative thoughts to see a myriad of colors at the end of the rainbow among
students. As such, try to find beauty in all things despite not-so-good
circumstances that may happen.

4. Benefit from criticism. Criticism, even not delivered in a favorable way, is an

opportunity to learn and it gives idea on how others think about you. For
example, when a senior teacher gives negative feedback on your work, instead
of taking it personally against him/her, gratefully accept it with humility and
appreciation, just think that it is for your improvement.

5. Show authenticity. This is saying what we mean with what we say and we
have to stick on to our values and principles. For example, in times of

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Page 4 of 40
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

confrontation with parents, as teachers, we should clearly express our side with
respect and sincerity while consistently upholding on to the principle and truth
behind the issue in order to avoid resorting to heated argument and conflict at
the end.

6. Demonstrate empathy. Whenever we show empathy to others, such as

understanding their thoughts and feelings, we can easily establish a connection
with them. As teachers, we should reach out to students who are in their worse
situations and try to understand them and feel as if we were in the same boat.

7. Praise others. This is by way of acknowledging and appreciating others toward

attaining self-fulfillment and building trust. For example, teachers should give
acknowledgment and praise to students for their deeds that are worth
commending.

8. Give helpful feedback. Although negative feedback may hurt one's feelings, at
some point, it can be turned constructive for one's improvement. For example,
when we receive negative feedback from our superiors, we have to take it as a
challenge toward becoming a better and stronger person.

9. Apologize. Saying sorry demonstrates humility, a quality that will naturally win
others as you value the relationship more than the ego. For example, whenever
we commit mistakes in teaching, whether big or small, there is nothing to lose
when we apologize, even at times, doing it may seem to be very difficult.

10.Forgive and forget. Forgiving and forgetting prevent others from holding
emotions and allowing one to move forward. For example, when a student or a
colleague hurts us, we should be ready to forgive and let go of the pains that
somehow caused us.

11.Keep our commitments. The habit of keeping one's word in things, either big
or Small, develops a strong reputation reliability and trustworthiness. For
example, when we are given tasks in the school, make sure that we commit
ourselves, our time and efforts into it. Remember, opportunities may only come
once, therefore, grab every Opportunity that may come along our way for it may
never come again.

12.Help others. One way to positively win others is through helping them because
listening to and helping them can build trust and inspire them to follow. For
example, in every school activity, we have to find ways to help others
accomplish their tasks successfully. In return, they will be grateful to us.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Page 5 of 40
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

13.Protect ourselves from emotional sabotage. This is being wise enough in

protecting ourselves when others attempt to manipulate our emotions for
personal sake. For example, when we feel that someone has been excessively or
wrongly controlling our actions, feelings and decisions in school, stop it in any
right but subtle and courteous way possible.

Recommended Tools in Enhancing Emotional Intelligence

Emotional intelligence can be enhanced in school with the help of the following
tools and strategies:

1. Emotional Literacy Workshop. This will help teachers to communicate with

students, recognize and manage emotions and increase self -awareness.
2. Emotional Literacy Museum. It is a self-directed learning experience that teaches
about the physiology of emotions, emotional regulation, and emotional literacy.
3. Mixed Emotions Cards. It is a beautiful deck of "tarot-like" cards of feelings
(labeled with feelings and synonyms).
4. eMotion Cards. It is an evocative, playful moon face illustration of emotions
(open-ended without labels).
5. Biodots. It is a simple reminder that emotions are part of our physiology.
6. Bingo Emotions. It is typically a classic "bingo" game played with emotions.
7. Feeling Faces. These are photos of real people and data about how survey
respondents evaluated each picture
8. Six Seconds Emotional Intelligence Assessment. It provides feedback about the
way one uses EQ and how to improve in this area.
(http://www.6seconds.org/2018/02/27/emotional-intelligence-tips-
1. awareness/)

9. The Zoo: Animal Workshop. It is an activity that intends to imitate an animal

behavior and gesture that ends with reflections and group sharing.

10. Face Workshop. It is an activity, in which partners face each other while
showing different facial expressions and qualities that ends with reflections.

11. The Machine Transformer. Participants in groups have to transform into an

assigned machine or vehicle, of which each member shall comprise different
parts, deemed essentials and equally important that usually ends up with
interactions and reflections.

12. Tower Building. Groups will be tasked to build a tower using pop sticks and
straws. The goal is to make the tallest and strongest tower of all. This will end
up with interactions, sharing, open forums and patching of emotional barriers.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Page 6 of 40
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

13. Build Me a House. The participants in groups will be tasked to build a house
using any available material around them. The goal is to make the strongest
house. Then, the facilitator will suddenly destroy the house made by the group
and observe the members' emotions and reactions and let them express their
feelings and thoughts. At the end, each one will draw realizations, lessons and
values for reflection.

14. Internationalization Activity. This is an activity that helps participants to reflect

on the narrations of the facilitator with a background music in a dim and
candle lighted room. Everyone can express his/her emotions and feelings of
resentment, remorse, agony, disappointment, and sadness.

15. Mirroring and Unmasking Activity. Each participant shall prepare a piece of
paper and put it at his/her back. In a circular formation, everyone has to write
that person’s negative attitude on that paper. Everyone will be given time to see
those feedbacks and reflect on them while they are also given a chance to
express themselves. These negative feedbacks will be called masks to be torn-
off and burned at the end of the activity and they will be led to a prayer for self-
renewal and rejuvenation.

Ten Characteristics of an Emotionally Intelligent Person (Connors, 2018)

The following are indicators and manifestations of an emotionally intelligent person

that have to be considered and demonstrated in schools.

1. Empathy. Empathy is the capacity to understand or feel what another person

is experiencing from within their frame of reference.
Greater Good Science Center in UC Berkeley laid down two different types of
empathy, namely: (a) Affective empathy – refers to the sensations and feelings
that one gets in response to others' emotions including mirroring what that
person is feeling,
or just feeling stressed when he/she detects another's fear or anxiety: (b)
Cognitive empathy (sometimes called "perspective-taking")- refers to one's ability
to identify and understand other people's emotions.
2. Self-awareness. It is the art of understanding one's self, recognizing the stimuli
that he/she faces and preparing how to manage him/herself, both in a
proactive and reactive manner.
3. Curiosity. It is one's willingness to learn and improve. When one is curious,
he/she is passionate and therefore, he/she is driven to desire to be at his/her
best.
4. Analytical mind. It pertains to being critical thinker that analyzes and
processes all new information that comes his/her way and see if they can
extract ways to improve.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Page 7 of 40
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

5. Belief. It is the power of believing in one's self, both at present and the future.
It is a matter of affirming that people and things in one's life happen for a
reason and that everything will ultimately turn out to be good.
6. Needs and wants. It is something to discern between thing that one needs
versus things that he/she just wants and establishing needs prior to fulfilling
wants.
7. Passion. It is the natural desire, instinct, drive, ambition and motivated love for
a subject or someone. More so, it brings positive energy that helps sustain and
inspire one to keep going.
8. Optimism. It is about maintaining a positive attitude that may increase one's
opportunities, improve relationships and think clearly and constructively.
9. Adaptability. It is an important recognition and the ability to make or remake
decisions in one's best interest. It is also determining when to continue his/her
course, or when is the time for a change.
10. Desire to help others succeed. It is becoming interested and
appreciative of the success and achievement of others.

People Skills
Like emotional intelligence and social skills, people skills have been widely used
in demonstrating social literacy at home, in school or anywhere that a person may be.
According to Wikipedia, people skills are patterns of behavior and behavioral
interactions. For Thompson (2009), this is an area of exploration about how a person
behaves and how he/she is perceived irrespective of his/her thinking and feeling.
Honey (2001) defines it as the dynamics between personal ecology (cognitive, affective,
physical and spiritual dimensions) and its function with other people's personality
styles in numerous environments (life events, institutions, challenges, etc.).
On the other hand, people skills are tools used to communicate and interact
effectively with others. Therefore, individuals with strong people skills are able to
predict behavior, relate to others and socialize easily.
People skills can also be defined in three sets of abilities: (1) personal
effectiveness or about how one comes across with others; (2) interaction ability or how
well one predicts and decodes behavior; and (3) intercede easily or ability to lead,
influence and build bridges between people.
Moreover, people skills are the ability to accept, appreciate and admire others
on a personal or professional level. Good people skills extend to the ability to listen
and empathize with others, as well as work toward common goals with them.
Therefore, these are sets of skills that enable a person to get along with others,
communicate ideas effectively, resolve conflicts and achieve personal or professional
goals.
In general, Portland Business Journal describes people skills as
(Rifkin, 2009):
1. Ability to effectively communicate, understand and empathize

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

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 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

1. 2 Ability to interact with others respectfully productive and develop working

relationship to minimize conflict and maximize rapport.
2. Ability to build sincerity and trust, moderate behaviors (less impulsive) and
enhance aggreableness.

Educational Impact of People Skills. People skills are important for teachers in
effective classroom management. Knowing how to communicate and teach people
instead of simply teaching their subjects will help make a difference in the classroom
(Bolton, 2009). Accordingly, almost 50 percent of classroom success lies on effective
interpersonal relationships, while the other 50 percent lies within academic skills
(Boyle, 2011). This is because teachers tend to interact and relate with students.
Therefore, they need to learn how to practice these people skills effectively in order to
create a healthy and conducive learning atmosphere in the classroom.
In general, people skills are an essential part of work, life and social success.
When one has strong people skills, he/she is able to:
(1) pitch him/herself; (2) overcome social anxiety; (3) communicate ideas; and (4)
influence others positively.

Strategies in Obtaining Good People Skills

McQuerrey (2019) presents the following strategies in maintaining
good people skills which are essential in a meaningful and purpose-driven life that
teachers also need to know.

1. Good communication skills. Strong people skills in the communication area

include the ability to take in information clarify comments and participate in
effective verbal and written exchanges.

2. Conflict resolution skills. Having the ability to mediate disputes and resolve
conflict among others is an important professional skill. Hence, conflict
resolution involves ability to clarify a specific dispute, listen to perspective in a
non-judgmental manner and offer suggestions for action.
3. The value of patience. Patience is an exceptional people skill that is valuable
in every profession. It involves being able to maintain an even temper, repeat
and explain information as necessary and control anger in even the most trying
situations.
4. Tolerance and understanding . Having tolerance and understanding for the
differences of others leads to success. Tolerant people have the ability to accept
differences, even when they don't personally agree with them.

In general, there are 5 A's to improve people skills, namely: (1) acceptance; (2))
appreciation, (3) approval, (4) admiration: and (5) attention.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Page 9 of 40
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Ten Essential People Skills to Succeed

The following is the list of soft skills for one's self-reflection and examination.
1. Being socially assertive. Social assertiveness is essential for conserving social
energy in the right ways. People with high social assertiveness have more
focused social energy and more clarity in their interactions.
2. Crafting a memorable presence. People with great presence take it easy in
making connections and are extremely good at rapport building. Those with a
strong presence can attract others, are well-remembered and are likable.
3. Mastering communication. This is knowing how to present one’ s self and, in
turn, gets one's message across.
4. Sustaining lasting confidence. People, who can sustain lasting confidence are
able to conquer their shyness, avoid awkwardness and get through their anxiety
or overcome any nervous tendencies.
5. Being an excellent conversationalist. This is essential in communicating and
interacting with others. Excellent conversationalists are people whom others
may be fond of listening to and discussing with. Most interactions happen in
three levels: (1) The First Five Minutes: This is the first impression and the time
to decide if someone is worth getting to know; (2) The First Five Hours: This is
moving past first impressions into rapport building; and (3) The First Five Days:
This is the final and ultimate level of trust and connection. Thus, a
conversation is the key to moving up these three levels.
6. Being highly likable. Likability is an important facet of trust by through being
authentic or genuine with their true selves
7. Being exceptional at decoding emotions. People, who are good at reading
people, are exceptionally strong at knowing how others think and feel.
8. Pitching ideas. Pitching is a very important people skill because it happens all
the time when one is asked for his/her opinion and in introducing
himself/herself.
9. Being charismatic. Charisma is the perfect blend of two essential people skills
traits such as warmth and competence.
10.Being an influential leader. Leaders in both personal, social and professional
life are able to gain camaraderie.
(Source: www.scienceofpeople.com/people-skills/)

E. REFERENCES:
1. De Leon, Elmer. Building and Enhancing New Literacies Across the
Curriculum. LORIMAR Publishing Inc. Metro Manila. 2020.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Page 10 of 40
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
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COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

2. Lim, L, Caubic, R, Casihan, L. The Teaching Profession. Adriana Publishing

Co. Inc. Manila. 2014.
3. https://www.worldsavy.org?ourapproach/global-competence/

4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/social_literacy)

5. http://www.6seconds.org/2018/02/27/emotionalintelligence-tips-awareness/

MODULE 7
MEDIA LITERACY

A. OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define media literacy
2. Cite the important roles of media literacy
3. Explain media information literacy (MIL) along various aspects and
dimensions
4. Examine the advantages and disadvantages of media
5. Analyze research abstract on media literacy and its implication to teaching –
learning process

B. TOPIC GUIDE

1. Media Literacy Concepts

2. Roles of Media Literacy
3. Types of Social Media Websites
4. Media and Information Literacy (MIL)
5. Seven Dimensions of MIL
6. Advantages and Disadvantages of Media
7. Integrating Media Literacy in the Curriculum
8. Approaches to teaching media literacy.

C. KEY TERMS:
11. Media Literacy, Social Media
D. LECTURE DISCUSSION:

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Page 11 of 40
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Today, information come through an interwoven system of media technologies. The

ability to read many types of media has become an essential skill in the 21st Century
Thus, schools are greatly confronted with this challenge.

Media Literacy

Lynch (2018) coined the term "media" that refers to all electronic Or digital
means and print or artistic visuals used to transmit messages through reading (print
media), seeing (visual media), hearing (audio media), or changing and playing with
(interactive media), or some combinations of each. Media can be a component of active
learning
strategies, such as group discussions or case studies (Mateer and Ghent, n.d.).

Media literacy is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media
(Firestone, 1993). Media literate youth and adults can understand the complex
messages received from television, radio, Internet, newspapers, magazines, books,
billboards, video games, music, and all other forms of media. Therefore, media literacy
social studies, health, science, and other subjects. Many educators skills are included
in the educational standards in language arts, have discovered that media literacy is
an effective and engaging way to apply critical thinking skills to a wide range of issues.
(http://www.medialiteracyproject.org).

The Ontario Ministry of Education (1989) stressed that media literacy means
helping students develop an informed and critical understanding of the nature of mass
media, the techniques used and their impact. It aims to enhance students'
understanding and appreciation how media work, how they produce meaning, how
they
are organized, and how they construct reality. More so, it intends to provide students
the ability to create media products (http://www.medialit.org).

Media literacy therefore, is the ability to identify different types of media from
wide array of sources and understand the messages they bring (Hobbs, 1997).

But most of all, these have one thing in common: that someone created it for a
reason. Therefore, understanding that reason is the basis of media literacy.

Media Literacy Concepts

1. It is the ability to critically assess the accuracy and validity of information
transmitted by the mass media and produce information through various
forms.

2. Also known as Media Education, it is the ability to realize that all kinds of
media show a representation of reality.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

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3. It is the process of accessing, decoding, evaluating, analyzing and creating both

print and electronic media (Aufderheide, 1993).

4. It depicts experience of reading texts and designing hypertexts made possible

through technology (Hobbs, 2007).

5. It pertains to understanding how to use today's technology, how to operate

equipment, use various softwares and explore the Internet.

6. As a 21st Century approach to education, media literacy builds understanding

of the role of media in society, as well as the essential skills of inquiry and self-
expression necessary for democratic citizens.

7. It represents response to the complexity of the ever-changing electronic

environment and communication channels.

8. Critical evaluation of media requires the ability to analyze and disseminate

various features to others.

9. It is about teaching critical media management strategies, including ICTs in

schools and learning centers.

10. It includes the ability to perform effective Internet searches, awareness and
respect of intellectual property and copyright law and the ability to identify
truth from fake news. (https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/media-literacy/18156).

Roles of Media Literacy

It becomes easy to create media, however, it is difficult to know the creator of
this, his/her reason, and its credibility. Specifically, it helps individuals to:

6. Learn to think critically. When people evaluate media, they decide if the
messages make sense, including the key ideas before being convinced on the
information that they get from it.

7. Become a smart consumer of products and information. Media literacy helps

individuals learn how to determine whether Something is credible, especially
the advertising before they can be persuaded with the products on sale.

8. Recognize point of view. Identifying an author's perspective helps individuals

appreciate different ideas in the context of what they already know.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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9. Create media responsibly. Recognizing one's ideas and appropriately expressing

one's thoughts lead to effective communication.

10.Identify the role of media in our culture. Media conveys something, shapes
understanding of the world, and makes an individual to act or think in certain
ways.

11.Understand the author's goal. Understanding and recognizing the type of

influence something has, people can make better choices. (Common Sense
Media, n.d.)

Social Media
Social media is a term that describes websites to connect people and involve
user-generated content, which is the hallmark of a social media site. It is sometimes
called Web 2.0, which is currently a huge opportunity to reach target audience and
increase online sales (Go, 2019).

Types of Social Media Websites

There are different types of social media websites and the ways of using them to
reach the target audience.

16. Social Media News Websites. It entails users to submit links to Web content
like articles, podcasts, videos, etc. that they find interesting, such as Digg,
Reddit and Stumble Upon.

17. Social Media Networking Websites. It depicts ability to upload a personal

profile that usually connects with other people, such as Linkedin (social
networking for professionals) and facebook (social networking for everyone).
These sites serve as avenue
for meeting people and developing relationships that can lead to joint-venture
partnerships, career opportunities, and research.

18. Social Media Photo and Video Sharing. It allows users to up load photos
through faceboook, Instagram and Pinterest while videos through YouTube.

19. Microblogging and Blogging Websites. Sometimes called "presence apps",

these services let users post very short messages like blogging, and easily keep
up with what their friends are posting. Twitter is the most popular
microblogging service that limits to 280 characters per post and allows to follow
a set of users from one dashboard. Another popular social media app is
SnapChat, which is video-based.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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20. Social Media Review Websites. It shows how social reviews can make or break
a company or an organization, such as AmaZon and eBay.

Media and Information Literacy (MIL)

Media and Information Literacy (MIL) is a combination of knowledge, attitudes,
skills, and practices required to access, analyze, evaluate, use, produce, and
communicate information and knowledge in creative, legal and ethical ways that
respect human rights (Moscow Declaration on Media and Information Literacy, 2012).

The UNESCO defines it as the set of competencies to search, critically evaluate,

use and contribute information and media content wisely, the knowledge of one's
rights online; refraining from cyberbullying; understanding related ethical issues; and
engaging with media and ICTS to promote equality, free expression,
intercultural/interreligious dialog, peace, etc. (UNESCO, 2016).

Aspects of MIL
According to Reineck and Lublinski (2015), MIL is the optimal outcome of
media, information and communication technology (ICT) education along three
aspects: technical skills, critical attitudes and facts about media and ICT. Technical
skills involve ability to access and use computers, mobile and other technical devices
that offer media and information content. UNESCO's (2011) MIL curriculum delves on
"accessing information effectively and efficiently" as an aspect put into practice.

Baacke (1996) included compositional skills in his media competence model

that involves creating new kinds of media content, encouraging self-determination,
and increasing individuals' chances for participation. MiIL also involves performative
aspect that entails the competence to do rather than just to know certain things.
Moeller (2009) summarized the facets of MIL from the user perspective,
emphasizing media consumers in identifying news and understanding media's role in
reshaping the global issues. Norbert Groeben (2002) pointed out the importance of
knowledge of the inner workings (contexts, routines, contents) and the effects of
media. Fostering certain attitudes toward media and other information sources
involves and both being critical on the negative impact of media and defending it
against sources of influence.

Seven Dimensions of MIL

Shapiro and Hughes (1996) identified the seven dimensions of media
information literacy:
1. Tool Literacy. This is the ability to understand and use practical and
conceptual tools of current information technology, including software,
hardware and multimedia that are relevant to education and the areas of work
and professional life.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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2. Resource Literacy. This is the ability to understand the form, format, location
and access methods of information resources.

3. Social-Structural Literacy. This is knowing how information is socially

situated and produced, fits into the life of groups about the institutions and
social networks.

4. Research Literacy. It is the ability to understand and use IT-based tools

relevant to the work of researchers and scholars that include computer software
for quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis and simulation.

5. Publishing Literacy. It is the ability to format and publish research and ideas
electronically, in textual and multimedia forms.

6. Emerging Technology Literacy. It is the ability to adapt to, understand,

evaluate and use emerging innovations in information technology.

7. Critical Literacy. It is the ability to evaluate critically the intellectual,

human and social strengths and weaknesses, potentials and limits, benefits
and costs of information technologies.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Media

Media are powerful tools of communication which entail positive and negative
impacts.

Advantages of Media
11. Media educate people on health matters, environmental conservation and
others through various forms.
12. People get the latest world news in a very short time regardless of
distance.
13. People can bring out their hidden talents in the multimedia and visual
arts, comedy, acting, dancing and singing.
14. Media increase knowledge learned from quiz programs, educational
shows and other information-giving programs.
15. People feel convenient in accessing information through mobile phones.
16. They become a vehicle in promoting products toward increased sales,
17. They serve as a good source of entertainment.
18. Television allows electronic duplication of information that reduces mass
education costing.
19. Media lead to the diffusion of diverse cultures and cultural practices.
20. They help people around the world understand each other and respect
differences.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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Disadvantages of Media
(2) They lead to individualism. Spending too much time on the Internet and
watching television usually impedes socialization with friends, family and
others.
(3) Some media contents are not suitable for children.
(4) A newspaper is geographically selective.
(5) The increase in advertisements in television and radio makes them less
attractive.
(6) The internet can be a possible way for scams, fraud and hacking.
(7) Media can be addictive that may result in people's decreased productivity.
(8) They can cause health hazards, such as radiation effects, poor eyesight, hearing
defects, and others.
(9) They may induce drugs and alcohol use.
9. They can lead to personal injury by imitating the stunts showcased
in media.
21. They can ruin reputation through an anonymous account, malicious
scandals, false accusations and rumors.
(https://www.importantindia.com/22940/media-advantages-disadvantages)

Integrating Media Literacy in the Curriculum

Although media literacy is now a part of the curricula, it is confronted with a
variety of factors, such as limited access to equipment, teachers lack of confidence
with the material, and perception of media education as just an accessory to the
curriculum.
Lynch (2018) presents six ways to integrate media literacy into the classroom
for students to become media literate while making media education a meaningful and
integrated part of classroom practice.

2. Teach students to evaluate media. Students learn to evaluate what they are
viewing by showing them that media change depending on who created it. the
intended audience and Biases that may be attributed to the source,
3. Show students where to find digital resources and databases. Teachers
should provide students with reliable and safe media Sources and trustworthy
content.
4. Compare/contrast various media sources. In the discussions, distinguish
various media sources and compare elements.
5. Discuss how the media edits and alters. Purposely point out to students
examples of media altering photographs or stories while teaching them to be
critical of what they see or read at face value.
6. Examine the "truth" in advertisements. Let students identify what
advertisements are trying to sell and what promises or ideas are they using to
convince them to buy the product.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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7. Have students create media. Let students create media appropriate to their
levels such as presentations, videos or websites.

Media skills. Although this is given little emphasis in the classroom, Hobbs and Frost
(1994) present the skills that students are able to possess with the media they use in
class. To Wit: (1) reflect n and analyze their own media consumption habits; (2)
identity the author, purpose and point of view in films, commercials, television and
radio programs, magazine and newspaper editorials and advertising: (3) identify the
range of production techniques that are used to communicate opinions and shape
audience's response; (4) identify and evaluate the quality of media's representation of
the world by
examining patterns, stereotyping, emphasis and omission in print and television news
and other media; (5) appreciate the economic underpinnings of mass media industries
to make distinctions between those media which sell audiences to advertisers and
those which do not; (6) understand how media economics shapes message content (7)
gain familiarity and experience in using mass media tools for personal expression and
communication and for purposes of social and political advocacy.

Approaches to teaching media literacy. Kellner and Share

(2007) mentioned three approaches to teaching media literacy that
would utilize media in pedagogical practice.
1. Media Arts Education Approach. It intends to teach students to value the
aesthetic qualities of media and the arts while using their creativity for self-
expression through creating art and media.

2. Media Literacy Movement Approach. It attempts to expand the notion of

literacy to include popular culture and multiple forms of media (music, video,
Internet, advertising, etc.) while still working within a print literacy tradition.

3. Critical Media Literacy Approach. It focuses on ideology critiquing and

analyzing the politics of representation of crucial dimensions of gender, race,
class, and sexuality; incorporating alternative media production; and expanding
the textual analysis to include issues of social context, control, resistance, and
pleasure.

Utilizing Media across disciplines. Media education can be integrated in every

course discipline. The following are examples of using media in different subject areas
using PPPP (Purpose, Process, Performance, Product).

E. REFERENCES:

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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1. De Leon, Elmer. Building and Enhancing New Literacies Across the

Curriculum. LORIMAR Publishing Inc. Metro Manila. 2020.
2. Lim, L, Caubic, R, Casihan, L. The Teaching Profession. Adriana Publishing
Co. Inc. Manila. 2014.
3. https://www.worldsavy.org?ourapproach/global-competence/

4. (https://www.importantindia.com/22940/media-advantages-disadvantages)
5. (http://www.medialiteracyproject.org).
6. (http://www.medialit.org

MODULE 8
FINANCIAL LITERACY

A. OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
14. Define financial literacy
15. Distinguish among financial plan, budgeting, saving, spending and investing
16. Present ways on how to avoid financial crisis and scams
17. Describe financially stable person
18. Determine ways on how to integrate financial literacy in the curriculum
19. Analyze research abstract on financial literacy and its implication to teaching-
learning process

B. TOPIC GUIDE
1. Financial Literacy
2. The importance of starting financial literacy while still young.
3. Financial Plan
4. Five Financial Improvement Strategies
5. Budget and Budgeting
6. Spending

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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7. Budget and Budgeting

8. Investment and Investing
9. 10 Reasons Why Save Money
10. Common Financial Scams to Avoid
11. 10 Tips to Avoid Common Financial Scams
12. Financial Scams among Students.
13. Integrating Financial Literacy into the Curriculum

C. KEY TERMS:
(2) Financial Literacy, Budgeting,
D. LECTURE DISCUSSION:
In some instances, teachers are confronted with issues and Concerns on
financial debt, being victimized by fraud and other related scams, both personal and
electronic ways. More so, some teachers debt are drowned by emergent financial needs
and unexpected debt especially in difficult times, sickness and inevitable
circumstances and calamities. Others do not prepare for their retirement that they
usually end up highly frustrated. This is the reason why financial literacy has been a
subject in many faculty development programs, seminars, and even becomes a topic
for researches, while many schools have integrated it in the curriculum.
Financial Literacy
Financial literacy is a core life skill in an increasingly complex world where
people need to take charge of their own finances, budget, financial choices, managing
risks, saving, credit, and financial transactions.

Poor financial decisions can have a long-lasting impact on individuals, their

families and the society caused by lack of financial literacy. Low levels of financial
literacy are associated with lower standards of living, decreased psychological and
physical well-being and greater reliance on government support. However, when put
into correct practice, financial literacy can strengthen savings behavior, eliminate
maxed-out credit cards and enhance timely debt.

Financial literacy is the ability to make informed Judgments and make effective
decisions regarding the use and management of money. Hence, teaching financial
literacy yields better financial management skills.

The importance of starting financial literacy while still young.

National surveys show that young adults have the lowest levels of financial
literacy as reflected in their inability to choose the right financial products and lack of
interest in undertaking sound financial planning. Therefore, financial education

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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should begin as early as possible and be taught in schools. Akdag (2013) stressed that
in the
recent financial crisis, financial literacy is very crucial and tends to be advantageous if
introduced in the very early years as preschool years. Financial education is a long-
term process and incorporating it into the curricula from an early age allows children
to acquire the knowledge and skills while building responsible financial behavior
throughout each stage of their education (OECD, 2005).

Likewise, financial literacy is the capability of a person to handle his/her

assets, especially cash more efficiently while understanding how money works in the
real world.

Financial Plan
Teachers need to have a deeper understanding and capacity to formulate their
own financial plan. It is wise to consider starting to plan the moment they hand in
their first salary, including the incentives, bonuses and extra remunerations that they
receive.

Kagan (2019) defines a financial plan as a comprehensive statement of an

individual's long-term objectives for security and the well-being and detailed savings
and investing strategy for achieving objectives. It begins with a thorough evaluation of
the individual's current financial state.

The following are steps in creating a financial plan.

3. Calculating net worth. Net worth is the amount by which assets exceed
liabilities. In so doing, consider (1) assets that entail one's cash, property,
investments, savings, jewelry and wealth; and (2) liabilities that include credit
card debt, loans and mortgage. Formula: total assets minus total liabilities =
current net worth.

4. Determining cash flow. A financial plan is knowing where money goes every
month. Documenting it will help to see how much is needed every month for
necessities, and the amount for savings and investment.

5. Considering the priorities. The core of a financial plan is the person's clearly
defined goals that may include: (1) Retirement strategy for accumulating
retirement income (2) Comprehensive risk management plan including a review
of life and disability insurance, personal liability coverage, property and
casualty coverage, and catastrophic coverage; (3) Long-term investment plan
based on specific investment objectives and a personal risk tolerance profile;

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and (4) Tax reduction strategy for minimizing taxes on personal income allowed
by the tax
Code. (https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/financial_plan.asp)

Five Financial Improvement Strategies

Financial literacy shapes the way people view and handle money The following
are financial improvements suggested by Investopedia as a journey to financial
literacy.
8. Identify your starting point. Calculating the net worth is the best way to
determine both current financial status and progress over time to avoid
financial trouble by spending too much on wants and nothing enough for the
needs.

9. Set your priorities. Making a list of rated needs and wants can help set
financial priorities. Needs are things one must have in order to survive (1.e.
food, shelter, clothing, healthcare and transportation) while wants are things
one would like to have but are not necessary for survival .

10.Document your spending. One off the best ways to figure out cash flow or
what comes in and what goes out is to create a budget or a personal spending
plan. A budget lists down all income and expenses to help meet financial
obligations.

11.Lay down your debt. Living with debt is costly not just because of interest and
fees, but it can also prevent people from getting ahead with their financial goals.

12.Secure your financial future. Retirement is an uncontrollable stage in a

worker's life, of which counterpart are losing the job, suffering from an illness
or injury, or be forced to care for a loved one that may lead to an unplanned
retirement. Therefore knowing more about retirement options is an essential
part of securing financial future.

Budget and Budgeting

A budget is an estimation of revenue and expenses over a specified future period of

time and is usually compiled and re evaluated on a periodic basis. Budgets can be
made for a variety of individual or business needs or just about anything else that
makes and spends money. Budgeting, on the other hand, is the process of creating a
plan to spend money. Creating this spending plan allows one to determine in advance
whether he/she will have enough money to do the things he/she needs or likes to do.

Thus, budgeting ensures to have enough money for the things needed and
those important ones and will keep one out of debt.

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The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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Seven Steps to Good Budgeting

The following are seven steps that may help in attaining good budgeting.

4. Step 1: Set realistic goals. Goals for the money will help make smart spending
choices upon deciding on what is important.
5. Step 2: Identify income and expenses. Upon knowing how much is earned each
month and where it all goes, start tracking the expenses by recording every
single cent.
6. Step 3: Separate needs from wants. Set clear priorities and the decisions
become easier to make by identifying wisely those that are really needed or just
wanted
7. Step 4: Design your budget. Make sure to avoid spending more than what is
earned. Balance budget to accommodate everything needed to be paid for.
8. Step 5: Put your plan into action. Match spending with income time. Decide
ahead of time what you will use each payday. Non-reliance to credit for the
living expenses will protect one from debt.
9. Step 6: Plan for seasonal expenses. Set money aside to pay for unplanned
expenses so to avoid going into debt.
10.Step 7: Look ahead. Having a stable budget can take a month or two so, ask for
help if things are not getting well.

Spending
If budget goals serve as a financial wish list, a spending plan is a way to make
those wishes a reality. Turn them into an action plan. The following are practical
strategies in setting and prioritizing budget goals and spending plan:

12.Start by listing your goals. Setting budget goals requires forecasting and
discussing future needs and dreams with the family.
13.Divide your goals according to how long it will take to meet each goal
Classify your budget goals into three categories: short-term goals (less than a
year), medium-term goals (one to five years), and long-term goals (more than five
years). Short-term goals are usually the immediate needs and wants, medium term
goals are things that you and your family want to achieve during the next five
years; and long-term goals extend well into the future, such as planning for
retirement.
14.Estimate the cost of each goal and find out how much it costs. Before
assigning priority to goals, it is important to determine the cost of each goal.
The greater the cost of a goal, the more alternative goals must be sacrificed in
order to achieve it.

15.Project future cost. For short-term goals, inflation is not a big factor, but for
medium and long-term goals, it is a big factor. To calculate the future cost of

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the goals, there is a need to determine the rate of inflation applied to each
particular goal.

16.Calculate how much you need to set aside each period. Upon knowing the
future cost of the goals, next is to determine how much to put aside each period
to meet all the goals.

17.Prioritize your goals. Upon listing down all the goals and the estimated
amount needed for each goal, prioritize them. This serves as guide in decision-
making.

18.Create a schedule for meeting your goals. It is important to lay down all the
goals according to priority with the corresponding amount of money needed, the
time it will be needed, and the installments needed to meet the goals.
(https://www.flexscore.com/learningcenter/the-spending-plan-setting-and-prioritizing-your-budget-goals)

Investment and Investing

As teachers, when you have saved more money than what you expect at a time
of need, consider investing this money to earn more interest than what your savings
account is paying you.
There are many ways you can invest your money but consider four aspects:

1. How long will you invest the money? (Time Horizon)

2. How much money do you expect your investment to earn each year?
(Expectation of Return)
3. How much of your investment are you willing to lose in the short-term in order
to earn more in the long-term? (Risk Tolerance)
4. What types of investment interest you? (Investment Type)

Savings
In order to get out of debt. it is important to set some money aside and put it into a
savings account on a regular basis. Savings help in buying things that are needed
needed or wanted without borrowing.

Emergency Savings Fund. Start as early, setting aside a little money for emergency
savings fund, If you receive a bonus from work, an income tax refund or earnings from
additional or side jobs, use them as an emergency fund.

10 Reasons Why Save Money

With credit so easy to get, here are ten practical reasons why it is important to save
money that everyone, including teachers, must know.

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and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
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11.To become financially independent. Financial independence is not having to

depend on receiving a certain pay but setting aside an amount to have savings
that can be relied on.
12.To save on everything you buy. With savings, you can buy things when they
are on sale and can make better spending choices without being compromised
on credit card interest charges.
13.To buy a home or a car. Savings can be used in buying a home in full or down
payment, especially in times of promo deals, bids and inevitable sale and at a
reasonable interest rate.
14.To prepare for the future. Through savings, you can be confident to face the
future without worrying on how you will survive.
15.To get out of debt. If you want you have to save money.
16.To augment annual expenses. In order to attain a good, stress-free financial
life, there is a need to save for annual expenses in advance.
17.To settle unforeseen expenses. Savings can respond to unforeseen expenses
in times of need.
18.To respond to emergencies. Emergencies may happen anytime and these can
be expensive so, there is a need to get prepared rather than potentially become
another victim of an emergency.
19.To mitigate losing your job or getting hurt. Bad things can happen to
anyone, such as losing a job, business bankruptcy or crisis, being injured or
becoming too sick to work. Therefore, having savings is the key to resolve such
a dilemma.
20.To have a good life. Putting aside some money to spend when needed can
bring about quality and worry-free life at all times.

Common Financial Scams to Avoid

Financial fraud can happen to anyone, including the teachers at anytime. While some
forms of financial fraud, such as massive give data breaches, are out of one's control,
there are many ways to proactively get rid of financial scams and identity theft.

Here are some of the most common financial scams, along with ways to identify them
early and how to protect one's self from being victimized.

A. Phishing. Using this common tactic, scammers send an email that appears to
come from a financial institution, such as-bank and asks you to click on a link
to update your account information. If you receive any correspondence that
asks for your information, never click on the links or provide account details.
Instead, visit the company's website, find official contact information, and call
them to verify the request.

B. Social Media Scams. Scammers are adept at using social media to gather
information about the traveling habits of potential victims. They also have

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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DIFFUN CAMPUS
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phishing tactics, including posts seeking charity donations with bogus links
that allow them to keep your money. Therefore, be conscious of the information
you post online, especially personal details and plans for a vacation that you
would leave your house unoccupied.

C. Phone Scams. Another prevalent tactic is scamming phone calls. The

scammers pose as a government agency, such as the Bureau of Internal
Revenue or local law enforcement agencies, and use scare tactics to acquire
your personal information and account numbers. Never provide your account
information over the phone. Look for the agency's contact information, and call
them to verify any request. To note, government agencies will never text or call
you to ask for money.

D. Stolen Credit Card Numbers. There are numerous ways that scammers can
obtain your credit card information, including hacking, phishing. and the use of
skimming devices, such as small card readers attached to unmanned credit
card readers (i.e. ATMs, gas pumps, and more). These small devices pull or
swipe your card, look for Suspicious devices that may an ATM be data from
your card when you swipe it. Before you use an ATM attached to the card
reader.

E. Identity Theft. Depending on the amount of information a scammer is able to

obtain, identity theft may extend beyond unauthorized charges on a debit or
credit card. If scammers are able to obtain your Social Security number, date of
birth, and other personal information, they may be able to open new accounts
in your name without your knowledge. Be aware of an information you share
and with whom, and always shared sensitive information before disposing it.

10 Tips to Avoid Common Financial Scams

Every year, fraud cases are getting worse, leaving countless victims in trouble
and danger through data breaches, identity theft and online scams. Unfortunately,
new and improved technology only gives fraudsters an edge, making it easier than ever
for scam artists to nab financial data from unsuspecting consumers (Bell, 2019).
1. Never wire money to a stranger. Although it is one of the oldest Internet
scams, there are still consumers who fall for this rip-off or some variations of it.
2. Don't give out financial information. Never reveal sensitive personal financial
information to a person or business you don't know, thru phone, text or email.
3. Never click on hyperlinks in emails. If you receive an email from a stranger or
company asking you to click on a hyperlink or open an attachment and then,
enter your financial information, delete the email immediately.

4. Use difficult passwords. Hackers can easily find passwords that are simple
number combinations. Create passwords that are at least eight characters long

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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and that include some lower and upper case letters, numbers and special
characters. You should also use a different password for every website you visit.

5. Never give your social security number. If you receive an email or visit a
website that asks for your Social Security number, ignore it.

6. Install Antivirus and Spyware protection. Protect the sensitive information

stored on your computer by installing antivirus, firewall and spyware
protection. Once you install the program, turn on the auto-updating feature to
make sure the software is always up-to-date.

7. Don't shop with unfamiliar online retailers. When it comes to online

shopping, only do business with familiar companies. When purchasing a
product from an unfamiliar retailer, do some research to ensure the business is
legit and reputable

8. Don't download software from pop-up windows. When you are online, do not
trust pop-up windows that appear and claim your computer is unsafe. If you
click on the link in the pop-up to start the "system scan or some other
programs, malicious software known as "malware could damage your operating
system.

9. Make sure the websites you visit are safe. Before you enter your financial
information on any website, double-check the website's privacy rules. Also,
make sure the website uses encryption, which is usually symbolized by a lock
to the left of the web address which means it is safe and protected against
hackers.

10. Donate to known charities only. If you receive a call or an email for
solicitation of charity donations, critically examine it . Some scammers create
bogus charities to steal credit card information.
A. /www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/041515/10-tips-
avoid.common-)

Financial Scams among Students.

Students can also be susceptible to different financial scams and fraud.
Learning how to manage finances and being aware of financial scams are skills that
every student should master.

The following are common financial scams that students should watch out for,
and learn to protect one's identity and finances.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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A. Fake scholarships. While it is beneficial for students to apply for as

many scholarships, it is important to become aware of related Scams
and frauds. Students should thoroughly check scholarship sources
before applying to verify legitimacy. Never apply for a scholarship that
asks for money in return.

B. Diploma mills. There are schools that offer fake degrees and diplomas in
exchange for a fee. Check from government education agencies the
prospective school to enroll in if it is government-recognized, legitimate
or accredited.

C. Online book scams. While students often go for the best deals on
textbooks online, scammers can use this opportunity to get students'
credit card information. When buying anything online, be sure to do it on
a credible site.

D. Credit card scams. Oftentimes, credit card companies go to school

campuses to convince students to fill out card applications. Scammers
may also grab this chance to steal students information. It is important
to visit a local credit union or bank for credit card application. Also,
regularly check the credit card statement and once there are any
banking institution immediately.
(https://www.adt.com/resources/financial-scam-safety

Financial Stability
Like anyone else, teachers also aim to become financially stable if not today,
maybe in the future. Being financially stable means confidence with the financial
situation, worriless paying the bills because of available funds, debt-free, money
savings for future goals and enough emergency funds.

Financial stability is not about being rich but rather more of a mindset. It is
living a life without worrying about how to pay the next bill and becoming stress-free
about money while focusing energy on other parts of life (Silva, 2019).

10 Strategies in Reaching Financial Stability

Just like any goal, getting the finances stable and becoming financially Successful
requires the development of good financial habits. Babauta (2007) suggests 10 habits
toward financial stability and success.

1. Make savings automagical. Savings should be made a top priority, especially

as an emergency fund and a bill payment from the amount are automatically
transferred from the checking account, like an online savings account.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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2. Control your impulsive spending. Control yourself from self from online
impulsive spending on eating out, shopping and online purchases that may
ruin your finances and budget.

3. Evaluate your expenses and live frugally. Analyze how you spend your
money, see what you can reduce and determine expenses that are necessary
and eliminate the unnecessary.

4. Invest in your future. Start preparing and investing for your future retirement
while still young in your career field.

5. Keep your family secure. Save for an emergency fund, so that you have
something to spend if anything happens with the family emergently.

6. Eliminate and avoid debt. Eliminate credit cards, personal loans, or other
debt forms as it will not work on you but even pull you down and make you
drowned with obligations that may even resort to surrendering your properties,
jewelry and investments as payment.

7. Use the envelope system. Set aside three amounts in your budget each
payday, withdraw those amounts and put them in three separate envelopes. In
that way, you can easily track how much remains for each of the expenses or if
you already run out
of money.

8. Pay bills immediately. One good habit is to pay bills as soon as they come in
and try to get your bills to be paid through automatic deduction.

9. Read about personal finances. The more you educate yourself, the better your
finances will be.

10. Look to grow your net worth. Do whatever you can to improve your net
worth, either by reducing your debt, increasing your savings, or increasing your
income, or all of the above. (https://zenhabits.net/10-habits-to-develop-for-
financial/)

Integrating Financial Literacy into the Curriculum

Financial education in schools should be part of a collaborative national
strategy to ensure relevance and long-term sustainability. The education system and
profession should be involved in the development of the strategy.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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In support, Barry (2013) underscored that financial literacy has a wide

repercussion outside the family circle and more precisely, the school Hence,
administrators and professors need to develop a curriculum that Would provide
students insights on having the value of financial literacy including the effect it can
bring them.

Moreover, there should be a learning framework, which sets out goals, learning
outcomes, content, pedagogical approaches, resources and evaluation plans. The
content should cover knowledge, skills, attitudes and values. A sustainable source of
funding should be identified.

Financial education should ideally be a core part of the school Curriculum. It

can be integrated into other subjects like mathematics. economics, social studies,
technology and home economics, values education and others. Financial education
can give a range of 'real-life contexts across a range of subjects.

Teachers should be adequately trained and resourced, made aware of the

importance of financial literacy and relevant pedagogical methods and they should
receive continuous support to teach it or integrate in their lesson. More so, there
should be easily accessible, objective high quality and effective learning tools and
pedagogical resources available to schools and teachers that are appropriate to the
level of study. Students’ progress should also be assessed through various high impact
modes.

E. REFERENCES:
1. De Leon, Elmer. Building and Enhancing New Literacies Across the
Curriculum. LORIMAR Publishing Inc. Metro Manila. 2020.
2. Lim, L, Caubic, R, Casihan, L. The Teaching Profession. Adriana Publishing
Co. Inc. Manila. 2014.
3. (https://www.adt.com/resources/financial-scam-safety
4.(https://www.flexscore.com/learningcenter/the-spending-plan-setting-and-prioritizing-your-
budget-goals).
5. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/financial_plan.asp)

MODULE 9

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

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DIFFUN CAMPUS
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DIGITAL/CYBER LITERACY

A. OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define digital/cyber literacy and cyber security
2. Elaborate on cyber citizenship
3. Determine netiquette threats and the corresponding fixing solutions
4. Elucidate cyberbullying and cybercrime
5. Analyze research abstract on digital/cyber literacy and its implication to
teaching-learning process

B. TOPIC GUIDE
1. Digital Literacy
2. tips on how to protect yourself against cyber threats
3. Ways on How to be a Good Cyber Citizen
4. Proper Netiquette
5. The Ten Commandments of Teacher Cyber Citizenship
6. Internet Safety
7. Cyberbullying
8. Research and data collection protocols
9. Integrating Digital/Cyber Literacy into the Curriculum
10. Impact of integrating digital literacy in the classroom on teachers, families
and friends.

C. KEY TERMS:

 digital Literacy, Cyberbullying, Cyber Citizen

D. LECTURE DISCUSSION:
Technology has been part of everyone's life, be it at home, in school, or
anywhere with every facet of our undertaking. However, in many instances, we may
not be aware that we have been misusing or abusing it or in another way around, we
may find ourselves being used by other people with their malicious motives using
digital tools. Therefore, we may end up being liable or a victim of such irresponsible
kind of technological processing and utilization. It is in this case that we must gain
further understanding and application of digital/cyber literacy, be it on personal or
professional merit.

Digital Literacy

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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According to Wikipedia, digital literacy is the set of competencies required for

full participation in society that includes knowledge, skills, and behaviors involving
the effective use of digital devices for purposes of communication, expression,
collaboration and advocacy.
Simply, it is the ability of an individual to engage with the digital environment
and operate technologies safely by knowing what to do and what not to do and how to
avoid unnecessary risks.
Digital literacy is an individual's ability to access both information and methods
of communication through technological tools, such as Smartphones, tablets, laptops
and desktop PCs. While digital literacy is initially focused on digital skills and stand-
alone computers, its focus has shifted to network devices, including the Internet and
the use of social media.

Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs
from digital attacks (Cisco, n.d.). These cyberattacks are usually aimed at accessing.
changing. or destroying sensitive information; extorting money from users or
interrupting normal business processes.

Implementing effective cybersecurity measures is challenging because there are

more devices than people, and attackers are becoming more innovative. Here are some
tips on how to protect yourself against cyber threats.
1. Monitor behavior on social networks. Before posting or uploading something
online, try to realize: (a) Does this need to be public?; and (b) Is it worth the
risk? Remember, not only what we share online is available to friends and
family, but also to cybercriminals.
1. Keep devices safe. Protect your technology tools by installing Anti-virus
software, a configuration of settings on the devices and by completing software
updates.
2. Understand how best to use passwords. Passwords need to be complex and
hard to guess, but can still be remembered. One strategy is "passphrase" or a
password that comes from the first letter of each word in the phrase. There is
also a password manager app to help keep track of all the passwords called
"KeePass" which is free of charge. Importantly, do not use the same password
for all accounts.
3. Handle unsafe content. Know exactly how to respond or react to unsafe
situations online, such as (1) suspicious emails (2) pop-ups claiming that your
computer is infected; and (3) BitTorrent sites.
4. Consider safety for the future. Take individual responsibility in using devices
with an utmost care and critical thinking when online
(https://www.esentire.com).

Cyber Citizenship

VISION MISSION
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and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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Citizenship is an old value that is now applied to a new medium, the Internet.
Cyber citizenship refers to being responsible when using the Internet. Doing online
when no one is looking speaks a lot about one's character and morals. The power of
this digital world is associated with responsibilities and Consequences.. Therefore, we
can explore and navigate all information available online however, we should observe
cyber citizenship or manners and etiquette on the Web.

Ways on How to be a Good Cyber Citizen

The enlisted ways of becoming a good cyber citizen would guide everyone on
his/her digital operations and information processing and would prevent anyone from,
further consequences, distractions, moral damages and risks.

(3) Be careful and critical for whatever you post online that could be visible to the
public even if on a "private" page through tagging by a friend.

(4) If you have a problem with someone, go to that person or an adult to help work
it out, instead of posting your expression or online.

(5) Use the Internet to help you with your schoolwork, but give credit to the
sources you use and critically analyze everything you search online.

(6) Use the Internet purposefully to learn more about anything you are interested
in, to help you research relevant and needed data or information and to stay
connected with friends throughout the world.

(7) Make sure you verify an information before you share it or use it in a project
and check on accuracy and truth in the information you search on the web.

(8) Give out certain information only.

(9) Don't answer questions that make you uncomfortable.

(10) Always make sure you have told a reliable adult if you decide to meet
someone you knew through the Internet.

(11) Always be aware of copyright laws and give credit to whom an

article or a part of it is due.

(12) Use only the computers that you are allowed to use. Avoid
hacking.

Importance of Cyber Citizenship

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

(10) It keeps the internet free from hurtful statements.

(11) It creates a culture of more reliable information.
(12) It gives provisions for people to be given credit for what they have
created.
(13) More criminals or bullies can be caught when kids are honest and talk to
adults.
(14) It keeps information private.

Proper Netiquette
Follow these simple rules to ensure that you make wise choices when sending
messages online.

1. Make sure you have the correct address (with proper spelling), correct link and
you are sending the information to the right person when doing it online.
2. Check information before sending or posting any message and avoid false
statements and information on the web or forwarding junk mail or chain letters
to family or friends.
3. Re-read what you wrote to make sure it is what you want to say and the other
person would interpret it the same way.
4. Keep your comments clean and don't confront others online or say anything
that could be hurtful to them.
5. Keep your personal and friends' information private and don't forward
information that was just given to you without his/her permission.
6. Watch out for spam and other fraud e-mails and never reply to them.
7. If you are going to write something personal or private, think twice because
messages can get misdelivered
8. 8 Adults should monitor kid’s messages, especially when they are sending e-
mails to others without permission.
(http://www.cybercitizenship.org/ethics/ethics.htm/)

The Ten Commandments of Teacher Cyber Citizenship

At some point, misuse and abuse of technology may also happen in schools
involving teachers with their students, colleagues and others. The following are
reminders to teachers regarding the use of media tools.
22. Thou shall not post any personal matter, confidential information and
obscene pictures and messages online that can be accessed by students and
parents.
23. Thou shall not respond or thread to any personal message created by
students online other than those school-related.
24. Thou shall not lend or let students access your cellphone.
25. Thou shall not give your email password to students.
26. Thou shall not use concepts and information from texts and references
without the author's citation

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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27. Thou shall not post to any social media account, for whatever purposes,
the pictures of students without their or their parents' consent.
28. Thou shall not express sentiments, disappointments and disagreements
against superiors, colleagues, students and their parents using their social
media accounts.
29. Thou shall not use data from Internet sources in any documents like
lesson plans, researches and requirements without the consent of the author.
30. Thou shall not give any personal data or other's information to anyone
unless for specific purposes and given the consent.
31. Thou shall not post any student data publicly online including academic
rankings, school records, class outputs and record of grades. De Leon (2019)

Internet Safety
Internet safety, online safety or cyber safety means trying to be safe on the
Internet. It is maximizing the user's personal safety and security risks to private
information and property associated with using the Internet, including self-protection
from computer crime. As the number of Internet users continues to grow worldwide,
issues and concerns also continuously exist.
Information security. Sensitive information, such as personal information,
identity and passwords are often associated with personal property and privacy and
may present security concerns if leaked. Unauthorized access and usage of private
information may result in consequences, such as identity and property theft.

Common causes of information security breaches include:

12. Phishing. It is a common type of scam, of which the scammers disguise as a
trustworthy source in an attempt to obtain private information, such as
passwords, credit card information, etc. through the use of fake websites that
look identical and legitimate.
13. Internet scams. These are schemes that deceive the users in various ways in
an attempt to take advantage of them.
14. Malware. It is a malicious software (particularly spyware) disguised to collect
and transmit private information, such as password without the user's consent
or knowledge, of which it is impossible to determine whether a file is infected.

Personal safety and threats. The growth of the Internet gave rise to many
important services accessible to anyone with a connection, such as digital
communication. While it allows communication with others, it is also being grabbed by
malicious users for bad intent. The following are common threats to personal safety:

1. Cyberstalking. It is the use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk or

harass an individual, group or organization through false accusations,
defamation, slander and libel intentional monitoring, identity theft, threats,

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
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COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

vandalism, solicitation for sex, or gathering information that may be used to

threaten, embarrass or harass.

2. Cyberbullying. It is the use of electronic means, such as instant messaging,

social media, e-mail and other forms of online communication with the intent to
abuse, intimidate, or overpower an individual or group.

3. Online predation. It is the act of engaging an underage minor into

inappropriate sexual relationships through the Internet. Online predators may
attempt to initiate and seduce minors into relationships through the use of chat
rooms or Internet forums.
4. The behavior characteristics are categorized into three groups: A) Manipulative
typically a child molester; B) Opportunist - typically a rapist; and c) Coercive
being a mixture of both rapists and child molesters.

5. Obscene/offensive content. Various websites on the Internet contain material

that may deem offensive, distasteful or explicit, which may often not be of the
user's liking. Such websites may include the Internet, shock sites, hate speech
or otherwise, and inflammatory content. Such content may manifest in many
ways, such as pop-up ads and unsuspecting links.

6. Sextortion. It is the use of webcams for flirting and cybersex. Often, this
involves a cybercriminal posing as someone else, such as an attractive person
initiating communication of a sexual nature with the victim. The video is
recorded by the cybercriminal to demand money or other services, threaten to
publicly release the video and send to family members and friends of the victim
if they do not comply. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wikilnternet_safety).

Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying, cyberharassment or online bullying is a form of bullying or
harassment using electronic means usually among minors in a school setting and has
become increasingly common, especially among teenagers.
It is an aggressive, intentional act or behavior that is carried out by a group or
an individual using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly against a victim who cannot
easily defend him or herself. The National Crime Prevention Council defines it as a
process of using the Internet, cell phones or other devices to send or post texts or
images that intend to hurt or embarrass another person. It may also include public
actions, such as repeated threats, sexual remarks, pejorative labels or defamatory
false accusations, ganging up on a victim by making the person the subject of ridicule
in online forums, hacking into or vandalizing sites about a person, and posting false
statements to discredit the targeted person.
Cyberbullying is similar to traditional bullying, It is just that victims may not
know the identity of their bully and the reason for bullying them. Cyberbullies may

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

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 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
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disclose victims' personal data on websites or forums-called doxing, or may use

impersonation, and create fake accounts, comments or sites for the purpose of
publishing material in their names. This can leave the cyberbully anonymous and
difficult to be caught or apprehended for his/her behavior.

Cyberbullying types. There are various types of cyberbullying and research

has revealed serious profound consequences on victims.
1. Internet trolling is a common form of bullying over the Internet in an online
community to elicit a reaction, disruption or intentionally provoke and offend
others.
2. Cyberstalking is another form of bullying or harassment that uses electronic
communication to stalk a victim and pose a credible threat to harass him/her.

Implications of bullying in schools. Schools should initiate various anti-

bullying programs and campaigns to protect students from being threatened or
victimized by such offense. More so, teachers should be oriented and trained in
handling bullying cases and executing teaching strategies to address and reduce
bullying cases in class. Also, schools should conduct student empowerment activities
empowerment activities that can be engaged in by students, including the bullies to
divert the their attention and energy into something worthwhile and engagements that
they can be busy about.

Data privacy implication. The implementation of data privacy in the country is

becoming stronger and powerful, especially in utilizing data for research and other
forms of report and paper works. This has also corresponding legal implications once
not processed immediately and properly. It involves uploading of pictures, designs,
graphics, concepts/ideas, frameworks, art work, data, and other information that are
copyrighted without the consent of the author or the source. These are commonly
observed in schools.
The following are practical techniques in responding to data privacy issues.
6. When getting data, put proper citation and source acknowledgment (e.g.
Source: National Statistics Office, 2019).
7. When using needed pictures downloaded from the Internet, put
acknowledgment (e.g. Photo credits to PhilPost, 2019). But if possible to have
personal pictures taken with your original concept. Although, there is still a
need to seek the consent of those in the pictures.
8. If data, concepts and information are copyrighted, ask for the consent of the
author, and wait for his/her response.
9. However, if the data and information are for public domain, just
acknowledging/citing the author or the source will do.
10.If the author doesn't really want anyone to utilize his/her data file or article,
learn the value of respect, anyway that is his her property. The author's
disapproval usually manifests through difficulty in downloading the file, some

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Page 37 of 40
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

tricky signs that appear on Screen, or direct statement or notice of disapproval

contained in the file.

Research and data collection protocols. When researching and collecting data from
the Web, avoid plagiarism, which is the act of taking someone else's work and
presenting it as your own (Turnitin.com)
Plagiarism is unethical, and it can bring you in trouble. Sometimes, students
don't mean to plagiarize, but they end up doing accidentally because they are unaware
or unclear about it.
The following are 10 types of plagiarism that teachers researchers and students
should know
21. Clone Plagiarism. It is also called identical copying or copy another work (word-
for-word) without any change and claim as his/her own work.
22. Remix Plagiarism. It refers to collecting information from various sources and
mixing all together as a single document then, claiming the work as their own'
work.
23. Ctrl+C Plagiarism. This is when a significant portion of text copied from any
single source without any alteration in a written document.
24. Hybrid Plagiarism. Here, perfectly cited source documents are copied and
arranged as a new document without citation.
25. Find-Replace Plagiarism. This is changing the most common keywords and
phrases in the copied content but not making any changes in the essential
document.
26. Recycle Plagiarism. Also called self-plagiarism, it refers to the act of borrowing
from one's own previous document without proper citation.
27. Mashup Plagiarism. It is when the written document is copied from more than
one source and all are mixed together without proper citation.
28. 404 Error Plagiarism. Here, a person creates a document by copying from
various sources prepared as a single document with the citation but inaccurate
or leads to non-existing resources.
29. Aggregator Plagiarism. Here, the written document includes proper citation but
it does not contain original work.
30. Re-Tweet Plagiarism. Here, all written documents look perfect with properly
cited mark but still, the document resembles somewhere the original text's
structure or wordings.

Tips to Avoid Plagiarism

Turnitin.com suggests some techniques to avoid plagiarism that teachers,
researchers and students should know.
11.Read and understand the original document several times before start
explaining about it.
12.Do not copy any word or sentence from the original document.
13.Give proper citation to all sources (book, journal, website video, etc.).

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Page 38 of 40
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

14.In case of citing online sources, include the retrieval date and appropriate URL
in the reference.
15.Common phrases and definitions need to be quoted and cited without any
modification.
16.Make a practice to include the "references" section whenever you write an
academic document.
17.Cross verify all your citations before submitting your document.
18.Resort to available plagiarism software to ensure the originality
of the written document.

Integrating Digital/Cyber Literacy into the Curriculum

The following are suggested activities to integrate digital literacy, higher-order
thinking and construction of meaning in the classroom.
5. Use an interactive whiteboard to design and deliver lessons. Use Promethean
and Smart Notebook with teacher-created lessons if you are not yet capable of
designing your own.
6. Allow students to maintain blogs, wikis, web pages related to their learning.
7. Engage in email/video chat exchanges with students.
8. Utilize storytelling media to allow students to create and publish stories.
9. Set-up a blog site, Facebook page, Yahoo or Google group and post weekly
discussion questions for students to respond.
10.Use video cameras to dramatize stories, record scientific experiments and
expose students to video editing software to create video production of learning.
11.Engage students in discussions about how and why various media work well to
showcase learning and why others do not.
12.Thinking critically about the medium use to present a message is as important
as the message itself.
13.Require E-Portfolio that would compile their outputs, projects, messages and
photo-documents of group activities their outputs, and investigations online.
activities
14.Allow students to use digital tools, such as mobile phones, Ipad and netbooks
for Google search, dictionary Apps, Youtube, Podcast and Spotify applications
in class to complement their learning, especially during group works
and concept reporting.

Impact of integrating digital literacy in the classroom on teachers, families and

friends.
Integrating digital literacy in the classroom can bring a positive impact on
students' learning as evidenced by the following:
8. It motivates students in their learning due to their enjoyment and ease of use
with various technological mediums.
9. It reaches students of various learning styles and multiple intelligences.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Page 39 of 40
 QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
DIFFUN CAMPUS
Diffun, 3401 Quirino

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

10.It allows students to create and design their own unique products reflective of
their personalities and learning needs/styles.
11.It encourages students to manipulate media in constructing their own meaning
12.It enables students to share their learning with teachers,
6. families and friends.
13.It gives students the chance to explore technological media that inevitably
increase the job skills needed in the workforce.
(http://purposefultechnology. weebly.com/how-can-we-embed-digital-literacy-in-the-classroom.html).

E. REFERENCES:
1. De Leon, Elmer. Building and Enhancing New Literacies Across the
Curriculum. LORIMAR Publishing Inc. Metro Manila. 2020.
2. Lim, L, Caubic, R, Casihan, L. The Teaching Profession. Adriana Publishing
Co. Inc. Manila. 2014.
3. https://www.esentire.com).
4. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wikilnternet_safety
5. (http://www.cybercitizenship.org/ethics/ethics.htm/
6. (http://purposefultechnology. weebly.com/how-can-we-embed-digital-literacy-in-the-classroom.html).
7.

VISION MISSION
The leading center for academic and technological excellence Develop competent and morally upright professionals and generate
and prime catalyst for a progressive and sustainable Quirino appropriate knowledge and technologies to meet the needs of Quirino
Province and Southern Cagayan Valley. Province and Southern Cagayan Valley.

“Molding Minds, Shaping Future”

Page 40 of 40