cpphtp10_04.

FM Page 1 Tuesday, August 2, 2016 11:11 AM

Algorithm Development and

Control Statements: Part 1 4
Objectives
In this chapter you’ll:
■ Learn basic problem-solving
techniques.
■ Develop algorithms through
the process of top-down,
stepwise refinement.
■ Use the if and if…else
selection statements to
choose between alternative
actions.
■ Use the while iteration
statement to execute
statements in a program
repeatedly.
■ Use counter-controlled
iteration and sentinel-
controlled iteration.
■ Use nested control
statements.
■ Use the compound
assignment operator and the
increment and decrement
operators.
■ Learn about the portability of
fundamental data types.
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2 Chapter 4 Algorithm Development and Control Statements: Part 1

Self-Review Exercises
4.1 Answer each of the following questions.
a) All programs can be written in terms of three types of control statements: ,
and .
ANS: Sequence, selection and iteration.
b) The selection statement is used to execute one action when a condition is true
or a different action when that condition is false.
ANS: if…else.
c) Repeating a set of instructions a specific number of times is called iteration.
ANS: Counter-controlled or definite.
d) When it isn’t known in advance how many times a set of statements will be repeated,
a(n) value can be used to terminate the iteration.
ANS: Sentinel, signal, flag or dummy.
4.2 Write four different C++ statements that each add 1 to integer variable x.
ANS: x = x + 1;
x += 1;
++x;
x++;

4.3 Write C++ statements to accomplish each of the following:

a) In one statement, assign the sum of the current value of x and y to z and postincrement
the value of x.
ANS: z = x++ + y;
b) Determine whether the value of the variable count is greater than 10. If it is, print
"Count is greater than 10".
ANS: if (count > 10) {
cout << "Count is greater than 10" << endl;
}
c) Predecrement the variable x by 1, then subtract it from the variable total.
ANS: total -= --x;
d) Calculate the remainder after q is divided by divisor and assign the result to q. Write
this statement two different ways.
ANS: q %= divisor;
q = q % divisor;

4.4 Write C++ statements to accomplish each of the following tasks.

a) Declare variable sum to be of type unsigned int and initialize it to 0.
ANS: unsigned int sum{0};
b) Declare variable x to be of type unsigned int and initialize it to 1.
ANS: unsigned int x{1};
c) Add variable x to variable sum and assign the result to variable sum.
ANS: sum += x;
or
sum = sum + x;
d) Print "The sum is: " followed by the value of variable sum.
ANS: cout << "The sum is: " << sum << endl;
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Self-Review Exercises 3

4.5 Combine the statements that you wrote in Exercise 4.4 into a program that calculates and
prints the sum of the integers from 1 to 10. Use the while statement to loop through the calculation
and increment statements. The loop should terminate when the value of x becomes 11.
ANS: See the following code:

1 // Exercise 4.5: Calculate.cpp

2 // Calculate the sum of the integers from 1 to 10
3 #include <iostream>
4 using namespace std;
5
6 int main() {
7 unsigned int sum{0};
8 unsigned int x{1};
9
10 while (x <= 10) { // while x is less than or equal to 10
11 sum += x; // add x to sum
12 ++x; // increment x
13 }
14
15 cout << "The sum is: " << sum << endl;
16 }

The sum is: 55

4.6 State the values of each of these unsigned int variables after the calculation is performed.
Assume that, when each statement begins executing, all variables have the integer value 5.
a) product *= x++;
ANS: product = 25, x = 6;
=

b) quotient /= ++x;
ANS: quotient = 0, x = 6;
4.7 Write single C++ statements or portions of statements that do the following:
a) Input unsigned int variable x with cin and >>.
ANS: cin >> x;
b) Input unsigned int variable y with cin and >>.
ANS: cin >> y;
c) Declare unsigned int variable i and initialize it to 1.
ANS: unsigned int i{1};
d) Declare unsigned int variable power and initialize it to 1.
ANS: unsigned int power{1};
e) Multiply variable power by x and assign the result to power.
ANS: power *= x;
or
power = power * x;
f) Preincrement variable i by 1.
ANS: ++i;
g) Determine whether i is less than or equal to y.
ANS: if (i <= y)
h) Output integer variable power with cout and <<.
ANS: cout << power << endl;
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4 Chapter 4 Algorithm Development and Control Statements: Part 1

4.8 Write a C++ program that uses the statements in Exercise 4.7 to calculate x raised to the y
power. The program should have a while iteration statement.
ANS: See the following code:

1 // Exercise 4.8 Solution: power.cpp

2 // Raise x to the y power.
3 #include <iostream>
4 using namespace std;
5
6 int main() {
7 unsigned int i{1}; // initialize i to begin counting from 1
8 unsigned int power{1}; // initialize power
9
10 cout << "Enter base as an integer: "; // prompt for base
11 unsigned int x; // base
12 cin >> x; // input base
13
14 cout << "Enter exponent as an integer: "; // prompt for exponent
15 unsigned int y; // exponent
16 cin >> y; // input exponent
17
18 // count from 1 to y and multiply power by x each time
19 while (i <= y) {
20 power *= x;
21 ++i;
22 } // end while
23
24 cout << power << endl; // display result
25 } // end main

Enter base as an integer: 2

Enter exponent as an integer: 3
8

4.9 Identify and correct the errors in each of the following:

a) while (c <= 5) {
product *= c;
++c;
ANS: Error: Missing the closing right brace of the while body.
Correction: Add closing right brace after the statement ++c;.
b) cin << value;
ANS: Error: Used stream insertion instead of stream extraction.
Correction: Change << to >>.
c) if (gender == 1) {
cout << "Woman" << endl;
else; {
cout << "Man" << endl;
}
ANS: Error: Semicolon after else is a logic error. The second output statement always ex-
ecutes.
Correction: Remove the semicolon after else.
4.10 What’s wrong with the following while iteration statement?
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Exercises 5

while (z >= 0) {
sum += z;
}

ANS: The value of the variable z is never changed in the while statement. Therefore, if the
loop-continuation condition (z >= 0) is initially true, an infinite loop is created. To
prevent the infinite loop, z must be decremented so that it eventually becomes less
than 0.

Exercises
4.11 (Correct the Code Errors) Identify and correct the error(s) in each of the following:
a) if (age >= 65); {
cout << "Age is greater than or equal to 65" << endl;
}
else {
cout << "Age is less than 65 << endl";
}
ANS: The semicolon at the end of the if condition should be removed. The closing double
quote after the second endl should be placed after 65.
b) if (age >= 65) {
cout << "Age is greater than or equal to 65" << endl;
else; {
cout << "Age is less than 65 << endl";
}
ANS: The semicolon after the else should be removed. The closing double quote after the
second endl should be placed after 65.
c) unsigned int x{1};
unsigned int total;

while (x <= 10) {

total += x;
++x;
}
ANS: Variable total should be initialized to 0.
d) While (x <= 100)
total += x;
++x;
ANS: The W in while should be lowercase. The while’s body should be enclosed in braces
{}.
e) while (y > 0) {
cout << y << endl;
++y;
}
ANS: The variable y should be decremented (i.e., --y;), not incremented (++y;).
4.12 (What Does this Program Do?) What does the following program print?
ANS: The program prints the squares of the integers from 1 to 10 and the sum of those
squares. Instructor Note: We should have changed line 10 to int y{x * x};

1 // Exercise 4.12: Mystery.cpp

2 #include <iostream>
3 using namespace std;
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6 Chapter 4 Algorithm Development and Control Statements: Part 1

4
5 int main() {
6 unsigned int x{1};
7 unsigned int total{0};
8
9 while (x <= 10) {
10 int y = x * x;
11 cout << y << endl;
12 total += y;
13 ++x;
14 }
15
16 cout << "Total is " << total << endl;
17 }

For Exercises 4.13–4.16, perform each of these steps:

a) Read the problem statement.
b) Formulate the algorithm using pseudocode and top-down, stepwise refinement.
c) Write a C++ program.
d) Test, debug and execute the C++ program.
4.13 (Gas Mileage) Drivers are concerned with the mileage obtained by their automobiles. One
driver has kept track of several trips by recording miles driven and gallons used for each trip. Devel-
op a C++ program that uses a while statement to input the miles driven and gallons used for each
trip. The program should calculate and display the miles per gallon obtained for each trip and print
the combined miles per gallon obtained for all tankfuls up to this point.

Enter miles driven (-1 to quit): 287

Enter gallons used: 13
MPG this trip: 22.076923
Total MPG: 22.076923

Enter miles driven (-1 to quit): 200

Enter gallons used: 10
MPG this trip: 20.000000
Total MPG: 21.173913

Enter the miles driven (-1 to quit): 120

Enter gallons used: 5
MPG this trip: 24.000000
Total MPG: 21.678571

Enter the miles used (-1 to quit): -1

ANS:
Top:
Determine the current and combined miles/gallon for each trip
First refinement:
Initialize variables
For each trip, input the miles driven and gallons used, then calculate and print the
miles/gallon for that trip
Calculate and print the overall average miles/gallon
Second refinement:
Initialize totalGallons to zero
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Exercises 7

Initialize totalMiles to zero

Prompt the user to enter the miles used for the first trip
Input the miles used for the first trip (possibly the sentinel)
While the sentinel value (-1) has not been entered for the miles
Prompt the user to enter the gallons used for the current trip
Input the gallons used for the current trip
Add miles to the running total in totalMiles
Add gallons to the running total in totalGallons
If gallons is not zero
Calculate and print the miles/gallon
If totalGallons is not zero
Calculate and print the totalMiles/totalGallons
Prompt the user for the next trip’s number of miles
Input the miles used for the next trip
4.14 (Credit Limits) Develop a C++ program that will determine whether a department-store
customer has exceeded the credit limit on a charge account. For each customer, the following facts
are available:
a) Account number (an integer)
b) Balance at the beginning of the month
c) Total of all items charged by this customer this month
d) Total of all credits applied to this customer's account this month
e) Allowed credit limit
The program should use a while statement to input each of these facts, calculate the new bal-
ance (= beginning balance + charges – credits) and determine whether the new balance exceeds the
customer’s credit limit. For those customers whose credit limit is exceeded, the program should dis-
play the customer’s account number, credit limit, new balance and the message “Credit Limit
Exceeded.”

Enter account number (or -1 to quit): 100

Enter beginning balance: 5394.78
Enter total charges: 1000.00
Enter total credits: 500.00
Enter credit limit: 5500.00
New balance is 5894.78
Account: 100
Credit limit: 5500.00
Balance: 5894.78
Credit Limit Exceeded.

Enter Account Number (or -1 to quit): 200

Enter beginning balance: 1000.00
Enter total charges: 123.45
Enter total credits: 321.00
Enter credit limit: 1500.00
New balance is 802.45

Enter Account Number (or -1 to quit): -1

ANS:
Top:
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8 Chapter 4 Algorithm Development and Control Statements: Part 1

Determine if each of an arbitrary number of department store customers has exceeded

the credit limit on a charge account
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Exercises 9

First refinement:
Input customer’s data
For each customer, calculate and display the customer’s new balance, and display a
message if user’s balance exceeds credit limit
Process next customer
Second refinement:
Prompt the user for the first customer’s account number
Input the first customer’s account number
While the sentinel value (-1) has not been entered for the account number
Prompt the user for the customer’s beginning balance
Input the customer’s beginning balance
Prompt the user for the customer’s total charges
Input the customer’s total charges
Prompt the user for the customer’s total credits
Input the customer’s total credits
Prompt the user for the customer’s credit limit
Input the customer’s credit limit
Calculate and display the customer’s new balance
If the balance exceeds the credit limit
Print the account number
Print the credit limit
Print the balance
Print “Credit Limit Exceeded”
Input the next customer’s account number
4.15 (Sales-Commission Calculator) A large company pays its salespeople on a commission basis.
The salespeople each receive $200 per week plus 9% of their gross sales for that week. For example,
a salesperson who sells $5000 worth of chemicals in a week receives $200 plus 9% of $5000, or a
total of $650. Develop a C++ program that uses a while statement to input each salesperson’s gross
sales for last week and calculates and displays that salesperson’s earnings. Process one salesperson’s
figures at a time.

Enter sales in dollars (-1 to end): 5000.00

Salary is: $650.00

Enter sales in dollars (-1 to end): 6000.00

Salary is: $740.00

Enter sales in dollars (-1 to end): 7000.00

Salary is: $830.00

Enter sales in dollars (-1 to end): -1

ANS:
Top:
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10 Chapter 4 Algorithm Development and Control Statements: Part 1

For an arbitrary number of salespeople, determine each salesperson’s earnings for the
previous week
First refinement:
For each salesperson
Input the salesperson’s sales for the week
Calculate and print the salesperson’s wages for the week
Second refinement:
Prompt the user for the first salesperson’s sales in dollars
Input the first salesperson’s sales in dollars
While the sentinel value (-1) has not been entered for the sales
Calculate the salesperson’s wages for the week as 200 dollars added to 9 percent of
the salesperson’s sales (calculated by multiplying the sales with .09)
Print the salesperson’s wages for the week
Prompt the user for the next salesperson’s sales in dollars
Input the next salesperson’s sales in dollars
4.16 (Salary Calculator) Develop a C++ program that uses a while statement to determine the
gross pay for each of several employees. The company pays “straight time” for the first 40 hours
worked by each employee and pays “time-and-a-half” for all hours worked in excess of 40 hours.
You are given a list of the employees of the company, the number of hours each employee worked
last week and the hourly rate of each employee. Your program should input this information for
each employee and should determine and display the employee’s gross pay.

Enter hours worked (-1 to end): 39

Enter hourly rate of the employee ($00.00): 10.00
Salary is $390.00

Enter hours worked (-1 to end): 40

Enter hourly rate of the employee ($00.00): 10.00
Salary is $400.00

Enter hours worked (-1 to end): 41

Enter hourly rate of the employee ($00.00): 10.00
Salary is $415.00

Enter hours worked (-1 to end): -1

ANS:
Top:
Determine the gross pay for an arbitrary number of employees
First refinement:
For each employee
Input the hours worked
Input the hourly rate
Calculate and display worker’s gross pay
Second refinement:
Prompt the user for the hours worked for the first employee
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Exercises 11

Input the hours worked for the first employee

While the sentinel value (-1) has not been entered for the hours
Prompt the user for the employee’s hourly rate
Input the employee’s hourly rate
If the hours input is less than or equal to 40
Calculate gross pay by multiplying hours worked by hourly rate
Else
Calculate gross pay by multiplying hours worked above forty by 1.5 times
the hourly rate and adding 40 hours worked by the hourly rate
Display the employee’s gross pay.
Input the hours worked for the next employee
4.21 (What Does this Program Do?) What does the following program print?

1 // Exercise 4.21: Mystery2.cpp

2 #include <iostream>
3 using namespace std;
4
5 int main() {
6 unsigned int count{1};
7
8 while (count <= 10) {
9 cout << (count % 2 == 1 ? "****" : "++++++++") << endl;
10 ++count;
11 }
12 }

ANS:

****
++++++++
****
++++++++
****
++++++++
****
++++++++
****
++++++++

4.22 (What Does this Program Do?) What does the following program print?

1 // Exercise 4.22: Mystery3.cpp

2 #include <iostream>
3 using namespace std;
4
5 int main() {
6 unsigned int row{10};
7
8 while (row >= 1) {
9 unsigned int column{1};
10
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12 Chapter 4 Algorithm Development and Control Statements: Part 1

11 while (column <= 10) {

12 cout << (row % 2 == 1 ? "<" : ">");
13 ++column;
14 }
15
16 --row;
17 cout << endl;
18 }
19 }

ANS:

>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<
>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<
>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<
>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<
>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<

4.23 (Dangling-else Problem) C++ compilers always associate an else with the immediately
preceding if unless told to do otherwise by the placement of braces ({ and }). This behavior can
lead to what is referred to as the dangling-else problem. The indentation of the nested statement
if (x > 5)
if (y > 5)
cout << "x and y are > 5";
else
cout << "x is <= 5";

appears to indicate that if x is greater than 5, the nested if statement determines whether y is also
greater than 5. If so, the statement outputs the string "x and y are > 5". Otherwise, it appears that
if x is not greater than 5, the else part of the if…else outputs the string "x is <= 5". Beware! This
nested if…else statement does not execute as it appears. The compiler actually interprets the
statement as
if (x > 5)
if (y > 5)
cout << "x and y are > 5";
else
cout << "x is <= 5";

in which the body of the first if is a nested if…else. The outer if statement tests whether x is
greater than 5. If so, execution continues by testing whether y is also greater than 5. If the second
condition is true, the proper string—"x and y are > 5"—is displayed. However, if the second con-
dition is false, the string "x is <= 5" is displayed, even though we know that x is greater than 5.
Equally bad, if the outer if statement’s condition is false, the inner if…else is skipped and noth-
ing is displayed. For this exercise, add braces to the preceding code snippet to force the nested
if…else statement to execute as it was originally intended.
ANS:
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Exercises 13

if (x > 5) {
if (y > 5) {
cout << "x and y are > 5";
}
}
else {
cout << "x is <= 5";
}

4.24 (Another Dangling-else Problem) Based on the dangling-else discussion in

Exercise ANS: , state the output for each of the following code snippets when x is 9 and y is 11 and
when x is 11 and y is 9. We eliminated the indentation from the following code to make the problem
more challenging. [Hint: Apply indentation conventions you’ve learned.]
a) if (x < 10)
if (y > 10)
cout << "*****" << endl;
else
cout << "#####" << endl;
cout << "$$$$$" << endl;
ANS: When x is 9 and y is 11
*****
$$$$$
ANS: When x is 11 and y is 9
$$$$$
b) if (x < 10)
{
if (y > 10)
cout << "*****" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "#####" << endl;
cout << "$$$$$" << endl;
}
ANS: When x is 9 and y is 11
*****
ANS: When x is 11 and y is 9
#####
$$$$$

4.25 (Another Dangling-else Problem) Based on the dangling-else discussion in

Exercise ANS: , modify the following code to produce the output shown. Use proper indentation
techniques. You must not make any additional changes other than inserting braces. We eliminated
the indentation from the following code to make the problem more challenging. [Note: It’s possible
that no modification is necessary.]
if (y == 8)
if (x == 5)
cout << "@@@@@" << endl;
else
cout << "#####" << endl;
cout << "$$$$$" << endl;
cout << "&&&&&" << endl;

a) Assuming x = 5 and y = 8, the following output is produced.

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14 Chapter 4 Algorithm Development and Control Statements: Part 1

@@@@@
$$$$$
&&&&&

ANS: if (y == 8) {
if (x == 5) {
cout << "@@@@@" << endl;
}
else {
cout << "#####" << endl;
}
}

cout << "$$$$$" << endl;

cout << "&&&&&" << endl << endl;

b) Assuming x = 5 and y = 8, the following output is produced.

@@@@@

ANS: if (y == 8) {
if (x == 5) {
cout << "@@@@@" << endl;
}
else {
cout << "#####" << endl;
cout << "$$$$$" << endl;
cout << "&&&&&" << endl;
}
}

c) Assuming x = 5 and y = 8, the following output is produced.

@@@@@
&&&&&

ANS: if (y == 8) {
if (x == 5) {
cout << "@@@@@" << endl;
}
else {
cout << "#####" << endl;
cout << "$$$$$" << endl;
}
}

cout << "&&&&&" << endl << endl;

d) Assuming x = 5 and y = 7, the following output is produced. [Note: The last three out-
put statements after the else are all part of a block.]
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Exercises 15

#####
$$$$$
&&&&&

ANS: if (y == 8) {
if (x == 5) {
cout << "@@@@@" << endl;
}
}
else {
cout << "#####" << endl;
cout << "$$$$$" << endl;
cout << "&&&&&" << endl;
}

4.32 What’s wrong with the following statement? Provide the correct statement to accomplish
what the programmer was probably trying to do.
cout << ++(x + y);

ANS: The ++ operator must be used in conjunction with variables. The programmer prob-
ably intended to write the statement: cout << x + y + 1;.
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16 Chapter 4 Algorithm Development and Control Statements: Part 1