COMPUTER

THE
MACHINE GARBAGE IN GARBAGE OUT

BABAGANA JIDDA SHETTIMA

EDITED BY: ABDULAZEEZ YUSUF

 COMPUTER BOOK

BABAGANA J. SHETTIMA
 APPRECIATION
I am in an ecstasy of thanks and buoyancy to the king of all
monarchs' master of everything, the most powerful, The
Almighty Allah who makes this compilation successful
despite other hindrances.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am using this golden opportunity of mine to extend my
gratitude to everyone who supported me in one way or the
other. I am also very grateful and obliged to my sisters
Yahadiza, Yafalmata, Bawagana, Hajjamama, Yabintu,
Yagana, Yakaka, Yakura. and to my Brothers Muhammad
bashir, Babakaka. And to the Senior Brothers Babagana
Kyari, Nur, Abubakar, Babagana Waziri, Alh. Maina,
Mamman kyari, shettima, baaka kalli, Muktar, Tuja,
Bakura, Usman. and to my uncles Late Ba'abana, Late
Ba'akyari, Baakalli, late Baamamman, Baabdullahi, Baa
Asika, (Umar), Baatahiru, and to the entire family members
in general for their aspiring guidance, invaluable
constructive critism and inspired advices to me as their
junior brother. I would like to express my special and warm
appreciation and gratitude to my editor Abdulazeez Yusuf
coordinator from computer Science Information Technology
Department, University of Maiduguri, you have being a
tremendous mentor to me. I would also like to thanks to
these people Muhammad Nur Shettima, Bukar Madu, Kunle
Paul, David Asimiakhuini, Ismail, yasule, Abdulazeez
Ibrahim, Abduljaleel, Baba Ali, Dibal, Yasule, and to the
person of Late M. M. Al-Barnawy, Mal Abubakar kyari, Ya
Abba Jato, Mustapha Loskorima and to the others staff of
I.M.I.C, last but not the least I will extend my profound
thanks to my bosom friends, intimate friends and well-
wishers whose their names has not being mention.

ii
 DEDICATION
This Book is dedicated to my beloved father ALH. JIDDA
SHETTIMA AJI and my Mother HAJJA HAUWA for their
tireless kindness and devotion. Their marvelous efforts
towards me can never escape in my memory.

iii
 PREFACE

Our present era is full of computers as regard to

tarrying on a global world of technology use of
computers is of paramount importance.
Contemporaneously speaking every day, a news
bulletin touts the use of another brand new
technology. We are now in computer age (digital age of
artificial intelligence, robotics) and many more
computers has changed tremendously the face of
government, law enforcement and the military and
also aid in new development in machine, and since
this book is an aid for anyone who is interested in the
knowhow of computers, I believe would find it
comprehensive and interesting. The main objective is
to explain to the beginner how to use a computer. The
book consists of 12 chapters most chapters were
improved by adding graphics illustration and also
there are revision questions at the end of each
chapters.

Babagana J Shettima

iv
 FORWARD

Computer the machine garbage in garbage out as the

name implies refers to what input is what output I
thoroughly went through the book and I found it very
valuable and wonderful as the author profoundly
explained it concisely what the beginner of computer
studies yarning for the author is dedicated and
resolute and his handy work of writing this book is
credible. The book is for student irrespective of levels
be it primary, secondary, tertiary and even
researchers can make use of the book. I really
recommend the sufficient worthiness of the book.

Engr. Mohammed Kabir A Wanori FNSE COREN IPPE

NIEEE BM (NITDA)
Honorable Commission of v
Inter-Governmental and Special duties
Borno State
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPUTER
Definition of the machine computer, types of computer,
classification of computer by size, computer generation,
types of computer according to program, ways of booting the
computer, Revision Question………………………………1-6

CHAPTER TWO: COMPONENTS OF THE COMPUTER

SYSTEM
Hardware, types of hardware, mouse, microphone, image
scanner, U.P.S, keyboard, joystick, digital camera, trackball,
drawing table, external or off-line memory, motherboard,
monitor, zip drive, NIC, modem, case fan, projector, thumb
print device ,
Revision Question……………………………………7-13

CHAPTER THREE: SOFTWARE

Software, importance of software, classes of software, types
of software, types of antivirus software, phases of software
life cycle, software product, software
development process Era, software licensing
revision Question….....……………………………………14-17

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PROCESSING

Data processing, data collection stage, data input stage, data
processing stage, data storage stage, data output
s t a g e , r e v i s i o n
question…………………………………………..………….......18

CHAPTER FIVE: PROGRAMMING

Programming, category of programming language, machine
language, high-level language, low-level language, assembly
language ,
Revision Question….......................................……..19-31

vi
CHAPTER SIX: COMPUTER NETWORKING
Computer networking, networking, types of networking,
LAN, WAN, MAN, modem speed, telephone line, the volume
of traffic, domain name, data transmission mode, simplex,
half-duplex, full-duplex, communication media,
classes of service, network topology ,
Revision Question…………...........................…..21-31

CHAPTER SEVEN: COMPUTER SYSTEM

TROUBLESHOOTING/MAINTENANCE AND COMPUTER
VIRUS
Sound problem, display system failure, hard drive failure,
memory failure possible solution, computer start- up failure,
mouse failure possible solution,
Maintenance, types of computer maintenance, virus, types
of computer virus, transmission of virus, control of virus,
computer ethic, revision Revision Question………32-35

CHAPTER EIGHT: OPERATING SYSTEM

Operating system, operating system for P.C, work of
operating system, DOS command, types of DOS command
function of DOS, DIR command, kernel, Linux, advantage
of Linux, what is operating system itself, Android
operating system, revision
Revisiion Question…………………….......................36-37
CHAPTER NINE: STORAGE DEVICES AND FILE
ORGANIZATION
Storage devices and file organization, mass storage devices,
CD, types of CD (compact disk), CD Rom, CD-R, CD-RW,
hard disk, Ram, Rom, types of Rom, file organization, types
of file, method of file organization, types of indexes, file
access method, characteristics of file, types of file extension,
Revision Question…………………………………………..38-41

vii
CHAPTER SIX: COMPUTER NETWORKING
Computer networking, networking, types of networking,
LAN, WAN, MAN, modem speed, telephone line, the volume
of traffic, domain name, data transmission mode, simplex,
half-duplex, full-duplex, communication media,
classes of service, network topology ,
Revision Question…………...........................…..21-31

CHAPTER SEVEN: COMPUTER SYSTEM

TROUBLESHOOTING/MAINTENANCE AND COMPUTER
VIRUS
Sound problem, display system failure, hard drive failure,
memory failure possible solution, computer start- up failure,
mouse failure possible solution,
Maintenance, types of computer maintenance, virus, types
of computer virus, transmission of virus, control of virus,
computer ethic, revision Revision Question………32-35

CHAPTER EIGHT: OPERATING SYSTEM

Operating system, operating system for P.C, work of
operating system, DOS command, types of DOS command
function of DOS, DIR command, kernel, Linux, advantage
of Linux, what is operating system itself, Android
operating system, revision
Revisiion Question…………………….......................36-37
CHAPTER NINE: STORAGE DEVICES AND FILE
ORGANIZATION
Storage devices and file organization, mass storage devices,
CD, types of CD (compact disk), CD Rom, CD-R, CD-RW,
hard disk, Ram, Rom, types of Rom, file organization, types
of file, method of file organization, types of indexes, file
access method, characteristics of file, types of file extension,
Revision Question…………………………………………..38-41

vii
 CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPUTER
DEFINITION OF THE MACHINE COMPUTER
Basically a computer is any Programmable electronic device
which is capable of accepting data through input device e.g.
keyboard, mouse etc. Process that particular data and finally
gives out the result in any output device in a form of text
through monitor, sound through speaker, wall data
(multimedia) through projector etc.

Fig. A computer
Types of computer
Computers can be fragmented or divided into three several
categories concerning electronic nature regarding the
functionality of that very computer
· Analog computer
· Digital computer
· Hybrid computer
· Analog computer: This is a type of computer which uses
numbers variables as it subject of functionality that is form
by continuous set of voltages that are varies. This type of
computer mainly use at hospital in measuring the weight of a
person, thermometer for measuring temperature, ammeter
for measuring current etc. also use in scientific research and
ight field in viewing the geographical location of some
specific and unique places.
· Digital computer: This type of computer is little better
than the analog in terms of operation, is a digitalized
computer which uses discrete values of signal. They
manipulate values and stores result in a form of numbers
zeros (0) and ones (1). Nowadays there is a type of camera

1
people called it digital camera all this are sort of digital
gadget devices.
· Hybrid computer: it is very unique and perplexed in which
combined and converged both features of analog and digital
computer and operations. Technically by using analog to
digital converter and vice- versa. · Classification of the
computer by size
· Computer can be classified into four (4) categories
according to their support and versatility they usually
offered.
 ·Mini computer
 ·Micro computer
 ·Mainframe computer
 ·Super computer
· Minicomputer: this class of computer is mid-range one
that is used by small companies and is capable of.

·Fig minicomputer

Microcomputer: this is personal computer (pc);

microcomputer is small one that is developed by Apple
Company for individuals and some organization for dayto-
day use. They have single microprocessor as their central
processing unit.

2
 Fig. Microcomputer

· Mainframe computer: this class of computer is powerful

normally with central computer connected by cable to many
terminals. Which can accept large volumes of inputs from
others terminals.

Fig. Mainframe computer

· Super computer: this one is used to process large amount

of data swiftly (quickly) and is the fastest type of computer.
Fujitsu and Cray are some of the manufactures of super
computer.

3
 Fig. super computer
COMPUTER GENERATION
· First generation of computer
· Second generation of computer
· Third generation of computer
· Fourth generation of the computer
· Fifth generation of computer
· First generation of computer (1946-1955): these
computer were developed in range of the period between
(1946-1955) and these are computers that are using
thermion valves/vacuum tube as their source of memory
that are being store on punch cards and magnetic tapes. The
speed of operation is millisecond (10-3 second)
· Second generation of computer (1956-1963): these are
between the ages of (1955-1965) in the second generation
they are using transistors as the source of memory. They
-4
have a speed of operation that is microsecond (10 second) ·
Third generation of computer (1964-1981)): these one is
between the ages of (1965-1981) and their source of memory
is mainly by integrated circuit (IC) which replaced the
transistor as the computer's memory. The speed of operation
-9
is nanosecond (10 second).
· Fourth generation of computer (1982-1990): these are
between the ages of (1982-190) respectively and their source
of memory is mainly by microchips or very large scale of
integration (VLSI). And their speed of operation is
picoseconds (10-12 second).
4
· Fifth generation of computer (1991-up to date): these
are between the ages of (1991 till date). They are the
advanced technology with less human intervention and they
are rampant commercially in the global village, (world) they
have storage devices e.g. diskette and drives CD-ROM
(compact disk read only memory) and has internet for
communication and exchange of ideas between two or more
users. These computers have operation speed of
-15
femtosecond (10 second) per operation.

Types of computer according to program

 · Special purpose computer
 ·General purpose computer
 · Special purpose computer: computer are invented
purposely for a unique thing, in this type of special
computer, the computer is being designed for a special
database management system (DBMS) that is doing single
work by it software. E.g. in ATM machine (automated not
to be confused by automatic is automated teller machine)
the computer programmers seated down and innovate
and designed this type of software that is capable of
dispensing cash using the discrete numbers. It will
automatically identify your card and the specific bank
that your using and the account in details, then it will ask
you to insert your PIN i.e. personal identification number
if it is correct immediately it will sent some signal (since it
is something that has to do with networking i.e.
interconnection of network across the global village that is
also one advantage of computer hence internet banking
has positive impact in day-to-day life your seating down in
your room you will transact and transfer to somebody
account and receive alert also). Then it will direct you to
your bank So that you will be able to dispense through
your bank and your specific account so that you will not be
intruder and hacker to somebody's property since

5
everybody's details is encrypted.
· General purpose computer: this computer is generally
used and can do several things based on their type of
software. e.g. personal computer.
·WAYS OF BOOTING THE COMPUTER
· There are two basic ways of booting/on your computer
 Warm booting: this is way of booting/on by pressing the
reset button unlike cool booting

 Cool booting: this is way of booting your computer by

pressing the small round circle on the side of your
keyboard if computer you are using is laptop but in the
case of desktops you will look for it at the front of your
C.P.U case and press and hold it until the light comes up
usually it brighten with blue light, mostly the light is blue

Revision questions
1. what is computer
2. mention generation of the computer
3. what is warm booting
4. what is digital computer

6
 CHAPTER TWO
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
COMPUTER COMPONENT ENCOMPASSES BOTH
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
HARDWARE: is any peripheral that is physical gadget which
you will see it merely and touched it also. Types of hardware
(1) Mouse
(2) Microphone
(3) Image Scanner
(4) U.P.S (uninterruptible power supply)
(5) Keyboard
(6) Joystick
(7) Digital camera
(8) Trackball
(9) Drawing table
(10) External or off-line memory
(11) Motherboard
(12) Monitor
(13) Zip drive
(14) NIC (network interface card)
(15) Modem (modulator demodulator)
(16) Case fan
(17) Projector
(18) Thumb print device
A mouse: as the name implies is look like the natural mouse
and is any peripheral that is attached to the computer unit
which is functioning in selecting, opening file, closing and
pointing an item of object.

Fig. The Mouse

7
 Types of mouse
(i) Wired mouse
(ii) Wireless mouse
(2) Microphone: is a peripheral device used to enter data
in a form of sound.
data in a form of sound.

Fig. microphone

(3) Image scanner: is any peripheral device used

to read and scan image or text into computer by
sending a bright light onto the paper and then
detect them by the machine scanner.

Fig. Scanning Machine

(4) Keyboard: is the good ingredient of the
computer system, since you cannot do without it, is a
device also use to input data to the C.P.U to process by the
C.P.U then send it to monitor for display. It works by
pressing some specific keypad. It has many parts e.g.
functional parts keys, alphabet part keys, numeral parts
keys, ALT key, CTRL key, TAB key, SHIFT key, FN key,
navigation keys, backspace key ESC key ENTER key,
WINDOW key ETC.

8
 Fig. A keyboard
Types of keyboard
We have two types of keyboard physically
i. Standard keyboard ii. Enhanced
keyboard
(I) Standard keyboard: is a type of keyboard that has F1-
F10 functional keys.
(ii) Enhance keyboard: that is the type of keyboard that has
F1-F12 and is multimedia it has some extra keypad at the
side of your keyboard. This keys comprise of sound key,
music key, etc.
(5) Joystick: is an input device that is use to play games.

Fig a joystick
(6) Digital camera: is a device use to capture images
and pictures through snapping point.

Fig. Digital camera

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(6) Trackball: is an input device that is used to move
images on the screen of the computer.

Fig. trackball
(7) Drawing tablet: is an input device that is used to draw
something and input them to computer screen
(monitor), and is also used for signature.

Fig. a Drawing tablet

(8) External or off-line memory: is a type of memory

which is used to store data on them permanently.
e.g. memory card (very small object) hard drive (black
rectangular hard object that is sealed with silicon) Etc

Fig. external or off-line storage

10
(9) Motherboard: is the apex part of the system unit
because many peripherals is being attached to it and
all process takes place by it, is a system unit some
people call it motherboard or main circuit board or in a
short form MOBO (motherboard). is the apex part of
the system unit because many peripherals is being
attached to it and all process takes place by it, is a
system unit some people call it motherboard or main
circuit board or in a short form MOBO (motherboard).

Fig a motherboard
(10) Monitor: you can call it VDU (visual display unit) is
an output device that is look like TV (television) which
has the potentiality to show you on the screen the
processed fact (data) whether in a form of graphic or
text, video, images, etc.

Fig. A monitor device

Classes of monitor
(I) CRT (cathode ray tube) monitor: it is using cathode ray
to display it data.
ii) LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor: it is using liquid
crystal ray to display it data.

11
(11) NIC (network interface card): is internal device that
is connected to the motherboard internally. Is a computer
circuit board or card that is installed in a computer so that it
can be connected to a network. It is some times called
network interface controller. Some of the new technology
card is build into the motherboard. Today most computers
are equipped with network cards. Network cards enable to
connect to the network but an antenna they commonly use a
number of protocols called IEE 802.

Fig NIC card

(12) Modem (modulator demodulator) this is a device that
enables a computer to transmit data over the internet.
Example, telephone or cable lines. Computer information is
stored digitally whereas information transmitted over
telephone lines is transmitted in a form of analog waves. A
modem converts between these forms. There is internal and
external modem we have

Fig. A modem
(13) Case fan is a device that is using motor-driving blades to
circulate the air in a computer or electronic system today's
CPU runs extremely hot, and large computer cabinets
usually use two or three fans to reduce temperature.

12
(14) Projector: is a device designed to take an image from
a video source and project it as possible onto a screen or
other surface. Projector are used in a variety of different
ways they are enjoyed by home theater. Enthusiasts due to
their ability to project movies and television programs onto
a screen much larger than even the biggest television.

Fig. a projector
(15) Thumb print: is a biometric device used in
computerized security systems primarily to identify
physical attributes of fingerprints

Fig. thumb print

13
 CHAPTER THREE
SOFTWARE:
Software can be defined as a set of instruction which
guide the computer to perform a specific function; it
can also be defined as a various aids that facilitate
the user's efficient operation of the machine. Today's
software is comprised of source code, executable
design, operation and system manuals and
installation and implementation manuals.
Software Includes:
·Instructions (computer programs) that when
executed provide desired functions and
performance.
·Data structures that enable the programs to
adequately manipulate information.
·Documents that describe the operation and use of
the program.
Importance of Software
Computer software is very important and has
become a driving force.
·It is embedded in all kinds of systems, such as
transportation, medical, telecommunications,
military, industrial processes, entertainment,
office products etc.
· It is vital and its affects nearly every aspect of our
lives has become pervasive in our commerce, our
culture, and our everyday activities. Software impact
on our society and culture is significant. As software
importance grows, the software community
continually attempts to develop technologies that
will make it easier, faster, and less expensive to build
high-quality computer programs.
Classes of Software
A) Generic software
B) Customized software
·Generic Software:- This is a software that is
designed and invented for broad customer
14
 market whose requirements are very common,
and is open source which is sold in the market
e.g. (AD/CAM packages, OS (operating
system) and system software.
·Customized Software:- It is developed for
customer only were domain, environment,
and requirements are unique to that customer
and cannot be satisfied by generic product.
Types of Software
·System software
·Application software
·Programming software

1) System Software: - This is software that is design

for internal operation and executing/running of the
computer system without any manual interface by
the user. And they are generally provided by the
manufacturers. Types of System Software
·Device driver
·Utility program
·Operating system

Device Driver:- it is a types of software that use to

enables the operating system to communicate.
Utility Program: - In this type of software it will make
the system entirely to perform well without any
failure/fault. Disk Defragmentation:- e.g. internal
fragmentation, external fragmentation.
Check Disk:- Disk fragmentation program.
Anti-virus Software:- it will erase and delete a
malicious program that is parading your file which
cause damage to your items in your computer
system. Some of the types of antivirus software are
·Norton ·Panda
·McAfee
·Avira
15
 ·Avast
·Smart
·AVG
·Karspersky
·Bit defender

2) Application Software:- Is a software that is used

for application programs for specific functions.
Example of application software:-

·Package software: - It is application software that

enables the user to create text document e.g.
Microsoft word document (MS word).
·Spreadsheet package:- It is used for arithmetical and
statistical manipulations e.g.
Microsoft excel, lotus I, II, III.

·Desktop publishing package: - It comprised the

features of word processing and graphic
package e.g. Adobe acrobat, Microsoft
publisher etc.

·Presentation software package: - These are

packages that used for seminar presentation,
lectures, conference meeting, convocation etc.
e.g. Microsoft power point, K-presenter.

3) Programming software:- These are types of

software that programmers design them and
is used by software developers to develop
using any programming languages e.g.
Microsoft Visual Basic, C++, Java, C, HTML,
Pascal, Fortran, Cobol, Perl, DHTML etc.
Phases of software life cycle

16
Software Development process ERA
·Early Era 1950 – 1960
·Second Era 1960 – 1972
·Third Era 1972 – 1985
·Fourth Era 1985 to present date

Software Licensing
·Single user license
·Network license
·Multi user license
·Site license

Revision question
1. What is software
2. Classes of software
3. What is spreadsheet package used for
4. List software life cycle
5. Mention 4 antivirus software

17
 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PROCESSING:
Data can define as the collection of raw facts that
becomes information after processing.
Data processing can be a form of numbers 1, 2, 3, 4,
etc. or can be in a form of text e.g. MALAYSIA,
LONDON, KANO, BAMA etc. and can also be an
image which can be graphics, pictures and charts
depending on the users need, can even be in a form
of multimedia (sound/video). Data can be taken
through input devices e.g. keyboard, mouse,
microphone etc.

DIAGRAM OF DATA PROCESSING STAGE

Data Collection Data input Data processing
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

Date Storage Data Output

Stage 4 Stage 5

Revision question
1. what is data
2. explain data processing
3. what is information

18
 CHAPTER FIVE
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Programming is the process by which a user
specifies to the computer what they likely want the
computer to perform. It can also mean specification
of the algorithm in a computer program language.
Some of the programming language according to
what they have being design for e.g. COBOL is for
business, PERL for text processing language, JAVA
developed by sun Microsystem for set-top-boxes,
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) for web
design. C++ for accounting, finance. etc CAD
(computer aided design) for designing 2D (2
dimensional) and 3D (3 dimensional) in and
application called AutoCAD is also object oriented
programming, FORTRAN for formula translator etc.
Category of programming Language
·Machine language
·High- level language
·Low-level language

Machine Language: These are the language consist

of binary codes series of ones and zeros (1s and 0s)
or (on or off) it can be located directly into the
computer for execution. You know computer does
not recognize your alphabet directly. for example if
you write A the computer takes it to register then
the register will push to control unit then process it
but that alphabet "A" would never be recognized as
it is "A" but in machine language that is in a
numerical form like 0001, or 00012, 00011 in a
form of binary numbers.

High-level Language: These are problem oriented

language and it is machine independent. They are
close to human language e.g. FORTRAN, C++, JAVA,
COBOL, BASIC.

19
 They are not directly executive like that of machine
language but needs to translate to machine code
before the machine understand by either compilers,
translators, etc. translators is used to converts
programs into machine code, and compiler is used to
translate or compiles programs written in high level
language to machine language. Example of high-
level language written is Diff =
NUM1-NUM2.
Low level language: This is assembly language in
which symbolic codes MULTA is used to represent
instead of using binary codes e.g. (mnemonics) used
instead of using LDA5, the low-level language is
easier to write, debug and maintain unlike machine
language. Such symbolic code is called Assembly
Language.
Assembly language is the language used to convert
program which is source program to object program
e.g.
8086 machine language 8086 Assembly language
Va1 = Var1 + Var2 Var1 = var1 + Var2
10100 001 0000 0000 0000 0000 MOV AV, Var1
0000 0011 0000 0110 0000 0000 0000 0010 ADD AV,
Var2
1010 0011 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 MOV
Var1, AV

Revision questions
1. define programming
2. what is high level language
3. high-level language is it machine independent or
machine dependent

20
 CHAPTER SIX
COMPUTER NETWORKING:
Before I will explain networking you need to know
these acronyms with their definitions
·U.R.L: Uniform Resource Locator. The address
that defines a route to a file on the web or any
other internet facility URL is type into the
browser to access web pages. URL consists of
protocol prefix, port number, the domain
name subdirectory name and file name.
·HTML: Hyper text markup protocol. Is the
document format use on the World Wide Web,
Web pages are built with html tags (code)
embedded in the text. Html defines the page
layout, fonts, and graphic element as well as
hypertext link to other document on the web.
·FTTP: File transfer protocol. A protocol used to
transfer file over TCP/IP network. For example
after developing HTML pages for a website they
are typically uploaded to web server using
FTP.
·MODEM: Modulator demodulator. A device that
adapts a terminal or computer to an analog
telephone line by converting digital pulses to
audio frequencies and vise versa.
·HTTP: Hypertext transfer protocol. A
communication cable use to connect to
servers on the World Wide Web. Its primary
function is to establish connection with a web
server and transmit HTML pages to the client
browser.
·WWW: World Wide Web. Prefix used on most web
addresses is actually the mnemonics name of
the web server used at the website.
· WAP: Wireless application protocol. Is a
standard use on cellular phones, pagers and
other handled devices with secure access to e-
21
 mail and text-based web pages?
·WAE: Wireless application environment. Provides
environment that enables a wide range of
application to be used wireless devices.
·WIFI: Wireless fidelity. Is the name of the
popular wireless technology that uses radio
waves to provide wireless high-speed internet
and network connections.
·LAN: Local area network. A communication
network that serves users within a confined
geographical area.
·WAN: Wide area network. A communication
network that covers a wide geographic area
such as state or country.
·MAN: Metropolitan area network. A
communication network that covers a
geographic area such as city or suburb.
·E-mail: Electronic mail. Is used for
Transmission of memos and messages over
the internet.
·WS: Web server. A computer in a network shared
by multiple users can also be define where
different websites lives.
·I-PHONE: Internet phone. An internet-enabled
smartphone developed by apple. The i-phone
combines mobile phone capabilities with a
wireless internet device and an ipod into one.
·IPAD: Tablet computer. Is a 9.7 inch touch
screen tablet PC made by apple the ipad is
basically a notebook without a keyboard
which allows in to be smaller and lighter
sacrificing much functionality.
·IPOD: Portable media player. Is a combination
portable digital media player and hard drive
from apple Computer. The original version was
about the size of deck of playing cards with a
22
monochrome screen and a 5 gigabyte capacity
·GSM: Global system for mobile communication.
A digital cellular phone technology based on
TDMA that is the predominant system in
Europe but it also used around the world.
Developed in 1980.
·ICT: Information and communication
technology. Is an umbrella term that includes
any communication device or application,
encompassing; radio, television etc.
·ATM: Automated teller machine. A banking
terminal that accept deposit and dispense
cash.
·ATM: Asynchronous transfer mode. A network
technology for both local area network and
wide area network that support real time voice
and video
as well as data.
·MP3: (Music player 3) is a software utility or
hardware device that plays audio files encoded
in MPEG audio layer 3.
·API: Application program interface. A language
and message format used by an application
program to communicate with the operating
system or some other control program such as
database management system or
communication protocol.
·AT: Advance technology. IBM's fist 286 based PC
introduced in 1984 it was most advanced
machine in the PC line and featured a new
keyboards, 1.2MB oppy and 16bit data bus.
·ISP: Internet service provider. Is a company that
provides services for accessing, using, or
participating in the internet.
·IP: Internet protocol. The IP part of the TCP/IP
communications protocol.
23
·NCC: National communication commission. Is
the independent regulatory body for the
Nigerian telecommunication industry. Was
created under number 75 by the federal
military government of Nigeria on 24 November
1992.
·POP: Point of presence is an ISP. Is an access-
point to the internet. It is a physical location
that houses servers, routers, atm switches and
digital/analog call aggregators.
·TCP: Transmission control protocol. It is
responsible for sending file data over the
internet.· USB: Universal Serial Bus. A hard
ware interface for low-speed peripheral such
as keyboards, mouse, scanner, joystick,
printer and telephony devices it also support
MPEG-1 AND MPEG-2 digital video.
·UDP: User Datagram Protocol. A protocol within
the TCP/IP protocol suite that is used in place
of TCP when a reliable is not required.
·EDI: Electronic data interchange. Electronic
communication of business transaction such
as odes confirmation and invoices, between
organization
·SMTP: Simple mail transfer protocol. The
standard e-mail protocol on the internet it is a
TCP/IP protocol that defines the message
format and the message transfer agent (MTA),
which store and forward the mail.
·NOS: Network operating system. Is a computer
operating system that is designed primarily to
support workstation, personal computer and
older terminal that are connected on a local
area network.

24
 ·DNS: Domain name service. Is the internet
equivalent of a phone book, is the system
used to translate word-based address of
system.
·U A R T : u n i v e r s a l a s y n c h r o n o u s
receiver/transmitter. The electronic circuit that
make up the serial pot. It converts parallel bytes into
CPU for transmission and vice versa NETWORKING:
Is grouping of computers and other devices
connected by communication link for the purpose of
sharing data/files irrespective of geographical
location. Network can be small or large, permanently
connected through wires or cables, or temporarily
connected through phone lines or wireless
transmission, which is worldwide group of network.

Fig. Networking
Types of network:
·LAN.
·WAN.
·MAN.
LAN: is a computer network that spans a
relatively small area. It can be connected via
telephone lines and radio waves. LAN is mostly
packed together under a single building, e.g.
university café.
WAN: is a wide area network, the type of

25
network that spans relatively large geographical area.
Two or more LAN is 30 called WAN. An example of
WAN is the internet because it involves the
interconnection of networks around the world.

MAN: is a metropolitan area network. These

are computers within a metropolis e.g. a bank with
multiple branches within a city. E.g. Eco bank has
many branches; hence each branch will be connected
to each other using MAN mostly.
To connect to the internet you need software and
hardware devices
·You can access the internet (if you like) through
P.C connected to a normal telephone line.
Computers are attached to a telephone line via
another piece of kit called modem. This will
convert digital computer signals into analog
signals carried over telephone lines (and vice
versa).
·To connect to the internet, you use your modem
to dial up a computer owned by an internet
service provider (ISP). These companies have
computers permanently connected to the
internet. All information sent from your PC
goes via ISP (internet service provider).
·The two most important pieces of software you
need are, web browser to display web pages
and email client which transmits and receives
e-mail from a PC.·Web browsers sometimes
need plug-ins (extra little bits of software)
before they can play certain typesof
multimedia files, like videos for example.
The speed of the internet is measured in kilobytes
per second (kbps) and byte is made up of 8 bits
and a bit is the smallest unit of memory e.g. 4

26
 bits 0000 or 0011 and 1 bit is made up of 0 or 1
digit, but a byte consist of 8 bits e.g. 11000111.
·Modem Speed: Mostly PC works at either 28kbps or
56kbps (higher number usually mean faster connections)
but the speed of the modem at the other end also matters.
·The Telephone Line: Standard analogue lines are the
slowest but newer digital lines such as ISDN and ADSL
speed up the transfer of data between the user and the
ISP.
·The volume of Traffic: The more people using the internet,
the slower the speed of access. In the UK, the internet is
slower in the afternoon. Somebody may ask for what
reason, because that is when it's morning in the USA-
peak time for internet user.
Domain Name: Is the name given to a website e.g.
www.unimaid.edu.ng. The middle one i.e. "unimaid" is
the domain. The domain type is "edu" and it is use for
educational sites. More examples are:
.com – is for business (mainly USA)
.uk – is United Kingdom
.fr – is for France
.nz - is for New Zealand
.org – is for non-profit making organization
.net – is for general
.gov – is for government
My friend to have a good internet access, you need a good
computer and a reliable ISP e.g. at least a P3 1.OHZ plus
512MB of RAM (random access memory). The higher the
computer speed, the higher your browsing speed.
DATA TRANSMISSION MODE
In internet, transmission refers to data being transmitted.
Transmission simply put, is the movement of information
using some standard methods. Example of standard
methods is electrical signals, optical signals, etc. The
ways of transmission are:

27
Simplex: This is a mode of transmission that is transmitting
in one direction e.g. TV programs are bulleting in one way.
The ow of information is unidirectional.

A B

Simplex A to B only
Half-Duplex: Communication would take place in both
directions, but only in one direction at that mean time.

A B
Half-Duplex A to B and B to A
Full-Duplex: Communication would take place in both
directions at the same time. E.g. telephone line.

A B
Half-Duplex A to B and vice versa
COMMUNICATION MEDIA
·Wire pairs: Is used in local telephone communication and
for short distance digital data communication. It is made
up of copper and the pair of wires twisted together. Its
transmission speed is normally 9600 bits per second in a
distance of 100 meter
·Coaxial cables: Is the wrapped and insulated wires that are
able to transfer data at a higher rate. It is used for long
distance.
·Microwave: This one uses very high frequency radio signals
to transmit data through space. The transmitter and
receiver of a microwave system should be in line-of-sight
because the radio length cannot bend. Repeaters are
used at intervals of 25 to 30 kilometers between the
28
transmitting and the receiving end. Repeater is used to boost
signal on a local area network which covers wide
distance.
CLASSES OF SERVICE
We have 3 classes of service for both voice and data
communication:
·Narrowband: This handles low data volumes. Data
transmission rates are from 45 to 300 bands.
·Voice band: this handles moderate data transmission
volumes between 300 and 9600 baud.
·Broadband: This handles very large volumes of data. This
system provides data transmission rates
of 1 million baud or more. Baud is identical to bits per
second (bps).
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology is the way or pattern through which computers
would be arrange in a network.
·Star network topology ·Bus
network topology
·Ring network topology
Star network: Star network frequently use in a LAN to
connect several micro computers to a central unit that
works as a communication control. In star topology,
computers are connected by cable segments to a central
hub. When a signal is sent from a computer, it is received by
the hub and re-transmitted down every other cable
segment to all the other computers on the network. Again,
only the computer signal is addressed to act upon the data.
In a star, if one computer fails the others are unaffected.

Fig. star network

29
Bus Network Topology: In this type of topology systems
are arrange in a bus format physically but typically are not.
It prepares less cable, they are easy to connect but in this
kind of topology, if a cable breaks, the entire network will
have fault. Access and control of bus networks are typically
maintained by a method called contention.

Ring Network: Ring network is the type of network that its

signals travel in one direction only around the ring. Token
passing is one method of sending data in a ring. This
topology is surprisingly fast. A token can make a complete
circuit of a 200 meters ring 10,000 times per second. A
disadvantage of ring topology is that if one node fails, the
whole network will go down.

Fig ring network

Internet service provider (ISP):
Is a company that has the facility to connect to the internet
and is also the provider of the services. If you want to
upload something to your website, you must upload
through them. They are the ones that are in charge of giving
licence. Examples of ISP companies:
·Megatech
·Cyber Space ·Info
·Starcomms
30
 ·Ecnx
·Link Serve Limited
Webpage: Is the page on the internet or is a document on the
website.
Homepage: Is the first page you see if you log on to a
website and is the page through which you can go to
another webpage. E.g. if you log on to a website you will see
at the bottom of the page like these words click next page. If
you click the link it will automatically take you to another
web page.
Website: Is the house of web pages
Hyperlink: Is the thumbnails or written work usually
underlined. If you click on it, it will take you to somewhere
else or you will see some changes. E.g. Page 2, Click to see
your result, Click to download, Upload document, these
are all examples of hyperlink
Browser: Is software that you will use to browse or surf the
web pages. E.g. Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Internet Explorer,
Google Chrome, etc.
Chatting: Is the internet service which allows you to
interact directly with friends and relatives on the internet.
Examples of chatting application are Twitter, 2go,
Facebook, Whatsapp, Migg33, Nimbuzz, Eskimi, Palmchat
etc.

Revision question
1. Define what you understand by network in your
own word
2. Define MAN and LAN network
3. List 3 network topology

31
 CHAPTER SEVEN:
SYSTEM TROUBLESHOOTING/MAINTENANCE AND
COMPUTER VIRUS:
Troubleshooting is the act of diagnosing the source of a
problem. Is used to solve problem of both hardware and
software issue. The problems include:-
·Sound failure
·Display system failure
·Hard drive failure
·Memory failure
·Computer start up failure
·CD-Rom failure
Sound problem: Possible solution
·Press the mute button on the keyboard to unmute or
·Click the start button
·Click control panel
·Click hardware and sound
·Adjust the system volume
·Unplug the headphone if they are connected to computer
·Ensure power (active) speaker is turn on.
Display system failure: Possible solution
·Refer to your monitor display manual
·Press "ON" button on front of your monitor
·Press the space bar or move the mouse until the screen is
displayed and Ok for you.
·Press ESC key to resume from sleep
Hard drive failure:- Possible solution and symptoms
Symptom: Your hard drive will display error message,
computer will locked up and will not respond.
Possible solution:
· Close the program that is not responding
· Restart the computer by pressing CTRL + ALT + DEL
keys
· On your keyboard then select shutdown option.
Memory failure: Possible solution
· Remove the memory and insert it again
· Make sure your card reader is correct then test it with
32
another card reader if that is the case.
· Then format the memory by clicking the right button of the
mouse dialog box appear click on format click yes Computer
start up failure
Make sure your cables is properly and evenly connected you
will observe a green light on the back of your computer if the
cable is properly connected. Mouse failure: Possible
solution
· Make sure you plug the mouse cable into the appropriate
port (a port is a point through which peripherals is connect
to the computer)
· Turn to the back of the mouse
· Use your handkerchief or any soft shirt to clean the ball
inside the mouse.
· If is okay fine but if not run to the market to buy another
mouse.
C.D drive failure: Possible solution
· Ensure your C.D is properly placed and is not upside down.
· Clean the C.D plate with kit
· If not update your driver may be your driver corrupted or
your driver is outdated one.

MAINTENANCE
Computer is often breakdown at the worst of all time so you
need to maintain it in order to last long and longer.
Misuse would shorten the life of electronic components.
Types of Maintenance
· Preventive maintenance
· Curative maintenance
Preventive Maintenance: Is the process of keeping the
computer working at its optimum performance. Some of
the preventive maintenance activities includes, use of
utilities such as defragmenters, preventing the system
from dust, removing your computer battery if you intend to
keep the computer for long time.
Curative maintenance: Is the act of repairing the bad sector
of a computer to return back to its normal position by

33
 troubleshooting.
VIRUS
Virus is a malicious and deviant which has access to cause
damage and malfunction to computer program
unexpectedly and undesirably.
Some of the sign of virus
· Restart itself automatically
· The computer perform very slowly Types
of Computer Virus
· Boot sector virus
· Program virus
· Micro virus
· Logic bomb virus
· Trojan horse virus
· File virus
ultipartite virus Transmission of Virus
·M
· Through network that is connecting of two or more
computer together
· Through removable media e.g. Mp3, ash disk, memory
card, oppy disk etc.
Control of Virus
It can be control using antivirus software, the antivirus
software has being mentioned before. Computer ethics
· Scan your programs daily or weekly
· Update your antivirus software and operating system
software
· Clean your mind you don't touch your screen with your
finger and don't keep your computer in a dirty place
· Always have two copies of any vital information in
different media in case of unexpected virus.
· Never delete a file you did not create
· All system files should be back-up daily in addition to
data file.

34
 Revision question
1. what is troubleshooting
2. list types of computer virus software
3. sort out possible solution of memory failure

35
 CHAPTER EIGHT:
OPERATING SYSTEM:
Operating system is the master control program that
runs the computer. The first program loaded when the
computer is turn on, its main part, "kernel", resides in
memory at all times. The operating system set the
standard for all application program that run in the
computer.
Types of operating system
a) unix
b) Linux
c) windows 95
d) windows 98
e) windows 2003
f) windows xp
g) windows vista
h) windows 7
i) windows 8
j) windows 10
Work of operating system
1) allocates internal memory
2) logs errors
3) monitors the system input/output devices
DOS (desktop operating system)
DOS is the system software installed in the computer to control or
guide the operation. It is the basis upon which application can
work.
Function of DOS
1) it helps to format a diskette,
2) it helps to copy files
3) it helps to delete or erase files
4) it helps user to communicate with computer and
devices eg disk drive, printers, keyboards
5) Run application programs
6) Run programming language e.g basic programming
language

36
 DOS Command
It tells the computer things to do
Types of DOS Command
1) internal DOS
2) external DOS
1) Internal DOS is any command come from the
computer memory and can never be erased or
changed e.g. C:/>Dir dir mean directory then press
enter key you will see all files in the C directory
2) External DOS is used to load into the system by the
user and they can be changed and erased e.g.
C:/>CD cd means change directory, press enter key
you will see the changes C:/> MD mean directory
C:/> format A press enter you will see your diskette
erased
Back up C:/>D Back up press enter this will going to
save into separate.
DIR COMMAND
It is a command which tells the operating system to
show the names of files on a disk.

Revision question
1. What is operating system
2. List 4 types of operating system
3. What are the types of dos command

37
 CHAPTER NINE:
STORAGE DEVICES AND FILE ORGANISATION:
Storage devices allow computer to permanently retain large
amounts of data (programs). Common mass storage
devices include disk drives and tape drives.
1. CD ( compact disk)
2. Ram (Random Access Memory)
3. Rom (Read Only Memory)
4. Floppy disk
5. Memory
CD: CD is also another type of storage device that will read
form or write to a CD disk, we called all of it types as optical
storage devices.
Types of CD (compact disk)
a. CD-ROM
b. CD-R
c. CD-RW
CD ROM: Is a type of storage device that you can only read
but it cannot record that into a disk. It can be read by most
DVD-ROM drives. It cannot be erased and written to
repeatedly.
CD-R: (compact disk recordable) this type of CD-R is
recordable one. It has all the features of CD ROM but you
can write into a disk that cannot be erased.
CD-RW: (compact disk rewritable) It also have all the
features of CD-ROM. It can be read. It can be erased, it can
be read by most DVD players but it cannot be read by CD-
ROM, or any home or car stereo. It has memory capacity up
700mb.
2. Hard Disk: Hard disks are usually used as secondary
storage device and are used for ofine storage. It is
measured in bytes, it is permanent storage device. We have
internal and external hard disk. Data are stored in hard
disk. On their surface are concentric tracks. It is at,
circular plates made up of aluminum or glass mostly
aluminum and coated with a magnetic material. It has
storage capacity up to 300 GB (gigabytes i.e. billions of
38
bytes)

2. RAM: (Random Access Memory) is a type of memory

that is volatile. What is meant by volatile is it loses its
content when the power turns off. When the power goes off
and you did not save before, then your information is no
longer "in memory" e.g. each time you type letter or
alphabet, you work is stored on the Ram, then the Ram
sends it to register it and allocates a space on the control
unit, then it will free itself for next alphabet or letter to come
in. Ram also stores data temporarily you can erase unlike
that of ROM.
3. Read Only Memory: In this case of storage device, you
cannot ever erase unlike that of Ram. It contains programs
permanently and it is non volatile which means it does not
lose its content even if the power turn-off.
Types of ROM
a. PROM
b. EPROM
c. EEPROM
PROM: Is programmable Read Only Memory. This is a type of
Rom that the data if stored can never be change.
EPROM: Is erasable programmable Read Only Memory. This
type of Rom can be erased by removing the device and
expose to ultra violent light.
EEPROM: Is electrically erasable programmable Read Only
Memory. This type of Rom can be erased with the use of
some special devices and new program (data) can be stored
in it.

FILE ORGANIZATION
What is a File?
File is a body of stored data or information in an electronic
format. All information stored in computer is in form of files.
Types of Files
1. Data file
2. Program file

39
Method of organization
i. Serial ii. Sequential
iii. Indexed sequential
iv. Random
Serial: These files are stored in chronological order. Each
record is received and stored in the next available storage
position.
Sequential: Files are serial files whose records are stored in
ascending or descending order on a particular key field.
Indexed Sequential: It has same features of sequential.
We have three types of indexes:
a. Basic Index
b. Implicit Index
c. Limit Index
File Access Methods
A ccess M teh ods

F ile Serial Sequen tial R an dom

organ ization
Serial X

Sequen tial X

In dex ed X X
sequen tial

R an dom X X

Random: is a randomly organized file, it contains records

arrange physically without regard to the sequence of the
key.
Types of files in advance
1. Master file
2. Work file
3. Transaction file
4. Archive file
5. Data file

40
Files extension
File extension can be define as the as a three character
addition that follows the name of a file.
PDF - Portable document format
HTML – hyper text transfer markup language
SWF – macromedia ash file
PPT – power point file
GIF – graphics interchange format
JPEG – joint photographic expert group
PNG – portable network graphics (image file format)
WMX – windows media
WAV – wave file (audio file format)
DOC – document, is used in word processing e.g. MS
Word
SAV-file extension format used in SPSS (statistical
package for social sciences)

Revision question
1. Hard disk is it a primary storage devices or
secondary storage devices
2. what is ROM
3. types of ROM
4. what is file extension PNG means

41
 CHAPTER TEN:
COMPUTER PACKAGE:
Microsoft Word:
Microsoft word is a word processing packages that s used
to create a document such as memo, report, project letter
etc.
Starting the Microsoft word Step
·Click on start
·Click on programs
·Click on Microsoft word
·Right click or double click on the Microsoft icon on the
desktop and click on [open]

Fig. a Microsoft word profile

Microsoft word
Title bar: it display the name of the program currently exist
and when you save a file, the name appears on the title bar.
Control Buttons
·Minimize: This will remove a window and the title will
appear on taskbar.
·Maximize/Restore: This is use to enlarge the window
screen.
·Close: This will close the window program.
Menu bar: This consist of menu headers such as file, edit,
view, format.
Standard tool bar: This consists of icons that represent a
command, which are used to perform task it is the shortcut
to menu.
Formatting tool bar: This consists of B, I U (Bold, Italic, and
Underlined) they are to create infancies in a document
Tables and Borders tool bar: This is used to draw table and
42
also formatting of table.
Ruler bar: It is used for dimension.
Cursor/Insertion pointer: This is the black blinking object
on the printable page, which indicates text entering in a
document.
Work Area: This is working area of the document and is the
printable page.
Scroll bar: This is used to create Autoshape and draw object
in a document and also to format the Autoshapes and the
object.
Drawing tool bar: this provides you with information about
the status of your program and also display the number of
pages used in a document
Task bar: This consists of the start button, application
package/window currently running, icons and the time.
Different views
·Normal layout ·Web layout
·Reading layout
·Outline
·Document map
·Thumbnails
Steps
·Click on view
·Click on desire view
·Or click on desire view on the view bar Full
Screen
·Click on view
·Click on full screen
Zoom
·Click on view
·Click on 300m, dialog box appears
·Select desire 300m option
·Click ok
Copy and PASTE
·Select the text
·Click on edit menu, click on copy
·Or click on the icon on the standard tool, or press Ctrl +

43
 C on the keyboard.
·Place the cursor at the point where you want
·Click on edit menu, click on paste
·Or press Ctrl + V on the keyboard or click on the paste
icon on the standard Toolbar
Cut and Paste
·Select the text
·Click on edit menu, click cut
·Or press Ctrl + X
·Place the cursor where you want
·Click on edit, click on paste
·Or click on the paste icon or press Ctrl + V on the
keyboard.
Saving of Document
·Click on the file menu
·Click on save as, dialog box appears
·Type the file name
·Click on save
For working and saving for the afraid of returning off the
computer so that you will not loose your work as your typing
press Ctrl + S subsequently so that the more your typing the
more your saving .
Opening a Document
·Click on the file menu
·Click on open, dialog box appears
·Click the file name
·Click on open
Line Spacing: Is the act of spacing between lines in a
document.
Types of line spacing
·Single line spacing Ctrl + 1
·1.5 line spacing Ctrl + 5
·Double line spacing Ctrl + 2 Steps:
·Select the text
·Click on format menu
·Click on paragraph, dialog box appears
·Under line spacing, click on the drop down list and then
select what you want.

44
 ·Click ok.
Inserting Date and Time
·Click on insert menu
·Click on date and time, dialog box appear
·Select desired format
·Click ok
Alignment: Is used to change position of a text in a
document.
Types of alignment
·Left alignment by Ctrl + L
·Right alignment by Ctrl + R
·Center alignment by Ctrl + E
·Justify alignment Ctrl + J
CHANGING THE BACKGROUND COLOR OF THE PAGE
·Click on format
·Click on background
·Select desired color
·Click on more color or fill effect, dialog box appear
·Select color of choice or effect
·Click ok
Inserting Symbols
·Click on insert menu
·Click on symbol, dialog box appear
·Select desired choice of symbol
·Click on insert ·Click on
close
Printing a Document
·Click on file menu
·Click on print or press Ctrl + P
·A dialog box appears all pages or current
·Click ok
Inserting a Table
·Click on table menu
·Click on insert
·Click on table, dialog box appears
·Select the number of column and rows
·Click ok
Adding Font: Is used to beautify the look of the document
45
 ·Select the text
·Click on format menu
·Click on font or press Ctrl + D, dialog box appear
·Select desired choice of font style, size, colour
·Click ok
To subscript your text alphabet
·Select the alphabet
·Click on subscript
·Click on ok To
superscript
·Select the alphabet
·Click on superscript
·Click on ok
Applying Drop Cap
·Select the character
·Click on format menu
·Click on drop cap, dialog box appear
·Under position, select dropped
Select type of font (optional)
·Select number of lines to drop
·Click ok
Change Case
·Select the text
·Click on format menu
·Click on change case, dialog box appear ·Select
desired choice of case
·Click ok or press Shift + F3 on the keyboard Inserting
Picture as a printed water Mark
·Click on format
·Click on background
·Click on printed watermark, dialog box appear
·Select picture watermark
·Click on select picture, dialog box appear
·Select location of the picture, select the picture
·Click open click ok
Inserting word Art
·Click on insert menu
·Click on picture
46
·Click on clip art, dialog box appear
·Select desired word art style
·Click ok
·Type your text
·Click ok
Crating a Naira Sign Steps
·Type N, select the N
·Click on format click on font, dialog box appear
·Under effects, select double strikethrough
·Click ok
Page Numbering: Is used to numbered the page
·Click on insert menu
·Click on page number, dialog box appears
·Select the position of the body
·Select the alignment of the body
·Click ok
Protecting document: Is used to set a document on
reading-only memory and read-only memory can never
be change/modify.
·Click on tools menu
·Click on protect document, dialog box appears
·Select limit formatting to a selection of styles
·Select allow only this type of editing in the document
·Click on yes, start enforcing protection, dialog box
appear
·Type the password, re-type the password
·Click ok
Unprotecting a Document: Is used to remove the
protection.
·Click on tools menu
·Click on unprotect document
·Type the password
·Click on
Inserting Header and Footer: Is used to create a portion to
type a short note at the top and button and will appear
on the all pages.
·Click on view menu
·Click on header and footer
47
·Click on clip art, dialog box appear
·Select desired word art style
·Click ok
·Type your text
·Click ok
Crating a Naira Sign Steps
·Type N, select the N
·Click on format click on font, dialog box appear
·Under effects, select double strikethrough
·Click ok
Page Numbering: Is used to numbered the page
·Click on insert menu
·Click on page number, dialog box appears
·Select the position of the body
·Select the alignment of the body
·Click ok
Protecting document: Is used to set a document on
reading-only memory and read-only memory can never
be change/modify.
·Click on tools menu
·Click on protect document, dialog box appears
·Select limit formatting to a selection of styles
·Select allow only this type of editing in the document
·Click on yes, start enforcing protection, dialog box
appear
·Type the password, re-type the password
·Click ok
Unprotecting a Document: Is used to remove the
protection.
·Click on tools menu
·Click on unprotect document
·Type the password
·Click on
Inserting Header and Footer: Is used to create a portion to
type a short note at the top and button and will appear
on the all pages.
·Click on view menu
·Click on header and footer
47
Ctrl + O to open already existing document
Ctrl + P to print
Ctrl + S to save
Ctrl + U to underline
Ctrl + V to paste
Ctrl + W to close your document that is current
Ctrl + X to cut (is to remove text from its position)
Ctrl + Y to redo your work
Ctrl + Z to undo your work.

Revision question
1. What is Microsoft Word?
2. What is work area on Microsoft word?
3. What are the function of these short keys ctrl A,
C, P, S, and then Z

49
 CHAPTER ELEVEN:
SPREADSHEET PACKAGE:
MICROSOFT EXCEL: Is a spreadsheet package for
arithmetical and statistical calculation.

Fig. Microsoft profile

Summing (addition)
There are 3 ways of summing
1. using autosum (Ó)
2. using paste function
3. using formular
using auto sum (Ó) steps:
1. Select the value including the cell(s) where the answer
will appear
2. click on the autosum icon(∑) on the standard tool bar
Using paste function Steps:
1. click on the cell
2. click on insert menu
3. click on function, a dialog box appears
4. under function category, select all
5. under function name, scroll down and select sum
6. click ok, verify the argument (cell address)
7. click ok
Using formula
=sum(B3:F:) Press enter key or
=B3+C3+D3+E3+F3 Press enter key

50
 MULTIPLICATION
This involves 2 cells
Sample formula
=D4*E4 Press enter key
=E4*15 Press enter
DIVISION
This involves only 2 cells
Sample formula
=E3/F3 Press enter key or
Summing (addition) there
are 3 ways of summing
1. using autosum (Ó)
2. using paste function
3. using formular
using auto sum (Ó) steps:
1. Select the value including the cell(s) where the answer
will appear
2. click on the autosum icon(∑) on the standard tool bar
Using paste function Steps:
1. click on the cell
2. click on insert menu
3. click on function, a dialog box appears
4. under function category, select all
5. under function name, scroll down and select sum
6. click ok, verify the argument (cell address)
7. click ok
Using formula
=sum(B3:F:) Press enter key or
=B3+C3+D3+E3+F3 Press enter key
Multiplication
This involves 2 cells
Sample formula
=D4*E4 Press enter key
=E4*15 Press enter

51
 DIVISION
This involves only 2 cells
Sample formula
=E3/F3 Press enter key or
=F3/4 press enter key
SUBSTRACTION
This involves 2 cells
=C7-D7 Press enter key or
=C7-9 Press enter key
CALCULATING AVERAGE
=AVERAGE(C4:G4) Press enter key
Or
=H4/6 Press enter key

CALCULATING MEDIAN
=MEDIAN(B3:H3) Press enter key

CALCULATING MODE
=MODE(B3:H3) Press enter key
CALCULATING PERCENTAGE (%)
=100%*30 Press enter key
=H2%*35 Press enter key
CALCULATING RAISE TO THE POWER
4 5 2
Eg 3 , 9 , 6
=3^4
=9^5
=6^2
Using if function
=IF(B4>2000,500,100) Press enter key
=IF(F3>=50,10,5) Press enter key
=IF(F3>=50,20,10) Press enter key
=IF(D4>=40, ''PASS", "FAIL'') press enter key
50, "C", IF(H3>=40, "D", IF(H3<=39, "F"))))) press
enters

52
 GRADING USING IF FUNCTION
All will contain in single cell
=IF(H3>=70, "EXCELLENT", IF(F3>=60, "B",
IF(H3>=50, "C", IF(H3>=40, "D", IF(H3<=39, "F"))))) press
enters
INSERTING DATE USING FORMULAR
=Today()press E
Will display the computer currently saved DATE
INSERTING DATE AND TIME USING FORMULAR
=NOW() Press enter key
Number Entering
In Microsoft Excel, you can enter numbers into cells to
represent amount, number can be contain only following
characters 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 + - ( ) ! $ % E e.
If a cell entry contain any other keyboard character
Excel interprets the entry as text and it will treats its
accordingly.
Saving the Project
While you are building in a workbook, the computer
stores it in memory, when you save workbook places it on a
storage medium such as a USB ash drive, CD or Hard Disk.
A saved workbook is referred to as a file. A file name is the
name assigned to a file when it is saved. It is important to
save the workbook frequently for the following reasons, these
are as follows.

1. The worksheet in memory will be lost if the computer is

turned off or you lose electrical power while excel is
open.
2. If you run out of time before completing your

53
 workbook, you may finish your worksheet at a future time
without starting over.
If you always work on the same computer and have no need
to transport your projects to a different location, then your
computer's hard drive will suffice as a storage location. It is a
good idea, however, to save a backup copy of your projects
on a separate medium in case the file becomes corrupted or
the computer's hard drive fails.
Do you plan to work on your workbook in various
locations or on multiple computers, then you should save
your workbooks on a portable medium such as a USB ash
drive or CD. The workbooks used in this book saved to a USB
ash drive which saves files quickly and reliably can be
reused. CDS are easily portable and serves as good backup
for the final versions of workbooks because they generally
can save files only one time.
Characters Use in a File.
A file can have maximum of 255 characters including spaces.
The only invalid charater are the backslash (\), slash (/),
colon (:), asterisk (*), Question mark (?), quotation mark (“),
less than symbol (<), greater than symbol (>), and vertical bar
(|).
Selection of Cells in Microsoft Excel
Press
ALT + PAGEDOWN:- selects the cell one worksheet window
to the right and moves the worksheet window accordingly.
ALT + PAGEUP:- selects the cell one worksheet window to
the left and moves the worksheet window accordingly.

54
ARROW:- Selects the adjacent cell in the direction of the
arrow on the key.
CTRL + ARROW:- selects the border cell of the worksheet in
combination with the arrow keys and moves the worksheet
window accordingly. For example to selects the right most
cell in the row that contains the active cell, press
CTRL + RIGHT ARROW: you also can press the Enter key,
release it, and then press the appropriate arrow key to
accomplish the same task
CTRL + HOME: selects cell AI or the cell one column and one
row below and to the right of frozen files and moves the
worksheet window accordingly.
FIND COMMAND ON FIND AND SELECT MENU OR SHIFT
+ F5: Finds and selects a cell that contain specific contents
that you enter moves the worksheet window to display the
cell. You also can press CTRL + F to display the find dialog
box.
GO TO COMMAND ON FIND AND SELECT MENU OR F5:
selects the cell that corresponds to the cell reference you
enter in the GO TO dialog box and moves the worksheet
window accordingly. You can also press CRTL + G to display
the GO To Dialog box.
HOME: Selects the cell at the beginning of the row that
contains the active cell and moves the worksheet window
accordingly.
Name box:- selects the cell in the workbook that corresponds
to the cell reference you enter in the name box.
PAGE DOWN: selects the cell down one worksheet window

55
from the active cell and moves the worksheet window
accordingly
PAGE UP: selects the cell up one worksheet window from the
active cell and moves the worksheet window accordingly.
AUTO CALCULATE
Using auto calculate you can know and obtain a total, an
average, or another information about numbers in a range by
using the auto calculate. Select the range of cells containing
the numbers you want to check. Next right click the auto
calculate area to display the status bar configuration
shortcut menu. The check mark to the left of the active
functions (average, count and the sum) these indicates the
average of the selected range, count and the sum.
Command Function
Average Auto calculate area displays the average
of the numbers in the selected range
Count Auto calculate area displays the numbers
of non-blank cells in the selected range
Number Count Auto calculates area displays the
numbers of cells containing number in
the selected range.
Minimum Auto calculates area displays the lowest
value in the selected range.
Maximum Auto calculates area displays the highest
value in the selected range.
Sum Auto calculates area displays the sum of
the numbers in the selected range.
Summary of in-cell editing task

56
TASK
1. Move the insertion point to the beginning of data in a cell.
MOUSE
Point to the left of the first character and click
KEYBOARD
Press home
2. Move the insertion point to the end of data in a cell.
MOUSE
Point to the right of the last character and click
KEYBOARD
Press home
3. Move the insertion point to the anywhere in a cell.
MOUSE
Point to the appropriate position and click the character
KEYBOARD
Press right arrow or left arrow
4. Highlight one or more adjacent characters
MOUSE
Drag the mouse pointer through adjacent characters
KEYBOARD
Press shift + right arrow or Shift + left Arrow
5. Select all data in a cell
MOUSE
Double click the cell with the insertion point in the cell if
there are no spaces in the data in the cell.
6. Delete Selected characters
MOUSE
Click the cut button on the home tab on the ribbon

57
KEYBOARD
Press Delete
7. Delete characters to the left of the insertion point
KEYBOARD
Press Backspace
8. Delete characters to the right of the insertion point
KEYBOARD
Press Delete
9. Toggle between insert and overtype modes
KEYBOARD
Press Insert
Summary of arithmetic operators
Arithmetic Meaning Example of meaning
Operator Usage
- Negation -34 Negative 34
% Percentage 72% Multiplies 72by 0.01
ĩ Exponentiation 46 raise 4 to the sixth power
X Multiplication 22.6 x F4 Multiplies the contents of
cell by 22.6
/ Division C3/C6 Divide the contents of cell
+ Addition 7+3 Add 7 to 3
- Subtraction F12-22 Subtracts 22 from the
contents of cell F12

58
EXAMPLES OF EXCEL FORMULA
FORMULAR Meaning
K12 Assigns the value K12 to the active cell
10+4^ Assigns to sum of 10+16 (or 26) to the
active cell
3X c20 Assigns to three times the contents of cell
C20 to the active cell
50% X 12 Assigns the product of 0.50 times 12(or 6)
to the active cell.
(H3 X Q30) Assigns the negative value of the product of
the values contained in cells H3 and Q30 to
the active cell

Smart tag and options buttons in Microsoft excel

Name Menu Function
Auto fill options Gives options for how to fill cells following
a fill operation, such as
dragging the fill handle.
Auto Correct options Undoes an automatic correction,
stops future automatic
corrections of this type, or
causes excel to display the
autocorrect options dialogs
box.
Insert options Lists formatting options following an
insertion of cells, rows or
column.
Paste options Specifies how moved or pasted items
should appear (for example
with original formatting,

58
without formatting, or with different formatting).
Smart tag Actions List information options for a cell
containing data recognized
by excel, such as a stock
symbol.
Trace Error Lists error checking options following the
assignment of an invalid
formula to a cell.
CONDITIONAL FORMATTING OPERATORS
This allows you to select a relational operator, e.g less than,
equal to etc to use them in condition
Relational Operator Description
Between Cell values is between two numbers

Not Between Cell value is not between two numbers

Equal to Cell value is equal to a number

Not Equal to Cell value is not equal to a number

Greater than Cell value is greater than a number

Less than Cell value is less than a number

Greater than or equal to Cell value is greater than or equal to

a number
Less than or equal to Cell value is less than or equal to a
number

Revision question
1. What is Microsoft excel?
2. write the formula for calculating average?
3. what is the median, mode and write their formula?

59
 CHAPTER TWELVE:
MICROSOFT POWERPOINT

Fig. Power Point interface

Can be defined as a presentation or advertising software for
presenting workshops, seminars, symposium or advertising
product enterprises
Starting PowerPoint
1. Click on the start at the lower left corner or the screen
2. Then click all programs
3. Dialog box appear click Microsoft Office folder then
click on the Microsoft Office Power Point
4. A blank document appears
Normal view pane
This is the pane at the left edge of the document window it is
doing double duty showing two different aspects of
presentation, and the slide tab is showing thumbnails of
your slides. The outline tab in this view the content of your
slides appears, which is possible to create, write, edit and
even arrange your slides and their content in this view.
Ribbon
These have eight tabs, each one with group of button and
pop-up menus with comments and features.
60
Office Button
File menu is placed by office button. This is a point where you
create, open, close, save and print your documents.
Notes Pane
This is where you can enter speaker notes that help you give
the presentation. This can be viewed on a second display i.e.
notebooks screen.
Quick Access toolbar
This allows you to place frequently used commands just a
click away it contains buttons like these save, undo, and
Redo.
Slide pane
This refers to the main PowerPoint document window this is
where you will be able to edit your slides and places table's
graphics and charts.
Ribbon Tabs
(a) Home
(b) Insert
(c) Design
(d) Animations
(e) Slide
(f) Show
(g) Review
(h) View and Add –Ins
Groups: These are areas on each tab that contain related
commands. The command with groups is referred to as
buttons. Groups expand and contract automatically
depending on your PowerPoint width.

61
Minimizing Ribbon
Double click on the name of the active tab. Then the ribbon
disappears leaving the tabs to bring back the ribbon double
click the name of the active tab it will show again.
To Get Screen help
Provide that you have internet connectivity
1. Click the help button at the upper – right corner of the
window or you can press F1 then dialog box appear.
2. Click on the topic you want, you can also enter search
text in the field. Then pressing enter it would look for
you
Keyboard operation on PowerPoint
If your typing is fast why you don't use the keyboard to work
to use here is
1. Press and release the Alt key then key hint appears.
2. Press on the letter you want to perform your task.
Choosing theme of your desire.
Theme is defining how your presentation look like and the
style of your presentation.
To choose these here is
1. Launch a window appear with default office theme
2. Click the design tab in the ribbon
3. Select in the themes group of your choice
Adding Slide
1, Choose home > slides > new slide
2. Choose a slide layout for the new slide from the gallery.
3. Click in a text box placeholder to add text to the slide.

62
Minimizing Ribbon
Double click on the name of the active tab. Then the ribbon
disappears leaving the tabs to bring back the ribbon double
click the name of the active tab it will show again.
To Get Screen help
Provide that you have internet connectivity
1. Click the help button at the upper – right corner of the
window or you can press F1 then dialog box appear.
2. Click on the topic you want, you can also enter search
text in the field. Then pressing enter it would look for
you
Keyboard operation on PowerPoint
If your typing is fast why you don't use the keyboard to work
to use here is
1. Press and release the Alt key then key hint appears.
2. Press on the letter you want to perform your task.
Choosing theme of your desire.
Theme is defining how your presentation look like and the
style of your presentation.
To choose these here is
1. Launch a window appear with default office theme
2. Click the design tab in the ribbon
3. Select in the themes group of your choice
Adding Slide
1, Choose home > slides > new slide
2. Choose a slide layout for the new slide from the gallery.
3. Click in a text box placeholder to add text to the slide.

62
(4) Type the text you want in the Shape
(5) Select it and right Click the text, Change the font
Size or other formatting from the mini toolbar.
APPLYING A PICTURE STYLES
(1) Select the picture or the Clip art you like to Modify.
(2) In the picture tools > format > picture Styles group,
Choose a picture Style from the gallery
(3) Select a Style from the gallery and then the Image
Selected files on the Style you Choice
CREATING WORD ART IN POWER POINT
(1) Display the Slide on which you want the Word art
(2) Choose Insert > Text > Word art, Then take a Style
from the Word art gallery it will show you “ your text
here “ Then is ready to replace
(3) Write text you want, Then Click any place on the
Slide the text would be styled as Word art
LINKING TO A WEB PAGE
(1) Select the object you like to use as the hyperlink
(2) Choose Insert > links > Hyper-link, you should press
[Ctrl] + [K] Dialog box appears
(3) Type full web address in the address field
(4) Click OK, run the presentation and click on the Link
it will bring up a web browser that is on the default
CREATING A TABLE
(1) Select the Slide on the normal view pane, choose
Home > Slides > New Slide
(2) After creating slide choose an appropriate slide
layout then Home > slide group

64
(3) On the content box click its table Icon dialog box
appears choose the number of rows and columns
from the table, then click OK. The table appears on
the slide or choose Insert > tables > table by
dragging it will be widening then release the mouse
button.
ADDING A CHART TO A SLIDE
1. Display the slide where you like to add a chart.
2. Choose Insert > illustrations> chart dialog box
appears
3. Choose the chart type, then choose a chart style in
the scrolling list.
TRANSPOSING DATA SERIES AND DATA SETS
1. Select a chart on a slide
2. Choose chart tools> design> Data> switch
Row/column the chart will change
EXPLODING PIE CHART
1. Select a pie Wedge
2. Drag the wedge away from the rest of the pie
Pie Explosion section use the slider or numeric field to
explode the segment of the pie, then click chose the wedges
will be separated with one another.

Revision Questions
1. What is power point?
2. How do you delete slide?
3. How do you Add slide?
4. How do you apply a picture style?

65
 REFERENCES
1. Computer Image Source from Google.com
2. Minicomputer Image Source from Google.com
3. Microcomputer Image Source from Google.com
4. Mainframe Computer Image Source from Google.com
5. Super computer Image Source from Google.com
6. Mouse Image Source from Google.com
7. Scanner Image Source from zabzaa.com/hardware
8. UPS Image Source from Google.com
9. Keyboard Image Source from Google.com
10. Joystick Image Source from Google.com
11. Digital Camera Image Source from Google.com
12. Trackball Image Source from Google.com
13. Drawing Tablet Image Source from Google.com
14. External or ofine Storage Image Source from
Google.com
15. Motherboard Image Source from Google.com
16. Microphone Image Source from Google.com
17. Monitor Device Image Source from Google.com
18. Zip Drive Image Source from Google.com
19. NIC Card Image Source from Google.com
20. Modem Image Source from Google.com
21. Projector Image Source from Google.com
22. Thumb print Image Source from Google.com
23. Microsoft Word Image Source from Google.com
24. Microsoft Excel Image Source from Google.com

66
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
2012 BukarMadu “System troubleshooting and
Maintenance” Lecture note.
2008 Shelly, Cashman, Quasney “Excel 2007 Introductory
Concept and Techniques”
2010 Mohammad Nurshettima “Microcopt Excel” notes
2008 Tom Neagrino “Microsoft Office Powerpoint”
2013 Kunle Paul “PC upgrade and Maintenance” notes
2012 Bassey “Software engineering” Lecture note
2012 Abdulazeez Yusuf “Operating System” notes
2013 yaSule “Data Communication and Network” Lecture
Notes

67
 INDEX
A
Analog 1, 12, 21 Access 24, 34
Ammeter 1 Automatically 3
Advanced 5 Adjust 32
Automated 5 Aluminium 38
Attached 7, 9, 26 Archive 40
Alphabet 8, 39 Autoshapes 43
Antenna 12 Alignment 45
Apex 11 Autosum 50, 5
Aids 14 Average 52
Application 21 B
Avira 15 Basically 1
Avast 16 Booting 6
Antivirus 15, 17 Brighteen 8
AVG 16 Blue 6
Accounting 19 Backspace 8
AutoCAD 19 Black 10
Assembly 20 Biometric 13
Acronyms 21 Broadband 29
Audio 23 Bit Defender 16
Addresses 25 Binary 19
Apple 2 Bus 30
Area 24 Book 32
ADSL 37 Bytes 38, 25

68
 INDEX
Bullet 48 Create 16
Boost 39 Classes 17
Baud 29 COBOL 19
Bus 30 Category 19
Bottom 31 Code 20
Browser 31 Cable 21
Boot 34 Cellular 23
Borders 42 Confirmation 24
Background color 45 Clients 26
C Coaxial 28
Computer 1, 5 Cyber Space 30
Continous 1 Click 31
Classification 2 Chatting 31
Company 2 Curative 33
Cray 3 Clean 34
Commercially 5 Command 37
CD-ROM 5 Compact disk 38
Communication 5 Cell 50
Case Fan 7 Calculating 52
Circulate 12 D
Circuit 11 Definition 1
Cathode 11 Digital 2
Crystal 11 Drawing Tablet 10
Culture 14 Digital Camera 9
Customer 14, 15 Data Structure 14
Customized 15 Device driver 15
Disk Defragmentation 15

69
 INDEX
Data 18 Formular 50
Domain name 25 G
Disktop Operating System 36 Geographical 1, 26
Dialog box 44 Generation 4
E General Purpose 5
Electronic device 1 Graphic 16
External 7 Google 31
Enter key 8 Global 5, 23
Enhanced 9 H
Entertainment 14 Hybrid 1, 2
Executable 14 Human Intervention 5
Email 22 Hacker 5
Erasable 39 HTML 16, 19
Excel 50 High Level Language 19
Excellent 53 Half duplex 28
F Homepage 31
Fourth Generation 4 Hard disk 41
Fifth Generation 5 I
Femtosecond 5 Input 1
File transfer 21 Integrated Circuit 4
Federal 24 Identification number 5
Format 30 Image Scanner 8
Firefox 31 Internet Protocol 23
Flash disk 34 Internet Service Provider 23
File 39 Information 23
Function 50 Internal Dos 37
Inserting 45

70
 INDEX
J Machine Language 19, 20
Joystick91 Multipartite 34
Java 19, 16 N
Joint Photographic expert 41 NCC 24
Justify 45 NOS 24
K Narnow band 29
Keyboard 8, 22, 23 O
Keys 8 Operating System 36
Karspersky 16 Open 42
Kano 18 P
Kilobyte 26 Programmable 1
Kernel 36 Picoseconds 4
L Projector 7, 13
Liquid Crystal Display 11 Package software 16
Line 23 Point of presence 24
Low Level Language 19 Preventing 33
Local Area Network 22, 25 PROM 39
M Press on 32
Multimedia 1 Printing Documents 45
Minicomputer 2 Page 21, 31
Microcomputer 2 R
Mainframe Computer 3 Ring Network 30
Mouse 7 Read Only Memory 39
Motherboard 11 RAM 39
Monitor 11 Rewritable 38
Modem 12 Random 39
Ruler Bar 43

71
 INDEX
Trackball 10
Right Alignment 45 Telephone 2, 27
S Transmission 27
Supercomputer 2 Twitter 31
Second generation 4 Troubleshooting 32
Special purpose computer 5 Trojan Horse Virus 34
Standard keyboard 9 U
System unit 11 Unique 2
Software 17 UPS 7
System software 15 User datagram protocol 24
Smart 16 Upload 31
Single user license 17 Unplug 32
Site license 17 V
Starcomms 30 Visual Display Unit 11
Sound failure 32 Voice band 29
Scan 34 W
Storage device 38 Wired mouse 8
Serial 40 Wireless mouse 8
Sequential 40 Wireless application
Scroll bar 43 Web 26
Spreadsheet package 50 Webpage 31
Summing 50, 51 Z
Subtraction 52 Zip drive 7
T Zeros 19
Technically 2

72
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Babagana J. Shettima Was born in
Bama local government of Borno
state he went to his first education
at Kasugula Primary School where
he obtained his Primary Certificate.
he later went to Government Senior
Science Secondary School Bama
(GSSS Bama) where later he was Transferred to Federal
Government College (FGC) Maiduguri where he
completed his Secondary School. He then went to Stepro
Computer institute for his diploma in computer
application. He later went and did his diploma in
computer science at University of Maiduguri. Other
certificate he obtained were certificate in Computer
Photoshop application, certificate in Internet and
Network, Certificate in Computer Aided Design (CAD)
AutoCAD, diploma in Software and Hardware
Engineering, certificate in CISCO certified network
associate (CCNA), Diploma in Web Design, Certificate in
DELF AI for beginner in French language, DELF A2 for
intermediate, DELF B1 for advanced, DELF B2 for also
advance in French language from Ministere du l'
education Nationale Francais Pedagogigue (France
Ministry of Education) he did his Industrial Training at
Borno State Mechanical workshop (Borno express) and
NNPC Kaduna refinery and petrochemical company, he
obtained his degree in mechanical engineering. He is
member Irish computer society of Ireland (ICS), member
Europeana network association, he is also expert in
CCTV and python programming. He is polyglot. He has
certificate in E-lance online Business skills.

ISBN 978-978-975-322-2