TEST 1

PART A
Part 1. You will hear part of a discussion between Velm and Andrews, a
lawyer, and Sergeant William Bailey, a police officer. For questions 1-5,
choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you
hear. (10 points)
1. How did William feel the first time he gave evidence in court?
A. humiliated B. nervous C. furious D. indifferent
2. Velm a suggests that police officers giving evidence should ……….
A. study the evidence more carefully.
B. ignore the lawyer for the defence.
C. not take comments personally.
D. demonstrate that they are honest and reliable.
3. Velma compares a police officer's evidence to a piece in a jigsaw puzzle
because ……….
A. it is unimportant unless it is part of a bigger picture.
B. it m ay not fit in with the rest of the evidence.
C. the defence lawyer ưill try to destroy it.
D the police officer should only talk about his or her evidence.
4. William suggests that lawyers ………….
A adopt a special manner in the courtroom .
B. can be detached about a case.
C. might actually be close friends.
D. do not take their work seriously.
5. William's main concern is that
A. a criminal could get away with his or her crime.
B. a court case could be confusing,
C. young police officers find courts terrifying.
D. police officers might argue with the lawyer.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Part 2. You will hear an interview with a man called Jon Simmons and a
woman called Clare Harries, who both work as life coaches, and decide
whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F).
1. Jon feels that the job of a life coach is based on individual experiences.
 2 Clare says she became a life coach because it involved something she enjoyed
doing.
3. Jon thinks the most important to understand about relationships is that They start
with the individual's attitude to him- or herself.
4. Jon and Clare both think the most important message to get over to clients is to
make good use of your particular skills.
5. Jon and Clare both feel the most rewarding part of their job is watching another
person develop their confidence

Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Part 3. You will hear a woman call called Yvonne on a TV programme giving
her opinion about children being punished at school. (20 points)
For questions 1-10 complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.
The strap was a long piece of leather made especially for (1)…………….children's
palms.
Today, children who misbehave at school seldom even get a (2) …………………
In the fifties, Yvonne was strapped for coming to school (3) ……………in Yvonne
thought the way she was disciplined at schools was (4) ………………. and unfair.
The members of the organisation P.O.P.P.I. all had (5)…………………
In 1979, because of P.O.P.P.I. (6) ………………… made the strap illegal.
Yvonne describes her children as (7) ……………….. and irresponsible.
Yvonne does not think her children understand (8) ………………. they are.
She is now sorry that the government (9) …………………..
She believes that there would be less (10) …………………. if the strap was still
used.
Your answers

1 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

PART B
Part 1: Choose the answer A, B, C, or D that best completes each of the
following sentences. Write  your answers in the corresponding numbered
boxes.
1 Homework is an_________ part of school life in most countries in the world. 
A. ingrained B. accomplished C. organized D.
established
2 . The point _________ is how to help students develop their critical
thinking. 
A. at heart B. at length C. at issue D. at best
3. Some TV channels are ________their programmes in an attempt to increase their
audience ratings. A. dumbing down B. turning down C. boiling down D. playing
down
4. The coach hoped that the team's unexpected victory was not just a________ in
the pan. A.fire B. Flame C. Fan D. flash
5. Just before the elections, the outgoing mayor produced plans for a new bridge
which had been  _________dust for several years. 
A. gathering B. Collecting C. accruing D.
piling
6. Unfortunately, there are no __________rules related to English
spelling. 
A. one and only B. hard and fast C. high and dry D. fair and
square
7. Ancient healing recipes have been researched as a means of identifying potential
curing__________ of  flowers and plants. 
A. properties B. abilities C. capacities D.
opportunities
8. You could see that she was hurt - she wears her heart __________! 
A. on her head B. on her pocket C. on her sleeve D. on
her face
9. We must have got our wires _______. I thought we were to meet at
the hotel. 
A. twisted B. coiled C. tangled D. crossed
10. Dance can take many forms: whether it comes as a (n) _________release of
energy and emotion, or  within a skilful display of choreography after much
rehearsal. 
A. assertive B. impulsive C. Attentive D. expressive
11. The status of_________ species and habitats chosen for action under the
Government’s Biodiversity  Action Plan is increasing. 
A.flagpole B. flagstaff C. flagship D. flagstone
12. The consequences of mass overconsumption should __________ fear into the
hearts of everyone.
A. engage B. strike C. instill D. cause
13. The authorities have announced zero _________for smoking in public
buildings.
A. acceptance B. negligence C. ignorance D. tolerance
14. I expected to negotiate with the sales manager, but the chairman turned up -
now he's a (n) ________of a  different color. 
A. eagle B. horse C. Hawk D. Wolf
 15. The offer sounds good, but keep your _________open until you're
sure it's the best choice.
A. options B. decisions C. selections D. conclusions
16.An 18-year-old girl, of no fixed.........was charged with robbery in connection
with incident
A.abode B.accommodation D.dwellings D.lodgings
17.Most academic articles bounce around from topic to topic, really
without.............,but are informative.
A.common or garden B.hell or high water C.let or hindrance
D .rhyme or reason
18. After I was nearly expelled in my first year of college, I decided to stop fooling
around, put my _______ to the wheel, and get as much out of my degree as I could.
A. leg B. shoulders C. arms D. shoulder
19: People are always critical. One needs to ______ to cope with criticism.
A. get under their skin B. have a thick skin
C. have a thin skin D. make their skin crawl
20. I like my new job; the only fly in the ________ is the fact that I have to work
every other weekend.
A. fat B. porridge C. soup D. ointment
Part 2: The passage below contains 10 mistakes. Underline the mistakes and write
the corrections in the corresponding numbered boxes. (10 pts) (United States
History -Preparing for the advanced placement examination)
Line
1 Adolescence always has been and always will be (0). the  a very
2 difficult time in life. You are lost where between childhood and
3 adulthood, but still, this is the time in life when you have to break freely
4 from the conformity of your peers to find yourself. Some people argue
5 that it’s more difficult to be young today than it used to be. Is this true,
6 and in that case, why?
7 In modern society teenagers pressure to mature much more quickly
8 than one or two hundred years ago. Today, minors on a very early stage
9 have to make decisions regard education, often bearing upon their future
10 careers. In the past, children were expected to follow in the footsteps of
11 their parents, that is to say, the son was supposed to take in the profession
12 of his father, while the daughter was expected to stay at home to take care
13 of domestic duties such as cooking and cleaning.
14 Furthermore, today it’s much more difficult to find your place in
15 society. As cities grow, crime increases, and the anonymity people
16 experiment grows as well. It becomes more difficult to find and cultivate
17 your own ideals and value.
18 On the other hand, the adolescent of today have great
19 opportunities than ever before. In the past, if your father was a
 20 blacksmith or a farmer, in ten years, so you would be. Today,
teenagers have the possibility to fulfil in all their dreams and
ambitions.

Your Answers:
No Line Mistake Correction
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Part 3: The Concept of Evolution

Charles Darwin did not invent the concept of evolution. When he was a student in
Edinburgh in the late 1820's, evolution was already the (1) ... ? of the town. But
evolution was rejected by the establishment. Those who (2) ... ? to evolutionary
thinking were called Lamarckists, after the French scientist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck,
who was the first to propose that species are not static, but change over time and
give (3) ... ? to new species. Lamarck had offered this (4) ... ? in a book published
in 1809. He did not, however, propose a correct mechanism for (5) ... ? species
change into each other. The mechanism was discovered first by Charles Darwin and
independently by Alfred Russel Wallace. From reading the economist Thomas
Malthus, Darwin was aware of the consequences of (6) ... ? growing populations.
Once resources become limiting only a (7) ... ? of individuals can survive. Darwin
was also an (8) ... ? observer of animal breeders. He analysed their methods and
studied their results. Slowly he understood that nature like a gigantic breeder.
1. A) talk B) story C) gossip D) tale
2. A) combined B) cohered C) adhered D) abode
3. A) occasion B) evidence C) raise D) rise
4. A) perspective B) perception C) prospect D) incentive
5. A) all B) how C) now D) once
6. A) expressly B) exponentially C) exquisitely D) exclusively
7. A) friction B) division C) section D) fraction
8. A) agile B) arduous C) ardent D) amorous

Part 4: Read the text below and think of one word which best fits each space. Use
only ONE WORD for each space. Write your answers in the corresponding
numbered boxes. (10 pts)
Until the nineteenth century, the ownership of land was the only certain basis
of power in England. It is true that both power and money (1) ________ be acquired
by (2) ________ means: by trade, by commerce, by fighting, by useful services to
the government or by personal service to the king and queen. But wealth
unsupported by power was (3) ________ to be plundered, power based only on
personal abilities was at the mercy of time and future, and the power to be (4)
________ through trade or commerce was limited. Before the nineteenth century (5)
________ wealth of England lay in the countryside as opposed to the towns;
landowners (6) ________ than merchants were the dominating (7) ________ and
ran the country so that their own interests were the last to suffer. Even (8)________
the economic balance began to change, they were so thoroughly in (9) ________of
administration and legislation, that their political and social supremacy continued.
As a rule, from the Middle Ages until the nineteenth century, anyone who had made
money by whatever means, and was ambitious for (10)________ and his family,
automatically invested in a country estate.
Your answers:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Question 5. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on
your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. (10
pts)
 Birds that feed in flocks commonly retire together into roosts. The reasons
for roosting communally are not always obvious, but there are some likely benefits.
In winter especially it is important for birds to keep warm at night and conserve
precious food reserves. One way to do this is to find a sheltered roost. Solitary
roosters shelter in dense vegetation or enter a cavity - horned larks dig holes in the
ground and ptarmigan burrow into snow banks - but the effect of sheltering is
magnified by several birds huddling together in the roosts, as wrens, swifts, brown
creepers, bluebirds and anis do. Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to
the cold air, so the birds keep each other warm. Two kinglets huddling together
were found to reduce their heat losses by a quarter, and three together saved a third
of their heat.
The second possible benefit of communal roosts is that they act as
“information centers”. During the day, parties of birds will have spread out to
forage over a very large area. When they return in the evening some will have fed
well, but others may have found little to eat. Some investigators have observed that
when the birds set out again next morning, those birds that did not feed well on the
previous day appear to follow those that did. The behavior of common and lesser
kestrels may illustrate different feeding behaviors of similar birds with different
roosting habits. The common kestrel hunts vertebrate animals in a small, familiar
hunting ground, whereas the very similar lesser kestrel feeds on insects over a large
area. The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone, but the lesser kestrel roosts and
hunts in flocks, possibly so one bird can learn from others where to find insect
swarms.
Finally, there is safety in numbers at communal roosts since there will
always be a few birds awake at any given moment to give the alarm. But this
increased protection is partially counteracted by the fact that mass roosts attract
predators and are especially vulnerable if they are on the ground. Even those in
trees can be attacked by birds of prey. The birds on the edge are at greatest risk
since predators find it easier to catch small birds perching at the margins of the
roost.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
 A. How birds find and store food.
B. How birds maintain body heat in the winter.
C. Why birds need to establish territory.
D. Why some species of birds nest together.
2. The word “conserve” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ________.
A. retain B. watch C. locate
D. share
3. Ptarmigan keep warm in the winter by ________.
A. building nests in trees
B. huddling together on the ground with other birds
C. digging tunnels into the snow
D. burrowing into dense patches of vegetation
4. The word “magnified” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ________.
A. combined B. caused C. modified D. intensified
5. The author mentions kinglets in the passage as an example of birds that
________.
A. protect themselves by nesting in holes B. usually feed and nest in
pairs
C. nest together for warmth D. nest with other species of
birds
6. Which of the following statements about lesser and common kestrels is TRUE?
A. The lesser kestrel feeds sociably but the common kestrel does not.
B. The lesser kestrel and the common kestrel have similar diets.
C. The common kestrel nests in larger flocks than does the lesser kestrel.
D. The common kestrel nests in trees; the lesser kestrel nests on the ground.
7. The word “forage” in the passage  is closest in meaning to __________.
A. fly B. assemble C. feed D. rest
8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as an advantage
derived by birds that huddle together while sleeping?
A. Some members of the flock warn others of impending dangers.
B. Staying together provides a greater amount of heat for the whole flock
 C. Some birds in the flock function as information centers for others who
are looking for food.
D. Several members of the flock care for the young.
9. Which of the following is a disadvantage of communal roosts that is mentioned in
the passage?
A. Diseases easily spread among the birds.
B. Food supplies are quickly depleted.
C. Some birds in the group will attack the others
D. Groups are more attractive to predators than individual birds are.
10. The word “they” in the third paragraph refers to ________.
A. a few birds B. mass roosts C. predators D. trees
Your answers:

1. …………… 2. …………… 3. …………… 4. …………… 5. ……………

6. …………… 7. …………… 8. …………… 9. …………… 10. ………..…
Question 6. Read the passage including seven paragraphs and do the following
tasks. (10 pts)
Task 1. The text has seven paragraphs, A-G
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 1-5 below.
List of Headings
i Different accounts of the same journey
ii Bingham gains support
iii A common belief
iv The aim of the trip
v A dramatic description
vi A new route
vii Bingham publishes his theory
viii Bingham’s lack of enthusiasm

Paragraphs Your answers:

Paragraph A iv
 1. Paragraph B ………….
2. Paragraph C ………….
3. Paragraph D ………….
4. Paragraph E ………….
5. Paragraph F ………….
Paragraph G iii

The Lost City

An explorer’s encounter with the ruined city of Machu Picchu, the most famous
icon of the Inca civilisation
A
When the US explorer and academic Hiram Bingham arrived in South America in
1911, he was ready for what was to be the greatest achievement of his life: the
exploration of the remote hinterland to the west of Cusco, the old capital of the Inca
empire in the Andes mountains of Peru. His goal was to locate the remains of a city
called Vitcos, the last capital of the Inca civilisation. Cusco lies on a high plateau at
an elevation of more than 3,000 metres, and Bingham’s plan was to descend from
this plateau along the valley of the Urubamba river, which takes a circuitous route
down to the Amazon and passes through an area of dramatic canyons and mountain
ranges.

B
When Bingham and his team set off down the Urubamba in late July, they had an
advantage over travellers who had preceded them: a track had recently been blasted
down the valley canyon to enable rubber to be brought up by mules from the jungle.
Almost all previous travellers had left the river at Ollantaytambo and taken a high
pass across mountains to rejoin the river lower down, thereby cutting a substantial
corner, but also therefore never passing through the area around Machu Picchu.

C
On 24 July they were a few days into their descent of the valley. The day began
slowly, with Bingham trying to arrange sufficient mules for the next stage of the
trek. His companions showed no interest in accompanying him up the nearby hill to
see some ruins that a local farmer, Melchor Arteaga, had told them about the night
before. The morning was dull and damp, and Bingham also seems to have been less
than keen on the prospect of climbing the hill. In his book Lost City of the Incas, he
relates that he made the ascent without having the least expectation that he would
find anything at the top.

D
Bingham writes about the approach in vivid style in his book. First, as he climbs up
the hill, he describes the ever-present possibility of deadly snakes, “capable of
making considerable springs when in pursuit of their prey”; not that he sees any.
Then there’s a sense of mounting discovery as he comes across great sweeps of
terraces, then a mausoleum, followed by monumental staircases and, finally, the
grand ceremonial buildings of Machu Picchu. “It seemed like an unbelievable
dream … the sight held me spellbound …” he wrote.

E
We should remember, however, that Lost City of the Incas is a work of hindsight,
not written until 1948, many years after his journey. His journal entries of the time
reveal a much more gradual appreciation of his achievement. He spent the afternoon
at the ruins noting down the dimensions of some of the buildings, then descended
and rejoined his companions, to whom he seems to have said little about his
discovery. At this stage, Bingham didn’t realise the extent or the importance of the
site, nor did he realise what use he could make of the discovery.

F
However, soon after returning it occurred to him that he could make a name for
himself from this discovery. When he came to write the National Geographic
magazine article that broke the story to the world in April 1913, he knew he had to
produce a big idea. He wondered whether it could have been the birthplace of the
very first Inca, Manco the Great, and whether it could also have been what
chroniclers described as “the last city of the Incas”. This term refers to Cilcabamba,
the settlement where the Incas had fled from Spanish invaders in the 1530s.
Bingham made desperate attempts to prove this belief for nearly 40 years. Sadly, his
vision of the site as both the beginning and end of the Inca civilisation, while a
magnificent one, is inaccurate. We now know that Vilcabamba actually lies 65
kilometres away in the depths of the jungle.

G
One question that has perplexed visitors, historians and archaeologists alike ever
since Bingham, is why the site seems to have been abandoned before the Spanish
Conquest. There are no references to it by any of the Spanish chroniclers – and if
they had known of its existence so close to Cusco they would certainly have come
in search of gold. An idea which has gained wide acceptance over the past few
years is that Machu Picchu was a moya, a country estate built by an Inca emperor to
escape the cold winters of Cusco, where the elite could enjoy monumental
architectrue and spectacular views. Furthermore, the particular architecture of
Machu Picchu suggests that it was constructed at the time of the greatest of all the
Incas, the emperor Pachacuti (c.1438-71). By custom, Pachacuti’s descendants built
other similar estates for their own use, and so Machu Picchu would have been
abandoned after his death, some 50 years before the Spanish Conquest.

Task 2. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the
passage?
Write
True if the statement agrees with the information
False if the statement contradicts the information
Not Given if there is no information on this

6. Bingham went to South America in search of an Inca city.

7. Bingham chose a particular route down the Urubamba valley because it was the
most common route used by travellers.
8. Bingham returned to Machu Picchu in order to find evidence to support his
theory.

Task 3. Complete the sentences below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
9. The track that took Bingham down the Urubamba valley had been created for the
transportation of __________.
10. Bingham found out about the ruins of Machu Picchu from a __________ in the
Urubamba valley.
Your answers:

1. …………… 2. …………… 3. …………… 4. …………… 5. ……………

6. …………… 7. …………… 8. …………… 9. …………… 10. ………..…
Part 7.
You are going to read four different opinions from leading scientists about the
future of fuel. For questions 96-105, choose from the writers A-D. The writers
may be chosen more than once.
A. Howard Bloom, Author
Even though most people are convinced that peak oil has already passed, to me,
peak oil is just a hypothesis. There is a theory that carbon molecules can be found in
interstellar gas clouds, comets and in space ice, and if this is the case, our planet
could ooze oil forever. And even if we stay earthbound, those who say we have
raped the planet of all its resources are wrong. There's a huge stock of raw materials
we haven't yet learned to use. There are bacteria two miles beneath our feet which
can turn solid granite into food. If bacteria can do it, surely we creatures with brains
can do it better. As far as the near future of energy is concerned, I believe the most
promising alternative fuels are biofuels, such as ethanol. It's an alcohol made from
waste products such as the bark of trees, woodchips, and other 'waste materials'.
And that's not the only waste that can create energy. My friend in the biomass
industry is perfecting an energy-generation plant which can run on human waste.
We produce that in vast quantities, and it's already gathered in centralised locations.
B. Michael Lardelli, Lecturer in Genetics at the University of Adelaide
Nothing exists on this planet without energy. It enables flowers and people to grow
and we need it to mine minerals, extract oil or cut wood and then to process these
into finished goods. So the most fundamental definition of money is as a mechanism
to allow the exchange and allocation of different forms of energy. Recently, people
have been using more energy than ever before. Until 2005 it was possible to expand
our energy use to meet this demand. However, since 2005 oil supply has been in
decline, and at the same time, and as a direct result of this, the world's economy has
been unable to expand, leading to global recession. With the world's energy and the
profitability of energy production in decline at the same time, the net energy
available to support activities other than energy procurement will decrease. We
could increase energy production by diverting a large proportion of our remaining
oil energy into building nuclear power stations and investing in renewable forms of
energy. However, this is very unlikely to happen in democratic nations, because it
would require huge, voluntary reductions in living standards. Consequently, the
world economy will continue to contract as oil production declines. With energy in
decline, it will be impossible for everyone in the world to become wealthier. One
person's increased wealth can only come at the expense of another person's
worsened poverty.
C. Jeroen van der Veer, chief executive of Royal Dutch Shell
People are understandably worried about a future of growing energy shortages,
rising prices and international conflict for supplies. These fears are not without
foundation. With continued economic growth, the world's energy needs could
increase by 50% in the next 25 years. However, I do not believe that the world is
running out of energy. Fossil fuels will be able to meet growing demand for a long
time in the future. Taking unconventional resources into account, we are not even
close to peak oil. The priority for oil companies is to improve efficiency, by
increasing the amount of oil recovered from reservoirs. At present, just over a third
is recovered. We can also improve the technology to control reservoir processes and
improve oil flow. However, these projects are costly, complex and technically
demanding, and they depend on experienced people, so it is essential to encourage
young people to take up a technical career in the energy industry. Meanwhile,
alternative forms of energy need to be made economically viable. International
energy companies have the capability, the experience and the commercial drive to
work towards solving the energy problem so they will play a key role. But it is not
as simple as merely making scientific advances and developing new tools; the
challenge is to deliver the technology to people worldwide. Companies will need to
share knowledge and use their ideas effectively.
D. Craig Severance, blogger
What will it take to end our oil addiction? It's time we moved on to something else.
Not only are world oil supplies running out, but what oil is still left is proving very
dirty to obtain. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill occurred precisely because the
easy-to-obtain oil is already tapped. If we don't kick oil now, we will see more
disasters as oil companies move to the Arctic offshore and clear more forests. The
cheap petroleum is gone; from now on, we will pay steadily more and more for our
oil — not just in dollars, but in the biological systems that sustain life on this planet.
The only solution is to get on with what we will have to do anyway - end our
dependence on it! There are many instances in which oil need not be used at all.
Heat and electricity can be produced in a multitude of other ways, such as solar
power or natural gas. The biggest challenge is the oil that is used in transportation.
That doesn't mean the transportation of goods worldwide, it's the day-to-day moving
around of people. It means we have to change what we drive. The good news is that
it's possible. There are a wide range of fuel efficient cars on offer, and the number of
all-electric plug-in cars is set to increase. For long distance travel and freight, the
solution to this is to look to rail. An electrified railway would not be reliant upon
oil, but could be powered by solar, geothermal, hydro, and wind sources. There is a
long way to go, but actions we take now to kick our oil addiction can help us adapt
to a world of shrinking oil supplies.
Which writer:
96. believes oil will be available for many more years
97. believes that from now on, less oil is available
98. believes there are ways to obtain energy that we have not yet discovered
99. sees a great potential in natural fuels
100. believes the fuel crisis will cause the poor to become poorer
101. sees energy and the economy as intrinsically linked
102. believes we should reduce our dependence on oil immediately
103. believes that people need to be attracted to working in the energy industry
104. believes that it is unlikely that governments will invest a lot of money into
alternative energy
105. believes that future oil recovery will lead to more environmental disasters
Your answers
96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
101. 102. 103. 104. 105.
Part 8:
1. We would always take great care when flying at night. (WITS)
We used to ………………………………………………………
2. She was concentrating so hard on her work that she didn’t notice when I came in.
(WRAPPED)
She was so …………………………………………………….
3. If you don’t like the idea then just say no. I believe you should always speak
frankly. (SPADE)
If you don’t like......................................…………………………… …
4. I knew nothing about the rebellion that they were planning. (dark)
________________________________________________________________

5. The desserts in this restaurant are the very best I have ever eaten and no
mistake. (second)
________________________________________________________________
6. The disrespect John showed for the professor aggravated me so I had to take a
walk to calm down. (HACKLES)

……………………………………………………………………………………

7. He was finally able to adjust himself to the new working condition. (SWING)

……………………………………………………………………………………

8. After the game, the children headed straight toward John, who was severing cold
drinks. (BEELINE)

……………………………………………………………………………………

9. The first part of his plan was to ingratiate himself with the members of the
committee. (FAVOUR)

……………………………………………………………………………………

10.I made an embarrassing mistake by asking John how his dog was when it’s been
dead for three months. (CLANGER)

……………………………………………………………………………………
Part 9: Write an essay of about 350 words to express your opinion on the following issue
(30 pts)
Schools are no longer necessary because children can get so much information
available through the Internet, and they can study just as well at home.
What is your own opinion?
Give reasons for your answer, and include any relevant examples from your knowledge or
experience. You may continue your writing on the back page if you need more space

KEY
PART A
Part 1. You will hear part of a discussion between Velm and Andrews, a
lawyer, and Sergeant William Bailey, a police officer. For questions 1-5, choose
the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. A
Part 2. You will hear an interview with a man called Jon Simmons and a
woman called Clare Harries, who both work as life coaches, and decide
whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F).
1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T
Part 3. You will hear a woman call called Yvonne on a TV programme giving
her opinion about children being punished at school.
1. hitting 2. telling off
3. the wrong shoes 4. (very) cruel
5. young children 6.the government 7. lazy 8. how lucky
9. changed the law
10. (teenage) crime
Part 2 (Exam essentials Practice Tests - CAE)
You will hear part of a discussion between Velma Andrews, a lawyer, and
Sergeant William Bailey, a police officer. For questions 1-5, choose the answer,
A, B, C or D which fits best according to what you hear.
Interviewer: Today on Legal Issues we have Velma Andrews, a lawyer, and
Sergeant William Bailey, a police officer who helps to run a scheme which trains
police officers In the art of giving evidence In court. William, perhaps I can start by
asking you why this training scheme is necessary?
William: Well, you must remember that in a criminal case the police have gathered
evidence to show that someone -the defendant - is guilty of a crime. And the
defendant's lawyer is trying to show that this evidence Is wrong or unreliable. Now,
the way the defence lawyer goes about doing this can be very tricky. For instance,
the first time I gave evidence in court 25 years ago, the lawyer for the defence made
me look like a right fool. He annoyed me by interrupting me all the time, and when
I tried to argue with him I got confused, and the people in court laughed at me. That
made my evidence look bad. I simply had no idea what I was up against.
Interviewer: Velma, you are a defence lawyer; do you agree with William ?
Velma: Absolutely. A police officer has to learn how the system works. You must
get used to the idea that the lawyers are just doing a job, and even if It seem s they
are attacking your honesty in a rude or brutal manner, they have nothing against you
as an individual. Interviewer: It must be hard to think like that when you're giving
evidence and some lawyer is trying to trip you up.
Velma: It is, but a police officer has to develop the right attitude. You need to think
of your evidence as one piece in a jigsaw puzzle, the picture being the whole case
against the defendant. If you start giving opinions about other pieces, other parts of
the case that aren't your responsibility, it weakens the case as a whole. Your piece
of the puzzle is the only thing you should think about!
Interviewer: Do you find Velma's advice helpful for police officers on your
training scheme, William ?
William: Definitely. For a young officer, appearing in court is an intimidating
experience. It's hard to get used to the system. I mean, there are two lawyers, one
acting for the defendant and one for the crown, and in the courtroom they are
adversaries but they probably know each other professionally. They may even go
off together after the trial and have dinner. As if it were all a game!
Interviewer: Would you advise William's trainees to treat a court case as a game,
Velma?
Velma: I would tell them to remember that the defence lawyer is trying to discredit
them and their evidence. One tip to help you develop the right attitude so you don't
get drawn into an argument with the lawyer is to stand so you're facing the judge,
and direct all your answers to the bench. That should make it easier to avoid any
sort of personal exchange with the lawyer.
Interviewer: William , is your training scheme having results?
William: Yes. I think police officers are more confident in court. And this is not
just about making people less nervous!
I've seen some pretty terrible things happen in court. You get an inexperienced
officer who starts arguing with the lawyer and ends up making the judge and jury
think there's something wrong with the police case ” there's a risk that dangerous
criminals might be found not guilty and set free.
That's the main reason why officers need this training.
Interviewer: Velma Andrew s and William Bailey, thank you.

Part 3 (Gold Exam Maximiser - CAE)

Interviewer: Today we're talking to Jon Simmons and Clare Harries, who both
work as life coaches. Jon, tell us what a life coach actually does.
Jon: It's actually quite complex but, basically, people come to a life coach when
they want to work on aspects of their life that are unsatisfying or when they feel
their general quality of life isn't what they want. There may be different things
bothering them - weight, relationships, work and so on. My clients decide what they
want to achieve and it's my job to make that happen - like a catalyst bringing about
change. I don't regard my role as like that of a therapist, who goes into issues from
the past in depth.
Life coaching works on action in the present in order to facilitate a specific future
outcome. I provide support and encouragement so people can take control
themselves.
Interviewer: Clare, what made you decide to become a life coach?
Clare: I'm fascinated by human potential - not just in terms of accomplishments,
but happiness. I've always helped people and have been through negative
experiences myself - this job is all about both. I think sometimes people get stuck in
a rut and if they have no one to talk to, they go round in circles. Friends and family
may try to help but their advice is often based on their own insecurities and fears.
What I particularly like is that coaching is about listening. People often know what
the answer is deep
down. I listen, ask questions and suggest practical action steps. It's underlying
things like bad habits and limiting thoughts and behaviour that stop people
achieving.
Interviewer: Are you ever surprised about why people come to a life coach?
Clare: People want positive change and growth. I know informal mentoring used to
go on in the workplace and it often led to promotion. That was efficient but now
people change jobs and careers very quickly. The knock on effect is they've lost
consistent and constructive feedback from people who know them well. Generally,
society’s quite fragmented - traditional means of support are breaking down, so
people need to re-evaluate their aims them selves. Some big companies realise this,
though I didn't expect to be working within one, which I actually often do.
Interviewer: Jon, how can a life coach help people understand their relationships?
Jon: Relationships are complex and affect every aspect of life. The basic principle
of building robust and lasting relationships starts with how you feel about yourself.
Self-esteem creates success and failure in everything. I've seen loads of people
trying to live up to some sort of unrealistic self-image so they can fulfil the
expectations of those around them. This creates emotional turmoil. stress and
anxiety. The values you live by define who you are, what you do, so if you don't
understand your own core values, you don't know yourself. A life coach helps
people set goals and increases progress - just like a physical
personal trainer.
Interviewer: What do you both think should be the core message of a life coach?
Jon: I wouldn't define happiness as being rich, having material possessions or being
in love. I'd say it's more being able to use your unique talents, feel you're making a
positive contribution to something larger than yourself while not thinking about
what you can't do; that's pretty crucial and puts people on the road to feeling a high
degree of happiness and fulfilment.
Clare: It's true that people are rarely able to stop unhelpful thoughts but a life coach
can show them how. Such thoughts can become addictive and that means there's no
progress or good use of people's unique talents. That's what I make them focus on;
without it, they won't make progress.
Interviewer: What's the most rewarding part of your job?
Jon: I love working with individuals and small groups but I also get satisfaction
from running larger seminars - that's when I feel I touch lots of lives. It's a given
that things you appreciate in life contribute to your happiness. I feel very fortunate
when I help people appreciate themselves and realise their own worth.
Clare: I love what I do and I've met loads of interesting people, but seeing clients
build up their own self-assurance is probably the greatest feeling; and it's an
unexpected bonus that I also get to see things in myself that I hadn't fully realised.
Interviewer: Thank you both.

Part 3 You will hear a woman called Yvonne on a TV programme giving her
opinion about children being punished at school. For questions 1-10, complete
the sentences with a word or short phrase.
You now have 45 seconds in which to look at Part 2.
PAUSE 45 SECONDS
— *** —
Yvonne: Any of you who are of my generation or older will no doubt remember ...
the strap. But for those youngsters listening, I'd better explain because I'm saying
this for your benefit. The strap, as they called it, was a thick piece of leather about
an inch wide and half as long as a belt and it was especially designed for hitting
small children, on the palms of their hands. Nowadays, if you do something wrong
at
school, you're unlucky if you even get a telling off. And even the most serious
offences get little more than a concerned phone call from the head teacher to your
mum and dad. Now, when I was at St Anne's
School for Girls in the fifties, we didn't have things quite so easy. It didn't take
much to get a strapping. I'll never forget the first time it happened to me. One
morning, I came to school in the wrong shoes- brown ones instead of black - and
that was enough for the principal to call me up in front of the whole class of
children and beat my hand until it bled. I saw this and many other examples of our
school's discipline system as very cruel and unfair.
Now, unlike many people of that time, I didn't just forget about it when my school
days were over. Soon I had children of my own and the thought that they would one
day get the same treatment, really made my blood boil ... and that's when I heard
about P.O.P.P.I. ... er ... Parents
Opposed to Physical Punishment of Infants. All the other members were like me.
They had young children and didn't want some unfeeling teachers filling their lives
with misery. So we started writing letters.
First, to the schools, then to the education department and eventually, to our local
politicians, and in 1979, the government put an end to the strap ... and to the cane ...
and to the paddle and we thought that we had guaranteed our children the chance to
grow up into fine young people. And that, I'm afraid, did not happen. My own son
and daughter have turned into lazy, irresponsible young adults who really have no
idea how lucky they are. I'm sure you all know people like them ... and they're not
the worst by far. But it's only recently that I've begun to think - to wish - that they'd
never changed the law. Cruel it may have been, unfair it often was, but it taught us
our place in society. And that's something that few young people today seem to
know or want to respect. For example, we wouldn't have all the teenage crime that
goes on nowadays if those teenagers concerned had, when they'd been younger,
been given the strap.
PAUSE 10 SECONDS
You will hear the piece again.

PART B
Part 1
1.D 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.A 6.B 7.A 8.C 9.D 10.B
11.C 12B 13.D 14.B 15.A 16.A 17.D 18. D 19.B
20.D
1. Homework is an_________ part of school life in most countries in the world.
A. ingrained B. accomplished C. organized D. established
Established = được chấp nhận, được tôn trọng
2. The point _________ is how to help students develop their critical thinking.
A. at heart B. at length C. at issue D. at best
at issue =the thing that is at issue is the most important aspect of a subject
3. Some TV channels are ________their programmes in an attempt to increase their
audience ratings.
A. dumbing down B. turning down C. boiling down D. playing down
dumbing-down=the act of making something simpler and easier for people to
understand, especially in order to make it more popular
4. The coach hoped that the team's unexpected victory was not just a________ in
the pan. A.fire B. Flame C. Fan D. flash
Flsh in the pan = thành công nhất thời
5. Just before the elections, the outgoing mayor produced plans for a new bridge
which had been _________dust for several years.
A. gathering B. Collecting C. accruing D. piling
gather dust=to not be used for a long time
6. Unfortunately, there are no __________rules related to English spelling.
A. one and only B. hard and fast C. high and dry D. fair and square
Hard and fast" -> nghĩa là tuân thủ nghiêm ngặt (quy tắc, quy định v.v...).
7. Ancient healing recipes have been researched as a means of identifying potential
curing__________ of flowers and plants.
A. properties B. abilities C. capacities D. opportunities
Property = a quality in a substance or material, especially one that means that it can
be used in a particular way
8. You could see that she was hurt - she wears her heart __________!
A. on her head B. on her pocket C. on her sleeve D. on her face
wear your heart on your sleeve=to make your feelings and emotions obvious rather
than hiding them
9. We must have got our wires _______. I thought we were to meet at the hotel.
A. twisted B. coiled C. tangled D. crossed
Get one’s wires crossed = hiểu nhầm nhau
10. Dance can take many forms: whether it comes as a (n) _________release of
energy and emotion, or within a skilful display of choreography after much
rehearsal.
A. assertive B. impulsive C. Attentive D. expressive
Impulsive=showing behaviour in which you do things suddenly without any
planning and without considering the effects they may have:
11. The status of_________ species and habitats chosen for action under the
Government’s Biodiversity Action Plan is increasing.
A.flagpole B. flagstaff C. flagship D. flagstone
Flagship=the best or most important product, idea, building, etc. that an
organization owns or produces
12. The consequences of mass overconsumption should __________ fear into the
hearts of everyone.
A. engage B. strike C. instill D. cause
strike fear/terror into sb=to make someone extremely frightened
13. The authorities have announced zero _________for smoking in public
buildings.
A. acceptance B. negligence C. ignorance D. tolerance
zero tolerance=the act of punishing all criminal or unacceptable behaviour severely,
even if it is not very serious
14. I expected to negotiate with the sales manager, but the chairman turned up - now
he's a (n) ________of a different color.
A. eagle B. horse C. Hawk D. Wolf
a horse of another color = something that is completely different from another thing
15.. The offer sounds good, but keep your _________open until you're sure it's the
best choice.
A. options B. decisions C. selections D. conclusions
leave/keep one's options open: to wait before making a final decision about
something to allow for the possibility of having a different choice
16.An 18-year-old girl, of no fixed.........was charged with robbery in connection
with incident
A.abode B.accommodation D.dwellings D.lodgings
No fixed abode= vô gia cư,không nhà cửa
17.Most academic articles bounce around from topic to topic, really
without.............,but are informative.
A.common or garden B.hell or high water C.let or hindrance
D .rhyme or reason
be no/without rhyme or reason=to be without any obvious reasonable explanation
18: After I was nearly expelled in my first year of college, I decided to stop fooling
around, put my _______ to the wheel, and get as much out of my degree as I could.
A. leg B. shoulders C. arms D. shoulder
Put one’s shoulder to the wheel (coll): ai đó bắt tay vào làm việc gì bằng tất cả sự
quyết tâm và năng lượng của mình
19. People are always critical. One needs to ______ to cope with criticism.
A. get under their skin B. have a thick skin
C. have a thin skin D. make their skin crawl
A. get under one’s skin (coll): khiến cho ai đó phát điên hoặc bị quấy rầy B. have
(a) thick skin (coll): không bận tâm đến liệu có ai đó đang chỉ trích, bình phẩm
mình hay không
C. have (a) thin skin (coll): dễ nhạy cảm, dễ bị ảnh hưởng bởi những lời chỉ trích,
bình phẩm
D. make one’s skin crawl (coll): ai đó nghĩ rằng một ai khác thật khó chịu và đáng
sợ
20: I like my new job; the only fly in the ________ is the fact that I have to work
every other weekend.
A. fat B. porridge C. soup D. ointment
Fly in the ointment (coll): con sâu làm rầu nồi canh (một người hay vật gì sẽ phá
hoại cuộc vui, một tình huống có thể sẽ đã rất thích thú, tuyệt vời,...)

Part 2:

Line Mistake  Correction

1 0. the  a
2 1. where → somewhere
3 2. freely → free
6 3. pressure → are pressured
8 4. regard → regarding
10 5. take in → take up
14 6. experiment → experience
16 7. value → values
17 8. great → greater
19 9. so you would → so would you
19 10. fulfil in all → fulfil(l) all

Part 3:
The Concept of Evolution
Charles Darwin did not invent the concept of evolution. When he was a student in
Edinburgh in the late 1820's, evolution was already the (1) ... ? of the town. But
evolution was rejected by the establishment. Those who (2) ... ? to evolutionary
thinking were called Lamarckists, after the French scientist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck,
who was the first to propose that species are not static, but change over time and
give (3) ... ? to new species. Lamarck had offered this (4) ... ? in a book published in
1809. He did not, however, propose a correct mechanism for (5) ... ? species change
into each other. The mechanism was discovered first by Charles Darwin and
independently by Alfred Russel Wallace. From reading the economist Thomas
Malthus, Darwin was aware of the consequences of (6) ... ? growing populations.
Once resources become limiting only a (7) ... ? of individuals can survive. Darwin
was also an (8) ... ? observer of animal breeders. He analysed their methods and
studied their results. Slowly he understood that nature like a gigantic breeder.
1. A) talk B) story C) gossip D) tale
BE THE TALK OF THE TOWN=To be what everyone is talking about:
2. A) combined B) cohered C) adhered D) abode
Adhere to = To follow a particular set of beliefs or a fixed way of doing something:
3. A) occasion B) evidence C) raise D) rise
Give rise to = To cause something to happen or exist
4. A) perspective B) perception C) prospect D) incentive
Perspective = A particular attitude towards something; a way of thinking about
something:
5. A) all B) how C) now D) once
How= Used to ask or talk about the way in which something happens or is done
6. A) expressly B) exponentially C) exquisitely D) exclusively
Exponentially= In a way that becomes faster and faster
7. A) friction B) division C) section D) fraction
A fraction of = A small part or amount of something
8. A) agile B) arduous C) ardent D) amorous
ARDENT OBSERVER=Showing strong positive feelings about an activity and
determination to succeed at it

Part 4:
4.gained/
1. could 2. Different 3. there acquired/had 5. the

9.
6. Rather 7. class/group 8. though charge/control 10. Himself

Question 5.
1. D 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. C
 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. D 10. B
Part 5. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your
answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. (10 pts)
Birds that feed in flocks commonly retire together into roosts. The reasons
for roosting communally are not always obvious, but there are some likely benefits.
In winter especially it is important for birds to keep warm at night and conserve
precious food reserves. One way to do this is to find a sheltered roost. Solitary
roosters shelter in dense vegetation or enter a cavity - horned larks dig holes in the
ground and ptarmigan burrow into snow banks - but the effect of sheltering is
magnified by several birds huddling together in the roosts, as wrens, swifts, brown
creepers, bluebirds and anis do. Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to
the cold air, so the birds keep each other warm. Two kinglets huddling together
were found to reduce their heat losses by a quarter, and three together saved a third
of their heat.
The second possible benefit of communal roosts is that they act as
“information centers”. During the day, parties of birds will have spread out to
forage over a very large area. When they return in the evening some will have fed
well, but others may have found little to eat. Some investigators have observed that
when the birds set out again next morning, those birds that did not feed well on the
previous day appear to follow those that did. The behavior of common and lesser
kestrels may illustrate different feeding behaviors of similar birds with different
roosting habits. The common kestrel hunts vertebrate animals in a small, familiar
hunting ground, whereas the very similar lesser kestrel feeds on insects over a large
area. The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone, but the lesser kestrel roosts and
hunts in flocks, possibly so one bird can learn from others where to find insect
swarms.
Finally, there is safety in numbers at communal roosts since there will
always be a few birds awake at any given moment to give the alarm. But this
increased protection is partially counteracted by the fact that mass roosts attract
predators and are especially vulnerable if they are on the ground. Even those in
trees can be attacked by birds of prey. The birds on the edge are at greatest risk
since predators find it easier to catch small birds perching at the margins of the
roost.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. How birds find and store food.
B. How birds maintain body heat in the winter.
C. Why birds need to establish territory.
D. Why some species of birds nest together.
1.Đoạn văn chủ yếu thảo luận là gì?
A. Cách chim tìm và dự trữ thức ăn.
B. Cách chim duy trì thân nhiệt trong mùa đông.
C. Tại sao các loài chim cần thiết lập lãnh thổ.
D. Tại sao một số loài chim lại làm tổ với nhau.
Clue: Birds that feed in flocks commonly retire together into roosts. The reasons for
roosting communally are not always obvious, but there are some likely benefits =
Các loài chim kiếm ăn theo đàn thường nghỉ ngơi với nhau thành từng đàn. Không
phải lúc nào cũng rõ ràng lý do để ngủ theo đàn, nhưng có một số lợi ích có thể xảy
ra
... The second possible benefit of communal roosts is that they act as “information
centers”
2. The word “conserve” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ________.
A. retain B. watch C. locate D. share
Conserve = retain = bảo tồn, dự trữ
3. Ptarmigan keep warm in the winter by ________.
A. building nests in trees
B. huddling together on the ground with other birds
C. digging tunnels into the snow
D. burrowing into dense patches of vegetation
3. Gà gô giữ ấm vào mùa đông bằng ________.
A. xây tổ trên cây
B. túm tụm lại trên mặt đất với các loài chim khác
C. đào đường hầm trong tuyết
D. đào hang thành những thảm thực vật dày đặc
Clue: horned larks dig holes in the ground and ptarmigan burrow into snow banks
4. The word “magnified” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ________.
A. combined B. caused C. modified D. intensified
Magnify = phóng đại ,làm to lên
5. The author mentions kinglets in the passage as an example of birds that
________.
A. protect themselves by nesting in holes
B. usually feed and nest in pairs
C. nest together for warmth
D. nest with other species of birds
5. Tác giả đề cập đến kinglet trong đoạn văn như một ví dụ về loài chim ________.
A. tự bảo vệ mình bằng cách làm tổ trong các lỗ
B. thường kiếm ăn và làm tổ theo cặp
C. làm tổ cùng nhau để sưởi ấm
D. làm tổ với các loài chim khác
Clue: Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air, so the birds
keep each other warm. Two kinglets huddling together were found to reduce their
heat losses by a quarter, and three together saved a third of their heat.= Tiếp xúc cơ
thể làm giảm diện tích bề mặt tiếp xúc với không khí lạnh, vì vậy các con chim giữ
ấm cho nhau. Hai con kinglet tụ tập với nhau được cho là giảm được một phần tư
nhiệt lượng thất thoát và ba con cùng nhau giảm được một phần ba nhiệt lượng của
chúng.
6. Which of the following statements about lesser and common kestrels is TRUE?
A. The lesser kestrel feeds sociably but the common kestrel does not.
B. The lesser kestrel and the common kestrel have similar diets.
C. The common kestrel nests in larger flocks than does the lesser kestrel.
D. The common kestrel nests in trees; the lesser kestrel nests on the ground.
6. . Phát biểu nào sau đây về các mối ghép ít hơn và phổ biến là ĐÚNG?
A. Những con chim cắt nhỏ hơn kiếm ăn một cách hòa đồng nhưng những con chim
cắt thông thường thì không.
B. kestrel nhỏ hơn và kestrel thông thường có chế độ ăn giống nhau.
C. Những con kestrel thông thường làm tổ trong những đàn lớn hơn những con
kestrel ít hơn.
D. Các loài kestrel thường làm tổ trên cây; những con kestrel nhỏ hơn làm tổ trên
mặt đất.
Clue: The common kestrel hunts vertebrate animals in a small, familiar hunting
ground, whereas the very similar lesser kestrel feeds on insects over a large area.
The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone, but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts
in flocks, possibly so one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms.=
Loài chim cắt thông thường săn các động vật có xương sống trong một bãi săn nhỏ
và quen thuộc, trong khi loài chim cắt nhỏ hơn rất giống nhau lại ăn côn trùng trên
một khu vực rộng lớn. Những con chim cắt phổ biến thường tụ tập và săn mồi một
mình, nhưng 1 ít những con chim cắt tụ tập và săn theo đàn, có thể vì vậy một con
chim có thể học từ những con khác cách tìm bầy côn trùng.
7. The word “forage” in the passage  is closest in meaning to __________.
A. fly B. assemble C. feed D. rest
Forage = feed= cho ăn
8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as an advantage
derived by birds that huddle together while sleeping?
A. Some members of the flock warn others of impending dangers.
B. Staying together provides a greater amount of heat for the whole flock
C. Some birds in the flock function as information centers for others who
are looking for food.
D. Several members of the flock care for the young.
8. Điều nào sau đây KHÔNG được đề cập trong đoạn văn như một lợi thế bắt nguồn
từ những con chim túm tụm lại với nhau khi ngủ?
A. Một số thành viên trong bầy cảnh báo những người khác về những nguy hiểm
sắp xảy ra.
B. Ở cùng nhau cung cấp nhiệt lượng lớn hơn cho cả đàn
C. Một số con trong đàn có chức năng như trung tâm thông tin cho những con khác
đang tìm kiếm thức ăn.
D. Một số thành viên trong bầy chăm sóc con non
Clue: Finally, there is safety in numbers at communal roosts since there will always
be a few birds awake at any given moment to give the alarm.-> A
Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air, so the birds keep each
other warm.-> B
The second possible benefit of communal roosts is that they act as “information
centers-> C
9. Which of the following is a disadvantage of communal roosts that is mentioned in
the passage?
A. Diseases easily spread among the birds.
B. Food supplies are quickly depleted.
C. Some birds in the group will attack the others
D. Groups are more attractive to predators than individual birds are
. 9. Điều nào sau đây là một nhược điểm của tụ tập cộng đồng được đề cập trong
đoạn văn?
A. Dịch bệnh dễ lây lan giữa các loài chim.
B. Nguồn cung cấp lương thực nhanh chóng bị cạn kiệt.
C. Một số loài chim trong nhóm sẽ tấn công những con khác
D. Các nhóm có sức hấp dẫn đối với động vật ăn thịt hơn các cá thể chim.
Clue: But this increased protection is partially counteracted by the fact that mass
roosts attract predators and are especially vulnerable if they are on the ground. Even
those in trees can be attacked by birds of prey.= Nhưng sự bảo vệ tăng cường này
một phần bị phản tác dụng bởi thực tế là những con thú rừng hàng loạt thu hút
những kẻ săn mồi và đặc biệt dễ bị tổn thương nếu chúng ở trên mặt đất. Ngay cả
những loài trên cây cũng có thể bị tấn công bởi chim săn mồi
10. The word “they” in the third paragraph refers to ________.
A. a few birds B. mass roosts C. predators D. trees
Question 6
1. vi 2. viii 3. v 4. i 5. vii
6. True 7. False 8. Not Given 9. rubber 10. Farmer
Part 6. Read the passage including seven paragraphs and do the following
tasks. (10 pts)
Task 1. The text has seven paragraphs, A-G
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 1-5 below.
List of Headings
i Different accounts of the same journey
ii Bingham gains support
iii A common belief
iv The aim of the trip
v A dramatic description
vi A new route
vii Bingham publishes his theory
viii Bingham’s lack of enthusiasm

Paragraphs Your answers:

Paragraph A iv
1. Paragraph B ………….
2. Paragraph C ………….
3. Paragraph D ………….
4. Paragraph E ………….
5. Paragraph F ………….
Paragraph G iii

The Lost City

An explorer’s encounter with the ruined city of Machu Picchu, the most famous
icon of the Inca civilisation
A
When the US explorer and academic Hiram Bingham arrived in South America in
1911, he was ready for what was to be the greatest achievement of his life: the
exploration of the remote hinterland to the west of Cusco, the old capital of the Inca
empire in the Andes mountains of Peru. His goal was to locate the remains of a city
called Vitcos, the last capital of the Inca civilisation. Cusco lies on a high plateau at
an elevation of more than 3,000 metres, and Bingham’s plan was to descend from
this plateau along the valley of the Urubamba river, which takes a circuitous route
down to the Amazon and passes through an area of dramatic canyons and mountain
ranges.

B vi.A new route

When Bingham and his team set off down the Urubamba in late July, they had an
advantage over travellers who had preceded them: a track had recently been blasted
down the valley canyon to enable rubber to be brought up by mules from the jungle.
Almost all previous travellers had left the river at Ollantaytambo and taken a high
pass across mountains to rejoin the river lower down, thereby cutting a substantial
corner, but also therefore never passing through the area around Machu Picchu.
 Đoạn B nói về lợi thế của Bingham và nhóm của ông so với các nhà du lịch
khác – “a track had recently been blasted down the valley canyon to enable
rubber to be brought up by mules from the jungle”. “A track” có nghĩa là “a
path, route or rough road” và “recently” có nghĩa là ““not long ago, during
the period of time that has just passed”. Vì vậy, chúng ta có thể coi lợi ích
này là một con đường mới. Đáp án là vi – “A new route”
C viii Bingham’s lack of enthusiasm
On 24 July they were a few days into their descent of the valley. The day began
slowly, with Bingham trying to arrange sufficient mules for the next stage of the
trek. His companions showed no interest in accompanying him up the nearby hill to
see some ruins that a local farmer, Melchor Arteaga, had told them about the night
before. The morning was dull and damp, and Bingham also seems to have been less
than keen on the prospect of climbing the hill. In his book Lost City of the Incas, he
relates that he made the ascent without having the least expectation that he would
find anything at the top.
=> Đoạn này miêu ta một số việc tiêu cực trong cuộc hành trình. Nhóm của
Bingham “showed no interest” trong việc tiếp tục cuộc hành trình này và Bingham
đã phàn nàn trong cuốn sách của ông “he made the ascent without having the least
expectation that he would find anything at the top.” Chúng ta có thể thấy rằng
Bingham và các những người đồng hành của ông không trông mong gì và “less than
keen on” với việc leo lên quả đồi để tìm kiếm sự phá hủy mà người nông dân bản
địa nhắc tới. Vì vậy, đáp án là viii – “Bingham’s lack of enthusiasm”.
Less than keen on = lack of enthusiasm
Dv A dramatic description
Bingham writes about the approach in vivid style in his book. First, as he climbs up
the hill, he describes the ever-present possibility of deadly snakes, “capable of
making considerable springs when in pursuit of their prey”; not that he sees any.
Then there’s a sense of mounting discovery as he comes across great sweeps of
terraces, then a mausoleum, followed by monumental staircases and, finally, the
grand ceremonial buildings of Machu Picchu. “It seemed like an unbelievable
dream … the sight held me spellbound …” he wrote.
=> Trong đoạn này, tác giả đã nhắc đến những gì Bingham mô tả trong cuốn sách
của ông, từ “the ever-present possibility of deadly snakes” cho đến “the grand
ceremonial buildings of Machu Picchu”. Đoạn này không nói đến bất kỳ điều gì liên
quan đến “different accounts” (tiêu đề i), “support” (tiêu đề ii), “belief” (tiêu đề iii)
hay “Bingham’s theory” (tiêu đề vii).Tiêu đề còn lại là tiêu đề v – a dramatic
description and this heading is really relevant to this paragraph’s content.
Ei Different accounts of the same journey
We should remember, however, that Lost City of the Incas is a work of hindsight,
not written until 1948, many years after his journey. His journal entries of the time
reveal a much more gradual appreciation of his achievement. He spent the afternoon
at the ruins noting down the dimensions of some of the buildings, then descended
and rejoined his companions, to whom he seems to have said little about his
discovery. At this stage, Bingham didn’t realise the extent or the importance of the
site, nor did he realise what use he could make of the discovery.
=> Đoạn này chỉ ra rằng nhật ký của Bingham tiết lộ “a much more gradual
appreciation of his achievement compared with his book. He spent the
afternoon at the ruins noting down the dimensions of some of the buildings,
then descended and rejoined his companions, to whom he seems to have said
little about his discovery. At this stage, didn’t realise the extent or the
importance of the site, nor did he realise what use he could make of the
discovery”. Tuy nhiên, trong cuốn sách của mình, Bingham khiến cho việc
phát hiện “The Lost City of the Incas” xuất hiện một cách đầy kịch tính hơn
những gì nó có ở thời điểm đó. Tiêu đề thích hợp nhất cho đoạn này là
“Different accounts of the same journey”
F vii Bingham publishes his theory
However, soon after returning it occurred to him that he could make a name for
himself from this discovery. When he came to write the National Geographic
magazine article that broke the story to the world in April 1913, he knew he had to
produce a big idea. He wondered whether it could have been the birthplace of the
very first Inca, Manco the Great, and whether it could also have been what
chroniclers described as “the last city of the Incas”. This term refers to Cilcabamba,
the settlement where the Incas had fled from Spanish invaders in the 1530s.
Bingham made desperate attempts to prove this belief for nearly 40 years. Sadly, his
vision of the site as both the beginning and end of the Inca civilisation, while a
magnificent one, is inaccurate. We now know that Vilcabamba actually lies 65
kilometres away in the depths of the jungle.
=> Chỉ còn lại 3 tiêu đề. Chúng ta chỉ cần tập chung vào từ khóa “support”,
“belief” và “theory”để tìm ra đáp án cho 2 câu hỏi còn lại. Trong đoạn F, tác
giả nhắc đến lý thuyết của Bingham.Tuy nhiên, đây chỉ là niềm tin của riêng
Bingham và nó không đúng. Tiêu đề iii không phải là đáp án vì nói đến ý tưởng
của Bingham, “he knew he had to produce a big idea”. Trong hoàn cảnh này,
chúng ta có thể coi “his idea” là “his theory”, điều mà ông đã giải thích trong
một bài báo đã được công bố trên một tạp chí. Đáp án là vii – Bingham
publishes his theory.
G
One question that has perplexed visitors, historians and archaeologists alike ever
since Bingham, is why the site seems to have been abandoned before the Spanish
Conquest. There are no references to it by any of the Spanish chroniclers – and if
they had known of its existence so close to Cusco they would certainly have come
in search of gold. An idea which has gained wide acceptance over the past few
years is that Machu Picchu was a moya, a country estate built by an Inca emperor to
escape the cold winters of Cusco, where the elite could enjoy monumental
architectrue and spectacular views. Furthermore, the particular architecture of
Machu Picchu suggests that it was constructed at the time of the greatest of all the
Incas, the emperor Pachacuti (c.1438-71). By custom, Pachacuti’s descendants built
other similar estates for their own use, and so Machu Picchu would have been
abandoned after his death, some 50 years before the Spanish Conquest.

Task 2. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the
passage?
Write
True if the statement agrees with the information
False if the statement contradicts the information
Not Given if there is no information on this

6. Bingham went to South America in search of an Inca city.

=> Key words: South America, search, Inca city.
Ở đoạn đầu tiên. “Hiram Bingham arrived in South America in 1911” và ““His goal
was to locate the remains of a city called Vitcos, the last capital of the Inca
civilization”. “Locate” có nghĩa tương đương với “search”. Vì vậy, đáp án là True
Locate = search
7. Bingham chose a particular route down the Urubamba valley because it was the
most common route used by travellers.
=> Key words: a particular route, down the Urubamba valley, most common.
Khi làm câu 15, chúng ta đã biết rằng Bingham đã sử dụng một con đường mới.
Trong phần 2 của đoạn A, tác giả nhắc đến con đường xuống thung lũng Urubamba.
Tuy nhiên, từ đoạn B, chúng ta biết rằng Bingham không đi theo con đường đó, ông
tìm ra một con đường mới – “they had an advantage over travellers who had
 preceded them: a track had recently been blasted down the valley canyon to enable
rubber to be brought up by mules”. Đáp án là False
8. Bingham returned to Machu Picchu in order to find evidence to support his
theory.
=> Key words: return, evidence, support his theory.

Đoạn F nói về lập luận của Bingham. Trong phần 2 của đoạn này, tác giả chỉ ra rằng
lập luận của ông là sai, nhưng tác giả không nhắc đến những gì Bingham làm sau
đó. Đáp án là Not given.
Task 3. Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
9. The track that took Bingham down the Urubamba valley had been created for the
transportation of __________.
=> Key words: track, Bingham, Urubamba valley, created, transportation
Con đường này được nhắc đến trong nhiều câu hỏi khác nên chúng ta dễ dàng tìm ra
vị trí của nó ở đoạn A và B. Trong đoạn B, “a track had recently been blasted down
the valley canyon to enable rubber to be brought up by mules from the jungle”. Đáp
án là rubber
10. Bingham found out about the ruins of Machu Picchu from a __________ in the
Urubamba valley.

Part 7
96. C 97. B 98. A 99. A 100. B
101. B 102. D 103. C 104. B 105. C

Part 7.
You are going to read four different opinions from leading scientists about the
future of fuel. For questions 96-105, choose from the writers A-D. The writers
may be chosen more than once.
A. Howard Bloom, Author
Even though most people are convinced that peak oil has already passed, to me,
peak oil is just a hypothesis. There is a theory that carbon molecules can be found in
interstellar gas clouds, comets and in space ice, and if this is the case, our planet
could ooze oil forever=Có giả thuyết cho rằng các phân tử cacbon có thể được tìm
thấy trong các đám mây khí giữa các vì sao, sao chổi và trong băng không gian, và
nếu đúng như vậy, hành tinh của chúng ta có thể rỉ dầu mãi mãi.-> 4. And even if
we stay earthbound, those who say we have raped the planet of all its resources are
wrong. There's a huge stock of raw materials we haven't yet learned to use=.Có một
kho nguyên liệu thô khổng lồ mà chúng tôi chưa học cách sử dụng.->Q3 There are
bacteria two miles beneath our feet which can turn solid granite into food. If
bacteria can do it, surely we creatures with brains can do it better. As far as the near
future of energy is concerned, I believe the most promising alternative fuels are
biofuels, such as ethanol. It's an alcohol made from waste products such as the bark
of trees, woodchips, and other 'waste materials'. And that's not the only waste that
can create energy. My friend in the biomass industry is perfecting an energy-
generation plant which can run on human waste. We produce that in vast quantities,
and it's already gathered in centralised locations.
B. Michael Lardelli, Lecturer in Genetics at the University of Adelaide
Nothing exists on this planet without energy. It enables flowers and people to grow
and we need it to mine minerals, extract oil or cut wood and then to process these
into finished goods. So the most fundamental definition of money is as a mechanism
to allow the exchange and allocation of different forms of energy. Recently, people
have been using more energy than ever before. Until 2005 it was possible to expand
our energy use to meet this demand. However, since 2005 oil supply has been in
decline=Tuy nhiên, kể từ năm 2005, nguồn cung dầu đã giảm,-> Q2, and at the
same time, and as a direct result of this, the world's economy has been unable to
expand, leading to global recession. -> Q6With the world's energy and the
profitability of energy production in decline at the same time, the net energy
available to support activities other than energy procurement will decrease. We
could increase energy production by diverting a large proportion of our remaining
oil energy into building nuclear power stations and investing in renewable forms of
energy. However, this is very unlikely to happen in democratic nations, because it
would require huge, voluntary reductions in living standards.= Tuy nhiên, điều này
rất khó xảy ra ở các quốc gia dân chủ, bởi vì nó sẽ đòi hỏi mức sống tự nguyện,
giảm đáng kể.-> Q9 Consequently, the world economy will continue to contract as
oil production declines.->Q6 With energy in decline, it will be impossible for
everyone in the world to become wealthier. One person's increased wealth can only
come at the expense of another person's worsened poverty.= Sự giàu có gia tăng của
một người chỉ có thể đến với cái giá là sự nghèo đói ngày càng trầm trọng của
người khác.-> Q5
C. Jeroen van der Veer, chief executive of Royal Dutch Shell
People are understandably worried about a future of growing energy shortages,
rising prices and international conflict for supplies. These fears are not without
foundation. With continued economic growth, the world's energy needs could
increase by 50% in the next 25 years. However, I do not believe that the world is
running out of energy. Fossil fuels will be able to meet growing demand for a long
time in the future.= Tuy nhiên, tôi không tin rằng thế giới đang cạn kiệt năng lượng.
Nhiên liệu hóa thạch sẽ có thể đáp ứng nhu cầu ngày càng tăng trong thời gian dài
trong tương lai.-> Q1 Taking unconventional resources into account, we are not
even close to peak oil. The priority for oil companies is to improve efficiency, by
increasing the amount of oil recovered from reservoirs. At present, just over a third
is recovered. We can also improve the technology to control reservoir processes and
improve oil flow. However, these projects are costly, complex and technically
demanding, and they depend on experienced people, so it is essential to encourage
young people to take up a technical career in the energy industry=vì vậy việc
khuyến khích thanh niên tham gia sự nghiệp kỹ thuật trong ngành năng lượng là
điều cần thiết->Q8. Meanwhile, alternative forms of energy need to be made
economically viable. International energy companies have the capability, the
experience and the commercial drive to work towards solving the energy problem
so they will play a key role. But it is not as simple as merely making scientific
advances and developing new tools; the challenge is to deliver the technology to
people worldwide. Companies will need to share knowledge and use their ideas
effectively.= Nhưng nó không đơn giản chỉ là tạo ra những tiến bộ khoa học và phát
triển các công cụ mới; thách thức là cung cấp công nghệ cho mọi người trên toàn
thế giới. Các công ty sẽ cần phải chia sẻ kiến thức và sử dụng ý tưởng của họ một
cách sinh thá=> Q10
D. Craig Severance, blogger
What will it take to end our oil addiction? It's time we moved on to something else.
Not only are world oil supplies running out, but what oil is still left is proving very
dirty to obtain. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill occurred precisely because the
easy-to-obtain oil is already tapped. If we don't kick oil now, we will see more
disasters as oil companies move to the Arctic offshore and clear more forests. The
cheap petroleum is gone; from now on, we will pay steadily more and more for our
oil — not just in dollars, but in the biological systems that sustain life on this planet.
The only solution is to get on with what we will have to do anyway - end our
dependence on it!= Giải pháp duy nhất là tiếp tục với những gì chúng ta sẽ phải làm
- hãy chấm dứt sự phụ thuộc vào nó!-> Q7 There are many instances in which oil
need not be used at all. Heat and electricity can be produced in a multitude of other
ways, such as solar power or natural gas. The biggest challenge is the oil that is
used in transportation. That doesn't mean the transportation of goods worldwide, it's
the day-to-day moving around of people. It means we have to change what we
drive. The good news is that it's possible. There are a wide range of fuel efficient
cars on offer, and the number of all-electric plug-in cars is set to increase. For long
distance travel and freight, the solution to this is to look to rail. An electrified
railway would not be reliant upon oil, but could be powered by solar, geothermal,
hydro, and wind sources. There is a long way to go, but actions we take now to kick
our oil addiction can help us adapt to a world of shrinking oil supplies.

1. We used to keep/ have our wits about us when flying at night.

keep/ have our wits about: to be ready to think quickly in a situation and react to
things that you are not expecting
2. She was so wrapped up in her work that she didn’t notice when I came in.
Be wrapped up in somebody/something" = bọc trong, quấn trong -> bận tâm, mải
mê, thiết tha với/ bị cuốn vào, bao trùm trong (màn bí mật...). "Wrap-up" nghĩa là
kết thúc, hoành thành.
3. If you don’t like the idea then just say no. I believe you should always call a
spade a spade.
call a spade a spade.: to say the truth about something, even if it is not polite or
pleasant
4.I was kept in dark about the rebellion that they were planning.
Be kept in the dark : bị giấu không cho biết điều gì

5. The desserts in this restaurant are second to none and no mistake.

second to none: as good as or better than all others

6. The disrespect John showed for the professor made my hackles rise so I had to
take a walk to calm down.

made my hackles rise= annoy someone

7. He finally got in(to) the swing of the new working condition.

got in(to) the swing of: start to understand, enjoy, and be active in something:
8. After the game, the children made a beeline for John, who was severing cold
drinks.

made a beeline for: bạn đi thẳng đến người hay vật đó.

9. The first part of his plan was to curry favour with the members of the committee.

curry favour with: they do things in order to try to gain their support or co-
operation.

10. I dropped a clanger by asking John how his dog was when it’s been dead for
three months.

dropped a clanger: unknowingly to say or do something extremely tactless