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Electronics
Quarter II – Module 3:
LINEAR CIRCUITS: Linear/Analog
The Building Blocks of Electronic Equipment
Electronics – Grade 10
Self-Learning Module
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Regional Office VIII

Regional Director: Ramir B. Uytico EdD, CESO IV
Assistant Regional Director: Arnulfo M. Balane, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Writer/s: Jemimah Dorcas M. Castillo-Cajefe
Language Editors: Celestino dela Calsada
Content Editors: Nestor Allan Matutes
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Layout Artist:
Management Team:
Rosemarie M. Guino EdD, OIC – Chief, CLMD
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Name, Chief, CID
Name, EPS, CID – Science
Name. EPS, CID - LRMS

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Regional Office VIII

Office Address: Government Center, Candahug, Palo, Leyte

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand
each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

At the end of each module, you need to answer the test to self-check your
learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will
be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Electronics 10 Self – Learning Module 3 on Linear Circuits.

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action, and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create, and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Explore This will give you an idea of the skills or

competencies you are expected to learn in the
module. A brief drill or review to help you link
the current lesson with the previous one. The
new lesson will also be introduced to you in
various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a
problem opener, an activity, or a situation.

Learn This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the answers
to the exercises using the Answer Key at the
end of the module.
This includes questions or blank
Apply
sentence/paragraph to be filled into process
what you learned from the lesson.

Assess This is a task which aims to evaluate your level

of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
This contains answers to all activities in the
Answer Key
module.

Reflect This contains the learner’s reflection. Learners

are encouraged to think about the lessons
particularly the parts that went well (they have
understood) and the parts that were weak (they
have difficulty) and write about it briefly.
Learners can share their thoughts and feeling
about the lessons.
References
This is a list of all sources used in developing

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 this module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
3. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
4. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
5. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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v
 Explore

Introduction:

The essentials of electronic equipment are individual circuits made up of

transistors, resistors, capacitors, transformers, inductors and/or other
components. Circuits were made up of separate components that were wired
together on a printed circuit board or bread board. Today, most electronic circuits
are in integrated circuit (IC) form or more likely multiple circuits are already fused
on a single silicon chip to create a larger circuit, sub-system or system on a chip.

Even though ICs are rampant and are widely used today, there are still some
cases where separate components are needed. There are some with high voltage or
high power circuits that burns silicon chips. Isolated components are still available
and you will find some of them external to an IC such as larger capacitors or
inductors that just cannot be easily integrated onto a chip or transistors that can
handle higher voltage or power.

In this lesson, we are not going to talk about the make-up or operation of
individual circuits. Instead, we will treat circuits as just building blocks with an
input and an output that process the input in some way to create a new, different
output.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define linear circuits
2. Enumerate and discuss the types of linear circuits.
3. Discuss the characteristics and specifications of the most common linear
circuits.
 Learn

LINEAR CIRCUITS
There are two basic types of circuits, linear and digital. Linear circuits are
circuits that process analog signals, those that differ efficiently and continuously
over time. Analog signals are like sine waves, radio waves, and voltages from
sensors. Direct Current is also an analog signal. A linear circuit is one whose
output is proportionate to its input.

The word linear means a straight line and it tells about the characteristics
between voltage and current. i.e the current flow in the circuit is directly
proportional to the voltage. If there is an increase in the voltage then the current
flow in the circuit also increases and vice versa.

TYPES OF LINEAR CIRCUITS

The examples of linear circuits are resistance and resistive circuit, inductor
and inductive circuit and capacitor and capacitive circuit.
Most other types of linear circuits are just amplifiers connected in different
ways to give different processing results.
Amplifiers

The basic block diagram symbol for an

amplifier is a triangle. It has an input and an
output. Amplifiers also have one or more DC
inputs as well. This DC from a battery or
other power supply is what powers the circuit
and it is this DC that is ultimately converted
into the new, larger output signal.

The amplifier processes the input to create an output of the same shape but
at a larger amplitude. The primary characteristic of any amplifier is its gain.

Filters

A filter is a frequency sensitive circuit that is designed to pass (amplify) some

frequencies, but reject others. Thus, a filter can accept some frequencies, but
greatly attenuate others. There are literally thousands of applications for such
circuits. But the main use of filters is to retain a desired signal, and eliminate
interference and noise.

In the field of electronics, there are many practical applications for filters.

Examples include:
 1. Radio communications: Filters enable radio receivers to only "see" the
desired signal while rejecting all other signals (assuming that the
other signals have different frequency content).
2. DC power supplies: Filters are used to eliminate undesired high
frequencies (i.e., noise) that are present on AC input lines.
Additionally, filters are used on a power supply's output to reduce
ripple.
3. Audio electronics: A crossover network is a network of filters used to
channel low-frequency audio to woofers, mid-range frequencies to
midrange speakers, and high-frequency sounds to tweeters.
4. Analog-to-digital conversion: Filters are placed in front of an ADC
input to minimize aliasing.
vvvv

Oscillators

An oscillator is a circuit
which produces a continuous,
repeated, alternating waveform
without any input. Oscillators
basically convert unidirectional
current flow from a DC source
into an alternating waveform
which is of the desired frequency,
as decided by its circuit
components.

It is usually a sine wave or a rectangular wave. The main specification of an

oscillator is its output frequency. Most oscillators have a fixed frequency but there
are oscillators whose frequency can be varied.

Mixers

A mixer is a circuit that takes two input signals and mixes them in a special
way to produce new output signals.

Phase Detector

A phase detector is a mixer-like circuit that puts

out a signal that is proportional to the phase difference
between two input signals of the same frequency. A
phase shift is a time difference between two signals of
the same frequency. The phase detector produces a
series of output pulses whose width is proportional to
the phase difference. Passing the pulses through a low-
pass filter soothes them into a proportional DC voltage.

Phase-Locked Loops
Phase-locked loops (PLLs) have many applications in the communications world.
The main purpose of a PLL circuit is to synchronize an output oscillator signal with
a reference signal. When the phase difference between the two signals is zero, the
system is “locked.” A PLL is a closed-loop system with a control mechanism to
reduce any phase error that may occur.

Frequency Synthesizers

Frequency synthesizers are used to generate the local oscillator (LO) signal
in transceiver systems. The frequency of the LO signal determines which Reference
Frequency (RF) channel will be received and to which RF channel the base-band
information will be transferred, before being transmitted by the PA-antenna
combination. In other words, the frequency synthesizer operates as the
transceiver’s tuning system; in practice, the frequency synthesizer is based on a
phase-locked loop (PLL) control system. Important design aspects which need to be
taken into account are the spectral purity of the PLL output signal and the power
dissipation of the PLL building blocks.

Power Supplies

A power supply is, as its name implies, a source of power to an electronic

circuit. Most electronic circuits operate from DC as they process AC or DC signals.
The most common power supply is the one that gets its input from the standard AC
wall outlet that supplies 120 volts at 60 Hz. This common voltage is then converted
by the power supply into one or more DC voltages that go to operate the TV set,
computer, or other equipment.
 Notes to the Teacher
Advise students to explore and search if resources are available. Also,
remind students to provide their own separate sheets for their answers.
 Engage

Activity 1
The crossword puzzle contains words related to linear circuits. Encircle as
many words as you can.

A M P L I F I E R A L

R E S T U I R S P F O

O S C I L L A T O R C

T U A L I T Z A W E K

C P M I X E R S E Q E

E P D N E R L I R U D

T L A E G W A P A E L

E I J A E M I M A N O

D E S R A B S A O C O

Z S T I U C R I C Y P
 Apply

Great job! You are almost done with this module. Let’s summarize what you have
learned from the lesson and activities by filling in the correct word. Use a separate
sheet of paper and write only your answer.

There are two basic types of circuits, linear and digital. Linear circuits are
circuits that process 1 ________ signals, those that differ efficiently and
continuously over time.

The word linear means a 2. _________ line and it tells about the
characteristics between voltage and 3. __________. And that they are 4.
__________proportional.

The examples of linear circuits are 5. __________ , 6. ____________ and 7.

_________ circuits.
Most other types of linear circuits are just 8. _________ connected in different
ways to give different processing results.
 Assess

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. The following describes Linear Circuits EXCEPT:

a. Process analog signals
b. Outputs are proportional to inputs
c. When current increases, voltage increases
d. When voltage increases, current decreases

2. Which of the following is NOT a linear circuit?

a. Resistive circuit
b. Capacitive circuit
c. Amplifier
d. Logic circuits

3. This linear circuit processes the input to create an output that has
greater gain than its input.
a. Amplifier
b. Mixer
c. Filter
d. Power supplies

4. It gives power to any electronic circuit.

a. Amplifier
b. Mixer
c. Filter
d. Power supplies

5. Its main purpose is to synchronize an output oscillator signal with a

reference signal, what is it?
a. Phase detector
b. Phase locked-loop
c. Frequency Synthesizers
d. Power supplies

6. It allows the designer to generate a variety of output frequencies as

multiples of a single reference frequency.
a. Phase detector
b. Phase locked-loop
c. Frequency Synthesizers
d. Power supplies
7. It generates a voltage signal which represents the difference in phase
between two signal inputs.
a. Phase detector
b. Phase locked-loop
c. Frequency Synthesizers
d. Power supplies
8. It provides a source of repetitive A.C. signal across its output
terminals without needing any input
a. Amplifier
b. Mixer
c. Filter
d. Oscillator

9. This is an AC circuit that separates some frequencies from others

within mixed-frequency signals.
a. Amplifier
b. Mixer
c. Filter
d. Oscillator

10. It is a special type of electronic circuit that combines two signals

(periodically repeating waveforms).
a. Amplifier
b. Mixer
c. Filter
d. Oscillator
 Reflect

Why are linear circuits important in the electronics industry?

What electronic materials found in your house are applications of linear circuits?
 Answer Key

Assessment Apply Activity 1

1. D 1. Analog 1. Linear
2. D 2. Straight 2. Circuits
3. A 3. Current 3. Amplifier
4. d 4. Directly 4. Oscillator
5. B 5. Resistive 5. Filter
6. C 6. Capacitive 6. Mixer
7. A 7. Inductive 7. Frequency
8. D 8. Amplifiers 8. detector
9. C 9. Locked loop
10. B 10. Power
(5-7. answers may 11. supplies
interchange)
References
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/an-introduction-to-filters/

https://www.electrical4u.com/what-is-an-oscillator/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/phase-detector
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-306-47978-8_7
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/phase-locked-loops

Frenzel, Louis E. Electronics explained : the new systems approach to learning

electronics / Louis E. Frenzel, Jr. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-85617-700-9 pp. 61-88