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Experiment 3 (Simple Pendulum)

1. The document describes an experiment to determine the effective length of a simple pendulum by plotting its length (L) versus the square of its time period (T2) and finding where the graph intersects the standard value of the second's pendulum length. 2. A simple pendulum is constructed using a bob, thread, and clamp, and its time period is measured for swings of varying lengths. 3. The results are plotted on a graph of L vs. T2, from which the experimental length of the second's pendulum can be determined and compared to the actual value.

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arjun singh
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345 views

Experiment 3 (Simple Pendulum)

1. The document describes an experiment to determine the effective length of a simple pendulum by plotting its length (L) versus the square of its time period (T2) and finding where the graph intersects the standard value of the second's pendulum length. 2. A simple pendulum is constructed using a bob, thread, and clamp, and its time period is measured for swings of varying lengths. 3. The results are plotted on a graph of L vs. T2, from which the experimental length of the second's pendulum can be determined and compared to the actual value.

Uploaded by

arjun singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment 3(simple Pendulum)

Aim
Using a simple pendulum, plot its L-T2 graph and use it to find the effective length of
second’s pendulum.

Apparatus
A clamp with stand, a split cork, thread, bob, vernier callipers, stop clock/watch,
metre scale and a piece of chalk.

Theory
1. Simple Pendulum. An ideal simple pendulum consists of a heavy point mass
(called bob) tied to one end of a perfectly in extensible, flexible and weightless
string. There is no ideal simple pendulum. In practice, we make a simple pendulum
by tying a metallic spherical bob to a fine cotton stitching thread.
2. Length of Simple Pendulum. The distance between the point of suspension of ,the
pendulum and its C.G. (which is C.G. of the bob), is called the length of the simple
pendulum. It is represented by the symbol l.
Length of simple pendulum = length of thread + length of hook of bob + mean radius
of the spherical bob
i.e., I = T + h + r
3. Time Period of the Simple Pendulum. Time taken by the bob of the simple
pendulum to make one complete vibration, is called the time period of the simple
pendulum. It
is represented by the symbol T. The time period is given by the formula,

Knowing the value of T and g, l can be calculated.

Diagram
Observations (minmum 5 observations to be taken)

Observed diameter of the bob ----

Standard value of g- 980 cm s-2.. Least count of stop clock/watch = ……………s


Zero error of stop clock/watch = ………s
Zero correction of stop clock/watch = ……………s.

s.No Length of Time for 10 Time T2 L/T2


Thread vibrations period
T=t/10
L(cm) T(sec)
(sec)

Calculations- Plot a graph between l and T2 ( using the observations noted while doing
the practical from O lab).

(Example )

)
Result

The graph comes to be a straight line


Experimental length 100 cm Actual length = 99.4 cm Error = 0.6 cm
Percentage error = 0.6/99.4 x 100 = 0.6%
This error is within the limit of the experimental error.
Precautions

1. Thread should be strong, weightless and in extensible.


2. Point of suspension should be fixed in a rigid support.
3. Lower faces of split cork should be in same level.
4. Splitting should be perpendicular to the plane of vibration of the
pendulum.
5. Amplitude should be small to have sin 0 = 0. [when 0 < 18°]
6. The bob should move along a straight line.
7. The bob should not spin during vibration.
8. Place of experiment should be free from disturbances of building
vibrations or air current.
9. Laboratory fan should be switched off.
10. Length of pendulum should include length of hook and radius of bob.
11. Counting should be proper and started from zero.
12. Clock/watch should be accurate.
13. Length of pendulum should be increased in steps of 10 cm to bring
appreciable change in time period.
14. Metre scale used should be accurate.

Sources of error

1. The string may not be weightless and in extensible.


2. Point of suspension may not be rigid.
3. The amplitude may not be small.
4. The bob may spin.
5. The air currents may disturb vibrations.
6. There may be an error in counting.
7. The stop clock/watch may be inaccurate.
8. There may be delay in starting and stopping the stop clock/watch.

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