ding a surface parki ng lot.

take more time than provi

" has
one of these "bala nces
As can be seen, each
t the program.
"'pro and cons " that affec
even witho ut the concerns
For archi tectu ral students, pro-
the balance betw een the
for budg et or sche dule,
gram and site is cru c ial.

103
 tine
borly _,./

Organic ~

105
 Know
the building Good buildings don 't just happen. They are planned to
look good and perform well, and come about when good
architects and good clients join in thoughtful, cooperative
effort. Programming the requirements of a proposed build-

know ing is the architect's first task, often the most important.

William M. Pena

the site
then ..
and only then
des,ign ... . . .
< .:J;;;i~;;,~i
·,1, __

107
 ]. Chrisl opher Alex;inclcr (horn ( kI0'1 1•r -1, I 'J tr, in Vi,•n - 1 11 5
Hie hook " Design ior the Rea l World".
Notes and references nil, Auslri;i) is ;in ;irchilcc l nol c•cl fu r Iii , Ilw ories .iboul
des ign, and for more lh.i n 200 h11ild i11g proj1 •c1s in C.i l-
:: :~l:c~::~: in
1,, nguages. ~\:~'~,~i: : in_
1970
,'<. later tr;inslated in 2J
ifornia, Japan, M ex ico, .incl ,1ro1111d th<' w or ld. l< c•;ison- llu ckminsl er Fuller an' li~e- Ihat of hi s contemporaries
ing 1ha1 users know more aboul 1lw liuildings !hey need professionals th " ' d EF Sch umacher, inspired design
1h;in any arc hil ec l co uld, he prml w ,·d ,rnrf v;i lid;ilerl va111 now if n e world over. Hts words are more rcle-
' 01 more so, lh an when first penned.
(in collaboralion wilh S;ir,1h lshi k., w.1 ,111d ,vlurr,1y Sil -
verst ein) a " Paltern langu;igc•" dl'sign<'cl In empowe r
6. Charles a_nd Ray Eames are among the most import.-
;inyone lo des ign ;i ncl bu i ld ,11 ,lily ". ti,,. rhough " Pa1 -
ant i\menca n des igners of thi s century. They Me best
1ern Langu age" bec ame hi s 1110 , 1 f.11 11 ou~ con lributi on
known for th_e,r ground-breaking contribulions to archi-
towards deve lopm ent of ;i dc •,i gn process, ;i n often
tec lure, furniture design (e.g., lhe Eames chair), indus-
overlooked book was a pre-c ursor lo P,1 IIPr11 lan guage_
lrt ~I design and manufacturing, and lhe photographic
"The Synthesis of Form". First pulil ish1·d in 1964, in the
arts. The Governmem of India had asked for recom-
"Synthes is of Form " Al exan clc·r rl isn1sses the process by
mendations on il programme for !raining in Design
which a form is adapted to th e ,·n nll'XI of hum.in needs
that would serve as an aid to the small industri es; and
and demands that has ca ll ed ii int o being.
that would res ist the then rapid deterioration in des ign
and qualit~ of consumer goods. Charl es & Ray Eames
4. Ri c hard Buckminster "B ucky" Full t•r, (lul y 12, 1895 - v1s1ted India for three monlhs al lhe invitalion of the
July 1, ·1983)[1 I wa s an 1\m eri c-;in architccl, systems Government, to explore the problems of design and 10
theorist, author, des ign er, in vc•nlor, ,1nd futu ri st. Full er make recommendations for a training programme. The
requirements a building must satisfy in order to sup- published more than JO books, LO ining or popul;iri z- Ea mes toured throughout India, making a ca refu l study
1. Architectural programming itself has many definitions.
port and enhance the performance of human activities. ing terms suc h as " Spaceship E.1 r1h ", eph emerali zation, of the many centres of design, handicrafts and general
According to Palmer (1981 ), "it is an organized collec-
tion of the specific information about the client's re- Hershberger (1999) defined architectural programming and synergetic. H e also deve loped num erous inven- manufa cture. They talked with many persons, official
quirements which the architect needs in order to design as a definitional stage of design - the time to discover tions, mainly architectural designs (in ex pensive shelter) and non-official, in the field of small and large industry,
a particular facility" . Pena (2001) defined architectur- the nature of the design problem, rather than the nature & transportation, and popul ari zed the widely known in des ign and architecture, and in education. The report
al programming as defining the architectural problem of the design solution. Preiser's (1978) definition of ar- geodesic dom e. emerged as ;i result of their study and discuss ions. Fol-
process, while designing as the architectural solution 's chitectural programming focused on human behaviour lowi ng the report, the Government set up the Na tion-
process. Cherry (1999) defined architectural program- and value systems. 5. Victor Papanek (22 November 1923, Vienna - IO Janu- al Institute of Design (NID) in 196 1 ,1s an autonomous
ming as the research and decision-making process that ary 1998, Lawrence, Kansas) was a designer ;ind edu - national institution for resea rch, servi ce and training in
defines the architectural problem to be solved. Sanoff 2. Architectural programming has its roots in the prob- ca tor who beca me a strong advoca te of the socia ll y ;i ncl Industrial Design and Visual Communication.
(1977) defined the architectural program as commu- lem-solving process. Based on the initial efforts, Wil- eco logically responsible des ign of products, tool s, and
nicable statement of intent of the architectural des ign . liam Pena and William Caudill published, in 1959, an community infrastructures. H e disapproved of manufa c- 7. National Institute of Advance Studies in i\rchiteclure
Duerk (1993 ) defined architectural programming as a article in the Architectural Record - Architectural anal- tured produ c ts that were unsafe, showy, maladapted, or (NIASA), an academic Unit of Council of Architecture,
systematic method of inquiry that delineates the con- ysis - a prelude to good design. Pena and Focke, in essentially useless. His produc ts, w ritings, and lectures was in st ituted in July 2005, as the first insti tute of archi-
text within which the designing must be do ne as well as 1977, published a book called Problem Seeking, which were collectively considered an example and spur by tec ture initiated jointly by the Counci l of Architecture
defines the requirements that a successful project must beca me a textbook for generations of architects who many design ers . Papanek was a philosopher of design (COA) and the Centre for Development Studies & Activ-
meet. Brill (1970) defined the architectural program- saw programming as a way to clarify the design efforts and as such he was an untiring, eloquent promoter of iti es (CDSA). It is a nalional level institute of excellence
ming as method to describe range of specific human (Cherry 1999). des ign aims and approaches that would be sensitive to th at facilitates advanced research in the va rious fields of
soc ial and eco logi ca l considerations. H e combined all architecture, to teachers of ;irchitecture, proiess iona ls

108 109
 colo urs & costing sa ri s to th e c ustom er, th e sa lesm an is
and individua ls / students.
co ntinuousl y elim inating th e choi ces that the cust omer
the argument that is built in th e th,•s is doe, not match
8. Pena Will iam, Parshall Steven & Ke ll y_ Kev in;_Probl em rejects till he reac hes eureka mome nt where he p ul ls 20. Good exa mple of the consequences of not doing user
the des ign-soluti o n that th ey .ire proposing. Though
Seeking: An Architectural Progra mI111ng Prrn~er, 91, o ut the right combin ation of style, pattern , co lour and studies is the Skywa lk proj ect in Mumb.i i.
the predesign process begins with defining the proj ect,
Third Edition, AIA Press, Wash ington DC; (1981) the cost. Like a sari sa lesma n the predesigner sho uld
we felt that exte nding th e p rocess to define the large r
also work w ith the cl ient and hi s tea m in co ntin uall y 21 . Pena Wi lli am, Parsha ll Steven & Kelly Kev in; Problem
design process wi ll help the students bui ld .i v.ilid ar-
9. The Design Methods Movement that lasted from the determining w hat th ey want - by eliminating what th ey Seek ing: An Architectural Programming Primer, 2 1;
gument for the ir des ign so lu ti on . Thi s ex tens ion of th e
don 't li ke. Thi rd Edition, AIA Press, Washington DC; (1987 )
ea rl y 1960s to mid-1980s was the fi rst serious attempt predesign process w il l in clude the fol low ing steps (that
to scientize design, by remov ing the arb1trar1ness In de- will help fill the cu rrent gaps):
14. W hen a Physician gives the patient th e medi c in e, the 22. Cherry, Ed ith; Programm ing for Design: From Theory to
sign decision-making by proposi ng a rationa l and sc i- Exploring the research-problem > leading to defin ition
Practi ce; Introd uction, 33, 121; John Wiley and Sons,
entific way for development of design. patient does not get the choice of co lo ur, taste, texture of architectural project (a s so luti on to the arguments
New York; (1999). Cherry states that ou r va lues affect
or the freedom to take it whenever he likes. No pati ent built in the resea rch prob lem ) > lead ing to development
not onl y the decision we make but also the in formation
10. In India. the Council of Architecture (COA), in their asks the physi cian if he ca n have the same pill s in dif- of th e architectura l program and site ana lys is> leadi ng
we ga th er prio r to maki ng decisions. Our va lue systems
Sect ion - Scope oi Architect's Work, Part 1, Subsect io n ferent co lo urs. So also the predesigner, whi le working to the design solution.
comp letely co lour the way we think that we may not
1.1: Taking client instructions and preparing the des ign with the cl ient and hi s team , need to set hi s foot down
seek in formation that relates to other va lue systems. For
brief (Counci l oi Architecture websi te, 2002); refers on ce rtain esse nti al req uirements. 18. W e have been hav in g a lot of discuss ions wi th the fac-
exa mpl e if we have ga ined experience in urban setti ngs
taking an integrated approach to program ming. On the ulty in both the coll ege and the N IASA seminars re- we may not be fa mi liar w ith the data rega rding rural or
other hand the segregated approach sepa rates the pro- 15. Cherry, Ed ith; Programming fo r Design: Fro m Th eory to ga rding the amount of tim e all otted for predesign (in subu rban settings. Predesigners need to understa nd th at
gramm ing process from the design process. Therefore Pra cti ce; Introd uction, Pg 3; Jo hn Wiley and Sons, N ew the semester Architectural Des ign (A D) c lass. Concerns the client's & the user's va lue system p lay an importan t
it is defined as a separate, distinct activity that cou ld York; (1999) were raised regarding too much time being spent on ro le than th ei r own in gathering, organ izi ng, analysing
be even performed by non-architects (Raymond, 1990). predesign exercise, leav ing li tt le time for actual design. data and making dec isions.
For exa mpl e the American Institute of Architects (A IA) 16. The fo ll owi ng compilation of different programming We recommend spending not more than 3-4 weeks
has a separate section ior Archi tectural programming methods suggests a commo n theme of co ll ecti ng data, o n predesign out of the total 16-18 weeks for the AD 23. Amongst ot her things in the Company literature, pre-
and thev put the onus of perform ing the programming analysing data and m aking decisions: class . The depth of. data coll ection and ana lys is ca n be des igner should focus on the company's mission and
task on the client (America n Institute of Architects, controlled so as to limit the time involved in predesign vision statements. Often the c li ent's building goa ls are
a. Estab li shing Goals and Obj ectives> Co ll ecting, Or-
20081. tv1ost oi the documented processes fo llow the exerc ises. This also mea ns some extra legwork from the rooted in their o rgan izat ional goa ls and va lue systems.
ga ni zing and Analysing facts (prim ary + secondary
segregated paradi gm that is well reflected through thei r fa culty side to ide ntify and loca te data sources before Hence understanding the orga ni za ti ona l goa ls and ob-
data) > Uncovering and testin g co ncepts > Deter-
defi nitions. the AD class begi ns. This w ill save a lot of time during jectives ca n help the predesigner understand the very
mining needs > Stat ing the Problem (Pena, 200 1)
the class for the students to focus o n analysis and pre- basis for design - the DNA oi the company. Under-
b. Literature sea rch on building typo logy (secondary
11 . Pena Willia m. Parshal l Steven & Kell y Kevin; Problem design methods and exercises. standing the DNA ca n help the predes igner and the
data) > Defin ing goa ls and obj ectives > Gathering
Seeking: An Arch itectural Programming Primer; 91; cl ient to va lidate all dec isions.
and analys ing in formati on (prim ary data) > Devel- 19. Cherry, Edith; Programming for Design: From Theory to
Third Ed ition. A IA Press, VVashington DC; /1987)
oping progra m strategies > Establishing Q uantita- Practi ce; Introduct io n, (119-1 20); John Wiley and Sons, 24. Wh il e selecti ng the case studies the predesigners need
tive req uirements (b udget + schedul e) > Synthesiz- New York; (1999). Cherry menti ons that one of the best
i 2. Eames Charles, Eames Ray; The India Report-1958, (8- to look at spec ific issues (apa rt from the complete ty-
ing the design problem (Cherry, 1999). ways to " filter" data or avoid data clog is to check th e
91; National Institute of Design, Pa/di, Ahmedabad. pology). In trying to iind design responses to specific
releva nce of the data against the defin ed goa ls and ob- issues, the predesigner ca n select multipl e case stud-
17. During o ur numerous semi nars o n Predesign for The- jectives of the client. The other way is to ask ii the data ies that have addressed simi lar design probl ems. W hil e
13. The Sari Salesman is a unique ex;imple of how a per-
sis students, w e have observed (also endo rsed by the is goi ng to be releva nt for the designer or the architect se lecting the case studies, other than typological sim-
son can arrive at definite conclusion ,·,,ith the process fJi
thes is facult y) that there is a gap between the student's - to design. ilarities, the predes igner needs to look at w hen it was
"elimrnation" . While shov,ing diffr,rent styles. pat1trn s,
wri tten thes is and their des ign solutions. In most cases
 29. Doran , G . T; There's a S.M.A.R.T. way to write m anage-
constru cted & w hy, context simil ariti es, cl imati c simi - arranging them in pattern s lh al w orks for lh e cl ients and
ment's goa ls and objectives; 3 5-36; Man age ment R<:- the book Falling wa ter: A Frank Ll oyd Wright Co untry
larities, socio-cultural similariti es, etc. their tea m . The entire systems relation ship d iagram ca n House (Ref: "IW lhy did the cli ent say that he expected
view; Volume 70, Issue 11 (AMA FORUM); (198 1)
then be broken into sub-system s of departments or any to look from hi s house towa rd the waterfall rather than
25. Architectural programming and Predesign are inter- other function al sub-groupings, each with their own
30 . D esign ca paciti es are often a product of optimal busi- dwell above it?" Edgar Kaufmann, Jr., Falling water: A
changeably used terminologies. We consider Prede_s1gn sub-system relation ship d iagrams. This ca n be done
ness capacities - capacities for which certain opti mu m Frank Ll oyd Wri ght Country House, New York: Abbev-
to be a larger group under w hich services like architec- from ma ster planning level lo interi o r space planning
primary and supportin g requirements are necessary. i li e Press, p. 3 1); the client wan ted a house loca ted in
tural programming, site analysis, cost analys is, feasibil- leve l.
Most of the time th ese capaciti es are determined by the a way he could ad mire the casca ding fa ll s. But Frank
ity studi es, site selection criteria, & market studies; are
trade bodies that govern these businesses. For exampl e Ll oyd Wright put the house ri ght on top of the wa ter fall
included. 33. A predesign contingen cy of I 0% over gross area needs so that the cli ent could experience the continuity of the
the Association for H otel Indu stry determines th e opti-
to be added since at thi s point we have not des igned fa lling water.
26. Cherry, Edith ; Programming for Design : From Theory to mum capaciti es and requirements for 3-star, 4-start &
anything yet to be abl e to determine acc urate estimates
Practi ce; Introduction, 100; John Wi ley and Sons, New 5-star hotels. For hotels the capac iti es are always deter-
of the areas of the spaces. Thi s contingency takes ca re According to th e National Ga ll ery of Arts website
York; (1999). Cherry states that often what the client mined by number of rooms. All other support activ iti es of the unforeseen issues that can ca use increase in ac- (http://www. nga .gov/co ll ection/20th_design.shtm, last
wants to design is rooted in what the client wants hi s like restaurants, bar, discotheque, etc. are dependent tu al design-areas. updated in 2014) I.M.Pei, the architect commi ssioned
or her organization to do. If possible the orga ni zati onal on the number of hotel rooms. Similarly H osp itals ca-
for extension of the East Wing of th e N ati onal Ga l-
goa ls shou ld be identified first. Some wi ll translate into pacities (a nd other req uirements) are determined by 34. It has been o ur observa ti on that site (a nd site context) lery of Arts (NGA), in Washington DC, faced several
design goals, some may not. number of beds, ca pa citi es for edu cati o n institutes are is often ignored or relegated to secondary status in the chall enges. The new building had to fit an irregularl y
dependent o n number of students & class capaciti es, design process by the students. Students also have the shaped, trapezo idal site; conform to the mo numenta l
27. According to Ala n Brache, Strategic initi atives are the etc. tendency to create a " flat" site for their designs ignoring sca le of the Mall; and harmoni ze w ith John Russell
mea ns through w hich a vision is translated into pra c- the contoured slopes or th e preva lent conditions within Pope's classici zing West Building, compl eted in 1941.
ti ce - Brache, Alan; Implementation; 195; New York: 31. Both Relationship Matri x and Bubble diagrams are and surrounding the site. In a moment of insight, I. M . Pei so lved th e problem o f
McGraw-Hill (2006). According to Robert Kaplan from tools that are used to translate compl ex informat ion the site's irregular shape by dividing it into an isosce les
Harvard Business School strategic initiatives are col- into simple diagram s that a layperson ca n understand. 35. According to Wikipedia (http://en.w ikiped ia.org/wiki/ triangle and a sma ller ri ght triangle. He later reca ll ed,
lections of finite-du ration discretionary projects and Many times there is temptation to direct ly translate the Wedding-cake_style, last updated on Aug 18th, 2013): " I sketched a trapezoid on the ba ck of an envelope.
programs, outside of the orga ni zation's day-to-day diagrams to fl oor plans. It is important to understand In architecture, a "wed ding-cake style" is an informal I drew a diagonal line across the trapezoid and pro-
operation al activities, th at are designed to help the or- that the bubbl e diagrams alo ng with the relation ship reference to buildings with many distinct tiers, each duced two tri angles. That was the beginning." Further
ga nization achieve its targeted performance - Kapl an, matri x are tools to communicate complex ideas with set back from the one below, resulting in a shape li ke development of the drawings shows how the arc hitect
Robert. The Execution Premium: Linking Strategy to the layperson. They are not end in themselves, rather a w edding cake, and may also apply to buildings that used the theoreti ca l point al wh ich the lines formed
Operations for Competitive Adva ntage; 103; H arva rd their use is to eli cit dialog from the cli ent and his/her are ri chly ornamented, as if made in sugar ici ng. In the by the Pennsylvani a Avenue and Mall sides of the site
Business School Press (2008) tea m. Th ey also help the predesigner to clarify their United States, the style has been predominant in New would converge, and compl ete the relati o nship of the
own assumptions of w hich fun ctions mi ght or might not York City, thanks to the 1916 Zoning Resolution, a for- building's footprint to this larger shape. Thi s is a great
28. Some examples of Goals are as follows: work w ith each other. mer zoning code which forced buildings to reduce their example of how the architect turned the irregular shape
a. To provide the highest-q uality hea lthca re and mini - shadows at street leve l by employi ng setbacks, resulting of the site to hi s advantage and the shape itself inspired
mi ze the cost of hea lthcare to the pati ent. the des ign.
32. Systems design has many mea nings in product devel- in a ziggurat profil e.
b. " Garibi Halao" (Remove Poverty).
opment and engineering fi elds. In the co ntext of pre-
c. Create world-class ed ucational compl ex that com- 36. Frank Lloyd Wright's Falling waters (or Kaufmann Shirish Beri 's des ign for the Resea rch Institute for Labo-
design, the entire fu nctioning of the building can be
petes w ith the best in the world . ratory for the Conservation of Enda ngered Species (l a-
demonstrated through relationship diagrams or entity House), it was the site location th at both the client
relationship diagrams, by abstracting the functions and and the architect were inspi red from. According to CONES) at H yderabad reflects keen sensitivity to site

1 13
 no other than Adoli Hitl er. The speech was part oi hi s iesve.com/) have now m,1dc it po, sible for ordinary
features like rod. outcroppings & boul ders_- '\ccordi ng n,1tional-building exercise as a run-up to invasio n of Po- architects and student s to C'v,1 lu,1te their designs and
to hi, O\\'n narrative publio;hed on the web51te Arch1 tec - land and later the Second World War. make adjustments long before- thcv are' built.

~:=;~:~~Z, l~~~~~~}I~~~;t:~~~:;;~
had a ven beautirul cluster oi large rocl-!: and boulders
38. In architectural theory, co ntextua lism is a theory of de-
sign wherein modern (not be confused with modern -
is~1l building types are harmonized with urban forms
42. A Curbcut is th e cut in the footpath in r access ti the site
from the pubi c street. .

along trw edge o; thi, propem . Rea lizing the immense 43 . Th e concept of m andatory ope n space are di vided into
usual to a traditi onal city - Uencks, Charles; New Par-
oe,ign ;JO<"i"ntia ' or these wonderfu l rocks I requested three m ajor categor ies by most regul atory bodies: One.
adi gm in Architecture (7th ed.). Yale University Press;
the client; to aco:we more land on the other ,ide or is th e mandatory Recreati on Grou nd (RG) space for
(2002 ))
the5e rock; n e,ci1ang;, ioc ,ome oi our land on the pl ots beyo nd certain gross areas; Two, side & rea r open

:S::::~::~: f:E~r~~;gm~~:;~~
1

~t~~i:,~:.::'71:.u;~~~: ,:~:!:;:/:~~
39. The Merriam-Webster Di ctionary defines the idiom " lay
oi the land" as the di sposition of circumstances which
one is considering. For exampl e: he wanted to know
more about the lay of the land before investing. Th e
spaces th at mandates a safe-distance between two
buildings & allows for a fire-engine to circulate the plot
& three, front open space that is mandated based fu-
ture set-back lines for street widenin g and on the street
width in case of tall-structures.
made ~ ilc,,~. fo ,s ,s achieved b, gi,; ng maximum ia - Free dictionary {online) defines the literal mea ning of
cade sncce and im00r.:2nce to the arriva l space " ;th the • Jay of the land" as the arrangement of features on an
area of land. 44. Return on Investment {ROI) in development project
5m 10 i i m tall rocks. A.n organical h designed strvctur- varies from project to project. There are two m.ijor dii-
a giazing :0---n:, 2 baddrop to th is arriva l space. foe ferences between project types where the ROI differs.
re,1ecno'15 o: me rocks. me sl.~ and the landscaping in 40 . There is no si ngle, agreed upon definition of what is
One, are the projecr types that are directly linked to
rhis g12z1ng ~ -the- contrib<rte to the creation oi a non- urban fabric. Most magazin es o r websites demonstrate
the organization's bu siness-models. For exampl e - All
rar;ade ." iigure-ground graphi cs oi the city plans that demon-
developer-led projects li ke residential. commercial,
strate distinctl y the st reet-pattern and the built up city
etc. where the ROI is generated from direct sale of the
3- ..-'\n ,,,amole ci l"IO\\ come'<l changes rhe contem can be blocks. Different citi es prod uce different patterns. Most
development. Two, are the project types that only sup-
iomid in one oi. me mc,dences during m, school ,ears: students think that this type oi figure-ground is what
ports the organization 's larger business (or organiza-
Our teache- ·ead a,, extr2a iron, paragraph without constitutes the urban fabri c. We think urban fabric is
tional)-models. For exa mpl e - Projects like institutions,
g" ing a:r. re;erenc1= a, 10 who made the speech and more than just a city-pattern {i n plan). It should con-
hospitals, self-developed and mai ntained corporate
in wmch co, tex: iron· o;· the class . The paragraph "'as stitute the phys ical aspect of th e built-fo rm that em-
parks, etc. where the ROI is generated by the activities
an insp,w 1g speecn :JI' o- .arge doses on nationa l pride phasizes bui lding types & fenest rations, open spaces,
housed in the development. In both the project types
and n ation !:luilding_,-'.nf:r he imished read ing, he asked street-frontages. and st reetscapes including signage,
the cli ent establishes a budget upfront. The program
us Ii ''• E knev. \\OO made the speech. In ou r enthu si - functions, and & other sociocultural aspects.
helps in va lidating the budget and if necess,1ry makes
asm to ge: it righ: we menuoned nam1=5 like Gandhi
adjustments to the progr.1111 or the budget, so th.it it
:'ehru, _Bose. etc . \ \ "lthout gi,ing us the righ1 ansv. er ~ 41 . The concern s fo r sustai nabilit y in recent years has put
meets the ROI requirements.
~e co~tlnued ·eading the parts oi the paragraph beiore iocus on 1he micro-c l imate and mi c ro-cl imatic factors
·~ ,mer the speech . As the COniex-t began lO build, the that ca n enhance or harm the sustainable development
ioeniit, or the speaker hecame more and clearer to us. oi the built-fr,rm. Ma ny climate-simul ation tool s like
Th is time lhe,e was no doubt in am.one's mind 1n ihc- Ecore, t •http://us,:LJutodesk. com/ecotecl-a nal ys is/) or
ennre class ... the p1= rson whr, m,; de the spn:ch "d> ln tc-gratr•d Fm ironmental Solution s (IES) (http://www.
11 5
 Guide lo Fa cility Pro-
Bibliography 11 Palmer, M. A; The Architccti~
gramming; Washington DC: ThC' American Institute of
21. Simon, HA; The structure of ill-structured problems;
Artificial Intelligence; (1973)
Architects; (198 1)
22. Sanoff, H.; Methods of Architectural Programming,
12 . Pena, William and Parshall ,_ Steve; Problem Seeki ng: EDRA proceedings; Stroudsburg, PA; Dowden,
An Architectural Programming Prrmer; /ohn Wrley and Hutchinson and Ross Inc.; (1977)
Sons, New York; (200 I )

13. Pena, William and Focke, /ohn; Perform;rnce Require-

ments of Buildings and the Whole Problem, National
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14. Pena , William; Programm ing Management and Tech-

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Stale; (1969).

15. Preiser, Wolfgang; Programming the Built Environ-

ment; Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York; (1985)
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Stroudsburg, PA; Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross Inc.; Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross Inc.; (1978)
NJ; (2008) (1977)

2. Cross, Nigel; The coming of Post-Industrial Design; 17. Preiser, Wolfgang; The hab itability framework: a con-
7. Farbstein J; The definition and description of Activity;
Design Studies; IPC Business Press Ltd .; (198 1) ceptual approach towards linking human behavior and
Journal of Architectural Research; (1974)
physica l environment; Design Studies; (1983)
3. Cherry, Edith; Programming for Design: From Theory
8. Hershberger, Robert; Architectural Programming and-
to Practice; John wiley and Sons, New York; (1999) 18. Perkinson, Gregory; An information Framework for Fa-
Pre-design manager; McGraw-Hill, New York; (19991
cility Programming; Masteris Thesis, The Pennsylvania
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 N,m•sh Sh,ih h,1s ., H.Arrh from
Mu111h,1i Uniwrsily ( I 'Jhh). In his
c,m'l'r spanning Vi yl•,us in !Ill'
U.S. ; hl' w,1s n•rlificcl hy NC:t\Rll
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Aayojan School of Architecture

[LI B RARY]
Membership " Card l'r,1s.1cl An,10k,1r has a G.D. Arch
(;)m•i#lhi-i from Mumb,1i and M.Arch ,mcl
Member Ship No . ...................... . M.S.I.S from U.S. He is memlll'r of
tlw Council oi Architecture. In his
Name ........................................................... .. .....
c.irper spanning 22 ypars, he has
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Specimen Signature of Student < using on ,1l11•m,1tivl' ll',H hing nwlhocls for the lower
cl.1ssc •s. I IC' ,1lso consults wilh tlw lnduslri.il lksign
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 • Council of Architecture (COA), New Delhi.
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The COA h.is hl'en conslilull'd hy 1he Govcrnmenl of India lo provide for regislralion of Archilccls, slandards of cduc,llion, :r('cogni t ('(I
qualific.ilions .incl slancl,mls prc1cl ice 10 he complied w ilh by lhe praclicing archilccls. The COA is charged wilh -lhe'resimnsil>ilily lo
rl'gulc11c 1he educc11ion and pr,i<:licc of profession lhroughoul India besides mainlc1 ining lhc rcgisler of archilecls.

National Institute of Advanced Studies in Architecture (NIASA), Pune

(Tlw Ac.iclemic- Unil of Council of Archiclure) www. ni,1sc1.org

.:,>);;NJASA w.,s inslilull'cl in July 2005, as ,1 nal ional level inslilulc of excellence 1hc11 facilil.1lcs rese,irch il llCI lr,1ining in v,1rious fil•lcls ol
.~ :-·~ rd1il~!c=.lurl', 10 IP,iclwrs of archileclllrC', profession,1ls, inclividu.ils, and sluclcnls. Sci lo grow in funclion and slalun· ,is per llw growing
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ISBN 97S-93-8-120-1 -02-0

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