FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT

OPTIMIZED DESIGN OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Project Advisor

(Mr. Muhammad Haris)

Project Members

Fahad Alam (091420355)

Talha Hassan (091420342)

Hafiz Asim Ali (091420321)

Department of Electrical Engineering

School of Engineering

University of Management and Technology

(OPTIMIZED DESIGN OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR)

Project Report submitted to the

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Management and Technology
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science
In
Electrical Engineering

Fahad Alam (091420355)

Talha Hassan (091420342)

Hafiz Asim Ali (091420321)

_______________
Project Advisor:
Muhammad Haris

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 Acknowledgements

Thanks be to Allah Almighty Who gave us the strength to make a decision to choose the project
topic for our final project, moreover make us able to work on this project by utilizing all our
abilities and powers. He has given us the knowledge to choose the best path among the bests.
This project is a culmination of a long period of work and without the support of many
individuals; it would never have been existed. First and foremost, we thank our families, for their
care and endless support, both moral and financial, to complete this project.
We have set a light and ever burning flame of gratitude and deep sense of obligation to our
honorable advisor Mr. Muhammad Haris for his generous assistance and inspiring attitude during
the course of our project. Not only he helped us in our project but also did his best efforts in
familiarizing us with basic concepts of components used which proved to be very helpful while
doing our project. We would feel great pleasure in thanking co-advisor Mr .Asif Hussain for
their extreme co-operation and encouraging attitude during this project.
And finally thanks to everyone who were behind of all that work and for their co- operation.

Our heartiest thanks are to all of them.

Regards :

Fahad Alam (091420355)

Talha Hassan (091420342)
Hafiz Asim Ali (091420321)

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 Contents

Chapter 1 Abstract 6

Chapter 2 Introduction
2.1 Background 10
2.2 Overview of Project 10

Chapter 3 History 12

Chapter 4 Types of Induction Motor 14

4.1 Types of Induction Motors 15
4.2 Capacitor-Start Motors 16
4.3 Shaded Pole Motors 18
4.4 Repulsion Type Induction Motors 20
4.5 Split Phase Induction Motors 22

Chapter 5 Stator 26
5.1 Stator 27
5.2 The Stator Frame 27
5.3 The Stator Windings 27
5.4 Stator of Split Phase Induction Motor 28
5.5 Design Calculations 29

Chapter 6 Rotor 33
6.1 Squirrel Cage Rotor 34
6.1.1 Structure 34
6.1.2 Demonstration 35
6.1.3 Use in synchronous motors 35
6.2 Design of Rotor 37
6.2.1 Details of Rotor Punching 37
6.2.2 Number of Rotor Slots 37
6.2.3 Tooth Width 37

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6.2.4 Slot Opening 37
6.2.5 Depth of the Mouth 37
6.2.6 Radius of the Slot 37
6.2.7 Equivalent Rotor Resistance 37

Chapter 7 Main Winding 40

7.1 Salient-Pole Windings 43
7.2 Design of main stator winding 45
7.3 Calculation of pitch factor 45
7.4 Design of auxiliary winding 45
7.5 Number of turns 45
7.6 Winding Factor 45
7.7 Numbers of turns 45
7.8 Full Load current 45

Chapter 8 Leakage Flux and Zig-Zag Reactance 50

Chapter 9 Optimization 54
9.1 Copper Losses 56
9.1.1 Full load current 56
9.1.2 Resistance 56
9.1.3 The Effect of Reducing Copper Losses 56
9.2 Core Losses 56
9.2.1 Core losses in the stator tooth 56
9.2.2 Core losses in the stator Core 57
9.2.3 The Effect of Reducing Core Losses 57
9.3 Total Iron Losses 57
9.3.1 The Effect of Reducing Iron Losses 57
9.4 Additional Suggestions 57

Chapter 10 A Comparison of 2 and 4 Pole Induction Motors 60

Conclusion 62

References 64

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CHAPTER 1
ABSTRACT

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This thesis presents a design methodology and software design tool, which are useful for the
design of induction motors and synchronous generators. A user or designer specifies
performance requirements and the system synthesizes a set of design parameters which meet
those specifications. Optimization may also be performed by the designer with respect to any
performance parameter, while keeping other requirements within specified limits.

Electric machine design is in general a "hard" problem, and most designers rely on their
knowledge, experience, and intuition to design new motors or modify existing ones.
Most of the problems encountered can be traced to non-linearity, coupled equations, categorical
variables, and presence of multiple objectives. Analysis of given design variables to compute
performance parameters are comparatively easier using circuit equation analysis routines. The
converse (synthesis process), where we need to generate a set of design variables matching
certain performance criteria, is a much harder problem. This is also the more common problem
in a design scenario. We propose a two-step methodology to generate designs matching user
requirements, and perform optimizations.

In the first step of our methodology, a Monte-Carlo based statistical approach is proposed to
circumvent the aforementioned problems. The n-dimensional design space is first reduced to a
smaller sub-space which is more likely to contain the desired solutions. A multivariate normal
distribution is used to characterize this sub-space. Several designs are generated within this sub-
space which allows a user to evaluate multiple design possibilities. All of these designs meet user
requirements.

These designs are then also used as starting points for further optimization, in the
second step of our methodology. A statistical function approximation tool called MARS
(Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spines) is used to "map" the relations between inputs
and every performance variable. This map is then used during the optimization process
for obtaining function values and gradients at all locations. A non-linear programming
algorithm is used to perform all optimizations. Ideas from multiple objective optimization
literatures are used to account for multiple performance variables.

The proposed methodology is implemented in an industrial strength software system

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which allows a firm to perform multiple scenario analyses, automate the design process, perform
optimizations, shorten development lead times, and react fast to customer requests.

Several examples using industrial strength circuit analysis routines are presented, and their
results analyzed.

Even though this approach is applied to the case of induction motors, and synchronous
generators, it is believed that the methodology is sufficiently general, and would be applicable to
many design situations.

There are probably more single-phase ac induction motors in use today than the total of all the
other types put together.

It is logical that the least expensive, lowest maintenance type of ac motor should be used most
often. The single-phase ac induction motor fits that description.

Unlike poly phase induction motors, the stator field in the single-phase motor does not rotate.
Instead it simply alternates polarity between poles as the ac voltage changes polarity.

Voltage is induced in the rotor as a result of magnetic induction, and a magnetic field is produced
around the rotor. This field will always be in opposition to the stator field (Lenz's law applies).
The interaction between the rotor and stator fields will not produce rotation, however. The
interaction is shown by the double-ended arrow in figure 4-10, view A. Because this force is
across the rotor and through the pole pieces, there is no rotary motion, just a push and/or pull
along this line.

There are several types of single-phase induction motors in use today. Basically they are
identical except for the means of starting. Once they are up to operating speed, all single-phase
induction motors operate the same.

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 Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION

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2.1 Background
Electric motors and generators are referred to as electric machines. Electricians are most
frequently concerned with electric motors, due to their extensive application.

The electric motor must be one of man’s most useful inventions. In the manufacturing
industries they are used in large numbers, to drive lathes, drilling and milling machines, augers,
conveyors, cranes, hoists, lifts, fans and steel rolling equipment. In the process industries they
are used to pump liquids and gases. They are used in transport to start engines, operate
windscreen wipers, open and close windows and power electric vehicles. In domestic situations,
they are used in washing machines, clothes dryers, cookers, fridges, freezers, vacuum cleaners,
food mixers, audio / video equipment, cameras, clocks etc.

Electric motors are popular because they are compact, reliable, and cheap, need little attention,
and are convenient to use. They can be provided in a wide range of sizes and can be designed to
have different characteristics for various applications. Also, there is a readily available supply
of electricity. The electric motor may be regarded as an energy converter. It is supplied with
electrical energy and provides mechanical energy as an output.

There are AC motors and DC motors. There are a number of different types of motor under
each heading. They may be classified by their power rating. This may be given in Watts or
Horsepower. One Horsepower is the equivalent of 746 Watts. Power ratings range from a few
watts, such as those used in electric clocks, through to a few kilowatts, such as those used in
domestic, agricultural and light duty industrial situations, to large motors in the order of tens of
megawatts. These are used in heavy duty industrial situations such as mining, quarrying and
cement plants. Motors are also classified by the way in which their windings are interconnected.

Motors are classified depending on the environment in which they are intended to be used. For
example, very high temperature locations, damp locations, dust laden locations and explosive
locations.

The basic requirement of an electric motor is that it should provide rotational drive. The motor
is fixed in position and drives a mechanical system directly or via gears, belts etc.

Motors depend for their operation on the interaction between two magnetic fields. Electric
current, flowing through windings consisting of copper wire produce both of these magnetic
fields. Some small motors use permanent magnets to produce one of the magnetic fields.

2.2 Overview of Project

An induction or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the
rotor needed to produce torque is induced by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field
of the stator winding. An induction motor therefore does not require mechanical commutation,
separate-excitation or self-excitation for all or part of the energy transferred from stator to rotor,
as in universal, DC and synchronous motors. An induction motor's rotor can be either wound
type or squirrel-cage type.

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Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used in industrial drives because they are
rugged, reliable and economical. Single-phase induction motors are used extensively for smaller
loads, such as household appliances like fans. Although traditionally used in fixed-speed service,
induction motors are increasingly being used with variable-frequency drives (VFDs) in variable-
speed service. VFDs offer especially important energy savings opportunities for existing and
prospective induction motors in variable-torque centrifugal fan, pump and compressor load
applications. Squirrel cage induction motors are very widely used in both fixed-speed and VFD
applications.

Single-phase induction motors are the most familiar of all electric motors because they are used
in home appliances, businesses, and small industries. In general, they are employed when three-
phase power is not available. Single-phase induction motors are usually two-pole or four-pole,
rated at 2 hp or less, while slower and larger motor can be manufactured for special purposes.
They are widely used in domestic appliances and for a very large number of low power drives in
industry. The single phase induction motor resembles, three-phase, squirrel-cage motor except
that, at full speed, only a single winding in the stator is excited.
In a single-phase motor we have only a single field winding excited with alternating current;
therefore, it does not have a revolving field like three-phase motors. Thus, it does not self-
starting. Several methods have been devised to initiate rotation of the squirrel-cage rotor and the
particular method employed to start the motor will designate the specific type.

Single-phase induction motors are the most familiar of all electric motors because they are used
in home appliances, businesses, and small industries. In general, they are employed when three-
phase power is not available. Single-phase induction motors are usually two-pole or four-pole,
rated at 2 hp or less, while slower and larger motor can be manufactured for special purposes.
They are widely used in domestic appliances and for a very large number of low power drives in
industry. The single phase induction motor resembles, three-phase, squirrel-cage motor except
that, at full speed, only a single winding in the stator is excited.

In a single-phase motor we have only a single field winding excited with alternating current;
therefore, it does not have a revolving field like three-phase motors. Thus, it does not self-

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starting. Several methods have been devised to initiate rotation of the squirrel-cage rotor and the
particular method employed to start the motor will designate the specific type.

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