Bahçeşehir University 2018-2019 Academic Year

Module 4 PREP-C WORD LIST

Language Leader Intermediate / Unit 1 Personality
Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
adventurous adj. not afraid of taking risks or trying cowardly adventure (n) The main character in the book is an adventurous woman;
new things she loves to travel to dangerous places on her own.
ambitious adj. having a desire to be successful, ambition (n) an ambitious goal / an ambitious person / plan
powerful, or famous ambitiously (adv) Jim was a highly ambitious man who came from a very
poor background and became a very successful politician.
assertive adj. describes someone who behaves confident unsure assert (v) Lisa is an assertive woman who is not afraid of a
confidently and is not frightened to challenge and who always speaks her mind.
say what s/he wants or believes; a If you really want a better job at the company, you'll have
forceful personality to be more assertive.
bossy adj. always telling other people what to boss ( n) Nancy is so bossy that it is very hard for her to make
do in a way that is annoying friends; she is always telling them what to do.
cautious adj. careful to avoid danger or risks careful cautiously (adv) Cautious of/about sth.
Cautious approach/attitude
Doctors are understandably cautious about this new
treatment.
moody adj. 1. likely to become unhappy or angry mood (n) be in a good / bad mood
for no particular reason 1. Parents have a difficult time when their kids turn into
2. often changing quickly from being moody teenagers who stop talking to them and spend all
in a good temper to being in a bad their time in their rooms.
temper 2. She's a moody woman—she can be happy one minute
and angry the next.
organized adj. describes someone who is able to disorganized disorganized (adj) Well/badly/carefully organized
plan things carefully and keep things organize (v) I am an organized person who has to have everything in
tidy organization (noun) its right place.
Samantha is not a very organized person, so she always
arrives late to meetings.
reliable adj. someone or something that is reliable unreliable(adj) reliability(n) Rick is hard-working and very reliable; you can depend
can be trusted or depended on dependable untrustworthy rely on (v) on him.
trustworthy (adj) unreliable (adj) I need a more reliable car because the car I have now is
always breaking down.
sensible adj. reasonable, practical, and showing nonsensical sensibly (adv) I think the sensible thing to do is to phone and ask for
good judgment reasonable unreasonable sensibility (n) directions before you go.
illogical She was sensible enough to stop driving when she got too
tired.
sensitive adj. 1. able to understand other people's insensitive sensitivity (n) 1. The doctor was very sensitive about the needs of her
feelings and problems insensitive (adj) patient.
2. easily upset or offended by events 2. Daniel was very sensitive about his scar and thought
or things that people say everyone was looking at him.
thoughtful adj. always thinking of the things you can thoughtless thoughtfulness (n) It was very thoughtful of you to remember my birthday.

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do to make people happy or considerate inconsiderate thoughtfully (adv)
comfortable
reserved adj. someone who is reserved is unwilling shy be/seem reserved
to express their emotions or talk deeply, extremely, very | quite, rather | naturally reserved
about their problems He seems to have more reserved manners compared to
his other siblings.
extrovert noun someone who is an extrovert is introvert extroverted (adj.) It is not surprising for many that extroverts make friends
confident, lively and happy in social more easily than others.
situations
introvert noun. someone who is an introvert is quiet, extrovert introverted (adj.) Introverts are not very good at handling personal
shy, and does not enjoy being with relationships.
other people
value verb to think that someone or something is valued (adj.) value sb/sth for sth
important valuable (adj.) greatly, highly, particularly | increasingly value
value (noun) One of the most socially valued roles in contemporary
society is being a parent.
easy-going adj. relaxed and not easily upset or relaxed tense Linda is such an easy-going person that she immediately
worried formal makes you feel relaxed with her kind nature and good
strict sense of humour.
open-minded adj. willing to consider ideas and opinions narrow-minded Doctors these days tend to be more open-minded about
that are new or different to your own alternative medicine. In the past, they only used
traditionl medicine.

even-tempered adj. always calm and never angry or too calm Fay is a calm and even-tempered woman who almost
excited about anything never shows anger.
self-confident adj. behaving calmly because you have no insecure self-confidence (n) Matt is so self-confident that he can start a conversation
doubts about your ability or with girls anytime without becoming nervous.
knowledge
strong-willed adj. very determined to do something She's very strong-willed and if she's decided to leave
even if other people say it should not school, nothing will stop her.
be done determined
warm-hearted adj. friendly, kind and always willing to cold-hearted warm-heartedness A warm-hearted landlord didn’t bother the newly weds
help (noun) when they were short of money.
level-headed adj. calm and sensible in making We need to have level-headed elected officials in this
judgments and decisions country that will stand up and say what's right.
suit verb to be acceptable, suitable or suitable (adj.) seem to | be tailored to suit
convenient for a particular person or suitability (noun) You will have to try out the various tennis rackets to find
in a particular situation out which one suits you best.
portray verb to act the part of a character in a play, play portrayal (noun) Some good actors spend a considerable amount of time to
film, or television programme get ready before they portray a certain character in plays.
devise verb to plan or invent a new way of doing The officials have devised an alternative method for

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Module 4 PREP-C WORD LIST
something resolving the disputes between the two countries.
committed adj. willing to work very hard at commit (verb) absolutely, completely, fully, totally, wholly | genuinely
something commitment (noun) committed to sth
She cared for John but did not want to become
emotionally committed.
give up on phr v to stop believing that an idea or One should never give up on his/her ideals.
activity is good, right or useful
bring about phr v to make something happen, cause We will have to work harder to bring about changes in
especially to cause changes in a the system.
situation
wisdom noun good sense and judgment, based deep, great, profound | conventional wisdom
especially on your experience of life He entertained the audience for two hours with his wit
and wisdom.
un- prefix negative or opposite Unfair, unhappy, uncertainty
ex- prefix former ex-president, ex-wife
anti- prefix opposed to antisocial, antiwar, antibacterial
semi- prefix half semicircle, semifinal, seminaked
mono- prefix one monolingual, monologue
bi- prefix two bilingual, bicycle, bisexual
dis- prefix not or the opposite of discomfort, dislike, dissimilar, dishonest, disloyal
out- prefix bigger, better, longer outperform, outweigh, outnumber
mis- prefix wrong, bad, incorrect misbehave, misunderstand, mispronounce, misspell
re- prefix again redefine, rewrite, redo
under- prefix not enough underrate, underuse, underestimate
over- prefix too much overrate, overestimate, overconfident, overrated

Academic Word List 1

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
assume verb to think that something is true, assumption (n) I assume that everyone here has an e-mail address.
although you do not have definite I assumed that he was coming, so I was surprised when he
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Module 4 PREP-C WORD LIST
proof didn't arrive.
individual n /adj. a single person or thing, especially collective individually (adv) The teacher should treat each student as an individual.
when compared to the group or set to individualism (noun) Every individual has rights which must never be taken
which s/he belongs away.
indicate verb to show, point or make clear in to show indication (n) A survey indicated that 79 per cent of people recycle paper.
another way (often used with research, to point out/to indicator (n)
studies or surveys) point to
identify verb to know and say who someone is or recognize identification (n) He identified the dead woman as his wife.
what something is Were you able to identify the man who stole your wallet?
consent noun the approval/permission by someone in permission disapproval consent (verb) You cannot go on school trips without the written consent
authority for the doing of something ban of your parents.
prohibition A consent form is a document that you sign in order to
officially give your permission for something to happen or
be done.
attitude noun the opinions and feelings that you manner positive or negative attitude to/towards smo or smt
usually have about something point of view At first they didn’t pay much attention to me, but as soon as
perspective they found out that I was a doctor, their whole attitude
changed.
Ben doesn’t have a very positive attitude to(wards) learning
a foreign language. He hates coming to class and never
does his homework.
concentrate verb to think very carefully about something focus concentration (n) I can't concentrate on my work with all that noise.
that you are doing The company is concentrating on developing new products.
aware adj. knowing that something exists, or informed insensitive unaware (adj) to be aware of sth; raise awareness about sth
having knowledge or experience of a ignorant awareness (n) The children are aware of the danger of taking drugs.
particular thing The government is trying to raise awareness about the
dangers of smoking.
stable adj. firmly fixed or not likely to move or steady unstable unstable (adj) a stable marriage / government / job
change constant variable stability (n) After several part-time jobs, he's now got a stable job in a
fixed fluctuating instability (n) bank.
lasting stabilize (v) Having a stable home life is the key to children's healthy
development.
style noun a way of doing, designing, or stylish (adj) The new houses have been built in a traditional style.
producing something, especially one stylist (noun)
that is typical of a particular place,
period of time, or group of people
evaluate verb to judge how good, useful, or assess re-evalauate (v) The performance of each footballer is evaluated at the end
successful something is evaluation (n) of the year.
The company decided to evaluate the effectiveness of its
computer system after hearing so many complaints.
on behalf of prep. instead of someone, or as their On behalf of the entire company, I would like to thank you

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Module 4 PREP-C WORD LIST
phr. representative for all your work.
Since my family could not attend the funeral, I had to speak
on their behalf.
compatible adj. 1. able to exist or be used together in harmony compatibility(n) This software may not be compatible with older operating
without causing problems well-suited incompatible (adj) systems.
2. two people that are compatible are Their marriage ended because they were not compatible.
able to have a good relationship
because they have similar opinions or
interests
mature adj. having or showing the mental and grown-up childish immature (adj) Although Ruby is only 12, she is a mature girl – you amost
emotional qualities of an adult adult maturity (n) never see her behaving in a childish way.
His parents didn't think he was mature enough to live on his
own because he could not cook for himself or even manage
his time.
inherent adj. existing as a natural part of something inborn acquired There are risks inherent in almost every sport.
and cannot be separated from it learned Sally believes that goodness is inherent in all people; she
thinks that all people are born good.
cooperate verb to work with someone else to achieve cooperation (n) Cooperate with (smb) - Cooperate on (smt)
something that you both want cooperative (adj) Cooperate on/in (v-ing)
The Spanish authorities cooperated with the British police
in finding the terrorists.
diverse adj. 1. very different from each other varied similar diversity (n) 1. The school offers courses as diverse as history of jazz
2. including people or things that are identical music and archaeology.
different from each other 2. The country is ethnically diverse, as it has four language
groups.
initiate verb to cause (a process or action) to begin launch to close initiator (n) initiate a conversation; initiate a discussion
begin shut down initiative (noun) Intellectuals have initiated a debate on terrorism.
end India initiated some new economic reforms to help its
economy develop.
reveal verb to make known something that was show / tell The singer’s biography revealed that she was not as rich as
previously secret or unknown disclose hide / mask everyone thought.
After the police asked the man questions for three hours, he
revealed where he had hidden the stolen cars.

Language Leader Intermediate / Unit 2 Travel

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
destination noun the place that someone or something a (popular) holiday / tourist destination
is going to We arrived at our destination tired and hungry.
Bodrum is an ideal destination for a relaxing weekend.
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Module 4 PREP-C WORD LIST
broaden verb 1. to increase something such as your 1. expand broaden one’s horizons / mind / awareness / focus
knowledge, experience, or range of 2. widen broad (adj) 1. Living abroad makes you learn and experience new
activities things and it broadens your horizons.
2. to become larger in distance from 2. They are broadening the bridge to speed up the flow
side to side of traffic.
experience verb to encounter or undergo an event or undergo experience (noun) Children need to experience things for themselves in
occurence (in)experienced (adj) order to learn from them.
This is the worst pain I have ever experienced.
explore verb to travel around an (new/unfamiliar) The best way to explore the countryside is on foot.
area in order to find out about it explorer (n) Christopher Columbus explored what is now Cuba and
exploration (n) he believed it was part of the east coast of Asia.
get away from phr v to move away from a person, thing or There’s no getting away from the fact that we’re all
place supposed to work over the weekend to finish the
project by Monday.
not influenced or controlled in any (in)dependence (n) become more independent
independent adj. way by other people, events or things free dependent to depend on (v) By the age of eighteen he was completely independent
(in)dependently (adv) of his parents, living in his own place and making his
own money.
India became independent in 1947.
horizon noun the limit of your ideas, knowledge, broaden, expand, open up, widen
and experience limited, narrow | new | cultural, intellectual, musical
It is hoped that the course will open up new horizons
for students.
qualification noun an ability or quality that you need in acquire, gain, obtain | have, hold | 
order to do a particular job or activity Only two of the applicants had the necessary
qualifications for the job.
resort noun a place where a lot of people go for resort area, town | hotel / seaside/beack/ski resort
holidays They spent a month at a fashionable ski resort in
Switzerland.
challenging adj. difficult in an interesting or enjoyable demanding effortless challenge (v / n) The tasks were not challenging enough for me, so I was
way easy bored.
tend verb to usually do a particular thing tendency (noun) Tendency to/towards sth/tend to do sth
People tend to sleep less as they get older.

avoid verb to deliberately not do something, face (un)avoidable (adj.) attempt to, try to | be careful to, take care to avoid
especially something wrong, avoidance (noun) It is sometimes impossible to avoid conflict altogether.
dangerous, or harmful
phenomenon noun an event or situation that can be seen phenomenal (adj.) common, universal, widespread | isolated, rare, unique
to happen or exist phenomenon
Homelessness is not a new phenomenon and must be
tackled immediately.

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Module 4 PREP-C WORD LIST
scholar noun someone who knows a lot about a brilliant, distinguished, eminent, famous, great,
particular subject, especially one that leading, outstanding scholar
is not a science subject Halil İnalcık is a famous scholar of the Ottoman
Empire.
set out phr v to start a journey, especially a long The band is setting out on a European tour in March.
journey
stop off phr v to visit or stay at a place for a short to drop by I'll stop off at the shops on my way home and get some
time when you are going somewhere wine.
else We're going to stop off in Paris for a couple of days
before going south.
look around phr v to walk around a room, building, or Mandy spent the afternoon looking round the shops.
place and see what is there He spent the day looking around Edinburgh.
carry on phr v to continue doing something, or to to go on To carry on + gerund or noun
cause something to continue to keep on Let's carry on this discussion at some other time – I
need to leave now.
get back phr v to return to a place after you have When we got back to the hotel, we found that Ann had
been somewhere else already left.
lift off phr v to go up from the ground into the air The rocket finally lifted off at 8a.m.
check in phr v to arrive at an airport or at a hotel and Everybody has to check in at least one hour before
give your personal details to the their flights.
person at the desk
break down phr v to stop working I didn’t make a copy for you because the copier had
broken down.
dictate verb to say words for someone else to dictate (noun) dictate a letter/memo etc to somebody
write down dictation (noun) The CEO is dictating a letter to her secretary right now.

account noun a written description that says what description accountable (adj.) give (sb), provide (sb with), write (sb)
happens in an event or process explanation He gave us a comprehensive account of the incident.
inspire verb to give someone the idea for discourage inspired (adj.)
something, especially a story, inspiring (adj.)
painting, poem etc inspiration (noun)

fascinated adj. extremely interested by something or bored fascinating (adj.) Many people are fascinated by the beauty of the
someone indifferent fascinatingly (adv.) Northern Lights.
fascination (noun)
fascinate (verb)
the public noun ordinary people who do not work for public (adj.) protect | serve | be open to the public
the government or have any special The government was slow to inform the public about
position in society the health hazards of lead in petrol.
recruit verb to find new people to work in a employ; hire recruitment (n) Recruit as/for/tp
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company, join an organization, do a We're having difficulty recruiting enough qualified
job etc. staff.
Even young boys are now being recruited into the
army.
mission noun an important job that one has been carry out, conduct, go on, undertake | accomplish,
given to do, especially when s/he is complete a mission
sent to another place The captain instructed them to abort the mission.
praise v/n to say that you admire and approve of to criticize The Mayor praised the rescue teams for their courage.
someone or something, especially Paul was praised for his excellent performance in the
publicly play.
urge noun a strong wish, especially one which is desire I have an urge to go where others haven’t been to
difficult or impossible to control wish before.
Jack could no longer resist the urge to go and see
Amanda.
vast adj. extremely big large miniature vastness (noun) Vast amount/number/quantities of sth
huge tiny The people who have taken our advice have saved
limitless little themselves vast amounts of money.
limited The vast majority of students attend state schools.
satisfy verb to please someone by giving them please disappoint satisfaction (n) Nothing I did ever satisfied my father – he always
what they want or need (un)satisfactory (adj) wanted more.
(dis)satisfied (adj)
unsatisfied (adj)
competent adj. having enough skill or knowledge to capable competence (noun) be, feel, look, seem | become | make sb competent
do something to a satisfactory competently (adv.) extremely, highly, very competent
standard incompetent (adj.) A year of college can make people more socially
competent.

Academic Word List 2

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
coordinate verb to make various different things work coordinator (n) We need someone that has excellent organisational skills to
effectively as a whole coordination (n) coordinate the whole campaign.
coordinated (adj.) A number of charities are coordinating their efforts to
distribute food to the region.
proceed verb to continue as planned go ahead (with a cease The work is proceeding according to the plan.
plan) “Before we proceed further, does anyone have any

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Module 4 PREP-C WORD LIST
questions?”
After the interruption, she proceeded with her presentation.
accommodate verb 1. to have room for (someone or accommodation (n) 1. The ballroom can accommodate 400 people.
something) 2. New students may be accommodated in halls of
2. to provide somewhere to stay residence.
accompany verb to go somewhere with someone Children under the age of four cannot travel on a plane
unless they are accompanied by an adult.
Because it was not safe on the street, Jessica’s father
accompanied her to the bus stop.
guideline noun a general rule, principle, or piece of direction follow the guidelines
advice suggestion The Department of Health provides doctors with detailed
guidelines on how to deal with difficult patients.
On its website, the embassy has some guidelines related to
applying for a visa.
via prep using a particular person, machine, by means of; Let’s keep in touch via email.
etc. to send something through
virtual adj. made, done, seen etc on the internet virtually (adv.) virtual tourism; a virtual community
or on a computer, rather than in the The website allows you to take a virtual tour of the art
real world gallery.
Research shows that younger users of virtual communities are
interested in the fun aspects of avatars.
visual adj. relating to seeing visually (adv) visual materials, audiovisual (AV)
visualize (v) Avatar won the 2010 Academy Award for Best Visual
Effects.
overseas adj. 1. coming from, existing in, or 1. It is reported that the school’s overseas students come
adv. happening in a foreign country from 23 foreign countries.
2. in or to a foreign country, 2. He spent a lot of time working overseas because he could
especially one across the sea not find a job in his own country.
reverse verb to change the order of events, a (ir)reversible (adj) When your parents get old, your roles as child and parent
process or situation to be the reverse – you become the parent and the parent becomes
opposite of what it was the child.
authority noun the power or right to give orders or power Have/demonstrate/show/use authority
make decisions control Traffic wardens have the authority to give tickets for illegal
parking.
The soldiers must have trust in those in authority over
them.
constitute verb to form or compose (a whole/a part constitution (noun) The under-18s constitute nearly 25% of the town's
of a whole) population.
Multiple choice questions will constitute 50% of the test.
proportion noun the number or amount of a group or ratio disproportion (n) The report shows that poor families spend a larger
part of something when compared to proportional (adj) proportion of their income on food.
the whole The proportion of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is
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rising.
environment noun 1. the air, water and land in or on environmental (adj) adapt oneself to a new environment
which people, animals and plants live environmentally(adv) business environment / change of environment
2. the people and things that are environmentalist natural environment / social environment
around you in your life, for example (noun) work environment
the buildings you use, the people you 1. We're not doing enough to protect the environment from
live or work with, and the general pollution.
situation you are in 2. The company had failed to provide a safe environment
for its workers
estimate verb / to try to judge the cost, size, value, guess estimation (n) It is not easy to estimate how many people have the disease.
noun etc. of something The government estimated that the cost of the new project
would be $1.2 million.
evident adj. easy to see, notice, or understand apparent concealed evidently (adv) From the smell it was evident that the drains had been
obvious blocked for several days.
Susan’s love of Barry was evident in all that she did for
him.
rational adj. showing clear thought or reason reasonable, irrational rationally (adv) Parents need to be fully informed so they can make a
sensible rationalize (v) rational decision.
logical I'm sure there's a rational explanation for all this.
intervene verb to become involved in an argument, to interfere, intervention (n) The police don't usually like to intervene in disputes
fight, or other difficult situation in to step in between husbands and wives.
order to change what happens The Central Bank intervened in the currency markets today
to try to stabilize the exchange rate.
essential adj. absolutely necessary; extremely significant Even in small companies, computers are an essential tool.
important required Water is essential for living things.
vital

Language Leader Intermediate / Unit 3 Work

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
adj. making you feel happy and satisfied satisfying demoralizing reward (verb) Teaching can be a very rewarding career.
rewarding because you feel you are doing depressing reward (noun) In spite not earning any money, Tom found
something useful or important volunteering in his neighbourhood to be quite a
rewarding experience.
glamorous adj. attractive, exciting, and related to attractive dull glamour (n) lead a glamorous life
wealth and success Frank Sinatra led an exciting and glamorous life.
The media tries to focus on the most glamorous
celebrities in Hollywood.
tedious adj. boring and too slow or long boring interesting tediously (adv.) He found committee meetings extremely tedious.

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stimulating
repetitive adj. done many times in the same boring monotonous repeat (v) Personally, I really hate doing repetitive tasks around
way unchanging repetition (n) the house like doing the washing-up and ironing.
stimulating adj. exciting or full of new ideas boring stimulation (noun) The programme contains some creative and visually
stimulate (verb) stimulating material.
monotonous adj. boring because of always being the exciting monotonously (adv.) He followed a monotonous diet to lose weight before
same monotone (noun) his wedding.
monotony (noun)
prospect noun the possibility that something good possibility; hope job/career prospects
might happen in the future The unemployment rate is so high that job prospects
for graduates don't look good.
The prospect of marriage terrified Alice.
fluency noun the ability to speak a language very fluent (adj) One of the requirements of the job is fluency in two or
well fluently (adv) more European languages.

executive noun a manager in an organization or chief, senior, top executive

company that helps make important The contract gives a female executive maternity leave
decisions rights.
marketing noun the activity of deciding how to market (noun) do, improve marketing
advertise a product, what price to market (verb) effective, good | poor | aggressive | direct | global,
charge for it etc international, worldwide marketing
The company has done some effective marketing of the
new model.
candidate noun a person who is competing to get a applicant candidacy (n) There are only three candidates for the job.
job or elected position All candidates for the job should be able to speak at
least one foreign language.
branch noun a local business, shop etc that is part establish, open, set up a branch
of a larger business etc The store is opening more local branches.
seek verb to look for someone or something explore find eagerly, keenly | desperately, urgently seek for sth
follow He was desperately seeking a way to see her again.
head noun a leader or person in charge of a
group or organization
post noun a job, especially an important one in position apply for | take up | hold | leave, quit, resign | appoint
a large organization sb to, fill | dismiss sb from, relieve sb of his post
He was relieved of his post when he was found to have
accepted bribes.
supplier noun a company, person, etc. that provides supply (v) Our company is the UK's largest supplier of computers.
things that people want or need, supply (n) That company is a leading supplier of military
especially over a long period of time. equipment.
expansion noun the process of making a business, expand (verb) encourage, facilitate, promote | impede, limit, restrict
organization, or activity grow by expansion

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including more people, opening new The company believes there is scope for expansion in
shops, factories etc this sector.
client noun someone who gets services or advice customer A new branch has been opened to serve clients in East
from a professional person, company, London.
or organization
accelerate verb to happen or make something happen slow down acceleration (noun) dramatically, greatly, rapidly, sharply 
at a faster rate The epidemic is accelerating dramatically.
scheme noun a plan that is developed by a program come up with, design, devise, draw up, dream up, plan,
government or a large organization in prepare, propose, think up a scheme
order to provide a particular service The project is based on a successful pilot scheme in
for people Glasgow. 
commute verb to regularly travel a long distance to commute (noun) She commutes from Peterborough to London every
get to work commuter (noun) day.
schedule noun a plan of what someone is going to schedule (verb) We had to work a lot of overtime to meet the strict
do and when they are going to do it production schedule. 
quit verb to leave a job He was forced to quit as the team's manager.

internship noun a period when someone, especially a intern (noun) Some positions that might look like an internship are
student, works for a short time in a intern (verb) really just part-time temp jobs available to almost
particular job in order to gain anyone.
experience
apprenticeship noun a period when someone works for a apprentice (noun) He is serving an apprenticeship as a printer.
fixed period of time in order to learn
a particular job or skill
survey noun a set of questions that you ask a large survey (verb) carry out, conduct, do, make, undertake a survey
number of people in order to find out A recent customer survey showed widespread
about their opinions or behaviour ignorance about the availability of organic food.
exploit verb to treat someone unfairly by asking exploitation (noun) The workers are ruthlessly exploited by their
them to do things for you but giving exploitative (adj.) employers.
them very little in return
privileged adj. having advantages because of your privilege (noun) Students from privileged backgrounds have an
wealth, social position etc privilege (verb) advantage at university.
afford verb to have enough maney to buy or pay affordable (adj.) She can well afford to pay for herself.
for something
deal with phr v to take action to do something, for The government must now deal with the problem of
example to solve a problem high unemployment.
supervision noun the process of being in charge of a supervise (verb) need, require | get, have, receive supervision
person or group and checking that supervisor (noun) New staff are trained to work without direct
they are behaving or working supervision.
correctly
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proper adj. socially or legally correct and right, suitable, improper properly (adv.) consider sth, deem sth, think sth proper
acceptable correct It seemed proper to pay tribute to her in this way. 
convince verb to persuade someone to do something persuade convinced (adj.) The officials were eager to convince the public of the
convincing (adj.) safety of the nuclear reactors.
convincingly (adv.)

Academic Word List 3

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word Collocations/Sample Sentence
forms
annual adj. yearly annually (adv) annual meetings, annual income, annual leave
The annual Istanbul Film Festival is held in April.
promote verb 1. to raise someone to a higher or more 1. improve the promotion (n) get a promotion
important position or rank position/status 1. If I'm not promoted within the next two years, I'm
2. to encourage people to like, buy, use, of going to change jobs.
do, or support something 2. encourage Helen’s just been promoted to senior sales rep.
contribute to 2. Greenpeace works to promote awareness of the dangers
that threaten our planet today.
Advertising companies are always having to think up new
ways to promote products.
reject verb to refuse to accept, believe in, or agree Tim’s job application was rejected because he didn’t have
with something refuse accept rejection (n) the necessary qualifications.
The salesman rejected my counter offer of $200 for the
phone because he thought it was too low.

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pursue verb 1. to continue doing an activity or trying to 1. have as a pursuit (n) 1. to pursue a goal/an aim/an objective/a career
achieve something over a long period of goal, work He decided to pursue a career in television.
time towards If you want to be successful in professional life, first you
2. to follow or chase (someone or 2. run after, need to decide on which career you wish to pursue.
something) follow, chase 2. The police pursued the criminal until they caught him.
persist verb 1. to continue to exist continue give up persistence (n) persist in doing sth
2. to continue to do something, although persistent (adj) 1. If the symptoms persist for more than a few days, see a
this is difficult, or other people oppose it doctor.
2. She persisted in studying at university in spite of her
financial problems.
administer verb to manage the work or money of a manage administrative The economy has been badly administered by the present
company or organization operate (adj) government.
administration (n) The new plan offered additional options for employees
administrator (n) and helped the company administer the plan.
benefit v/n if you benefit from something or it benefits To benefit from smt
you, it gives you an advantage, improves advantage beneficial (adj) Many thousands have benefited from the new treatment.
your life, or helps you in some way You receive many benefits when you join the club.
policy noun set of rules Foreign/economic/public policy
insurance policy
What is the company’s policy on employing disabled
people?
Migros has a return policy; if you do not like the product,
you can return it and they will not ask you any questions.
transmit verb 1. to send out electronic signals, messages 1. broadcast receive transmission (n) 1. The game was transmitted live in Spain.
etc using radio, television, or other similar The information is transmitted electronically to the
equipment central computer.
2. to send or pass something from one 2. Mosquitoes transmit disease to humans.
person, place or thing to another
research v/n the systematic search and study of study researcher (n) conduct research / academic research
materials and sources in order to establish investigate experimental research / field of research
facts and reach new conclusions to do research
I'm still doing research for my doctoral thesis.
They are carrying out/conducting/doing some fascinating
research into/on the language of dolphins.
theory noun an idea or set of ideas that is intended to hypothesis theoretical (adj) in theory
explain something about life or the world, theoretically (adv) Freudian theory has had a great influence on psychology.
especially an idea that has not yet been
proved to be true
emerge verb to move out of or away from something appear emergence (n) Some nice results emerged from the study.
and become visible The flowers emerge in the spring.
obvious adj. clear; easy to see, recognize or understand clear unclear obviously (adv) The obvious way of reducing pollution is to use cars less.
They have a small child, so for obvious reasons they need
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money.
prime adj. most important main; primary; primary (adj.) prime time / prime minister
chief primary aim/goal/objective/purpose
Smoking is the prime cause of lung disease.
anticipate verb to expect that something will happen and expect; predict anticipation (n) Are you anticipating a lot of people at the party tonight?
be ready for it anticipated (adj.) This year, we anticipate that our expenses will be 15%
greater.
regret v/n to feel sorry about something you have regretful (adj) I have always regretted not having studied harder at
done and wish you had not done it school – I could have had a better life.
She does not regret leaving him because she feels much
happier now.
comprise verb to have as parts or members, or to be those consist; To be comprised of
parts or members contain; The class is comprised mainly of Italian and French students.
include Exams comprise 45% of our final grade.
differentiate verb to recognize or express the difference distinguish This company does not differentiate between men and
between things or people women – everyone can get promoted.
He cannot differentiate between fantasy and reality.
influence v/n to affect or change how someone or affect, effect influential (adj) Candy’s parents tried to influence her in her choice of
something develops, behaves or thinks university.
His health problems may have had some influence
on/over his decision to quit his job.

Language Leader Intermediate / Unit 4 Language

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence

bilingual adj able to speak two languages equally bilingualism (n) Pascal is bilingual in French and English
well

native n/ your native country, town etc is the native language; native country
adj place where you were born Hans spent most of his professional life outside his
native country, Germany.
slang noun very informal language that is usually 'Chicken' is slang for someone who isn't very brave.
spoken rather than written
accent noun the way in which people in a Because he is from France, Jacques speaks English
particular area, country or social with a heavy French accent.
group pronounce words
dialect noun a form of a language that people The people in the Black Sea region speak the local
speak in a particular part of a dialect which is difficult to understand.
country, containing some different
words and grammar, etc.

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progress v/n to improve or develop over a period develop slow/steady/rapid/good progress

of time advance economic/scientific/technical progress
to make progress
The course allows students to progress at their own
speed.
to disappoint someone by failing to
let down phr.v do what you agreed to do or were When I was sent to prison, I really felt I had let my
expected to do parents down.
fall behind phr. v to make progress more slowly than Fall behind in/with something
other people Rose was ill for six weeks and fell behind with her
schoolwork.
pick up phr.v to learn sth quickly I picked up a few words of Greek when I was there last
year.
When you live in a country you soon pick up the
language.
get by phr.v to have enough money to buy the I don’t earn a huge salary, but we get by on.
things you need, but no more How can he get by on so little money?

take off phr. v to become successful very fast She never expected her career to take off in the way it
did.
catch on phr v. 1. to understand, especially after a 1. It was a long time before the police caught on to
long time what he was really doing.
2. to become popular 2. Football became very popular in Paris before it
caught on outside of the capital.
take up phr.v if you take up a subject, activity you I want to take up a hobby like ceramics or pottery.
become interested in it and spend become
time doing it involved with;
keep up with phr.v to manage to do as much or as well as Jack's having trouble keeping up with the rest of the
other people class.

pay off phr. v to bring benefits All these weeks of studying will pay off when you take
the exam.
tutor noun someone who gives private lessons to tutor (verb) good | experienced | professional | personal, private
one student or a small group tutor
engage verb to be doing or to become involved in engagement (noun) attempt to, seek to, try to engage
an activity He tried to engage me in conversation.
rapidly adv. very quickly and in a very short time fast slowly rapid (adj.) The disease is spreading more rapidly than expected.
rapidity (noun)
vitality noun the power or ability of something to vital (adj.) The process of reconstruction has injected some much-
continue to live, be successful, etc. vitally (adv.) needed vitality into the company.

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dominate verb to control someone or something or govern dominant (adj.) His work increasingly dominates his life.
to have more importance than other rule dominance (noun)
people or things
inescapable adj. impossible to avoid or ignore inescapably (adv.) She didn’t want to confront the inescapable fact that
escape (verb) she would have to sell the house.
prominent adj. important and well-known ordinary prominence (noun) He has been considered prominent as a player and
prominently (adv.) coach in basketball.
community noun the people who live in the same area, arge, small | close, close-knit community
town etc There is a strong sense of community in this town.
through adv. by means of a particular method or via A true success in business can only be achieved
experience through cooperative effort and wise leadership.
adopt verb to use a particular style of speaking She adopts a southern accent when speaking to family
and writing, or behaving back home.
humorous adj. funny and enjoyable humorously (adv.) be, look, sound | become | find sth humorous
humour (noun) The film is delightfullly humorous in the best traditions
of romantic comedy.
medium noun a way of communicating information Radio is an important communication medium in many
and news to people countries.
post verb to put a message or computer Everybody, especially teenagers, should be very
document on the internet so that other careful with what they post online.
people can see it
impressed adj. admiring someone or something very impress (verb) The manager was favourably impressed by Jo's work.
much impressive (adj.)
ruin verb to spoil or destroy something ruin (noun) Ruin completely, quite, totally
completely The long legal battle ruined him financially.
visible adj. able to be seen noticeable invisible visibly (adv.) The content of social websites is usually visible to
visibility (noun) everybody.

Academic Word List 4

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence

assess verb to judge or decide the amount, value, evaluate, judge assessment (n) Examinations are not the only means of assessing a
quality or importance of something assessor (n) student's ability.

context noun the situation, events, or information contextual (adj) political/historical/social context
that are related to something and that Without a context, it is difficult to guess the meaning
help you to understand it of a new word.
The meaning of the word 'mad' depends on its context.
task noun a piece of work that must be done, assignment, perform a task, accomplish a task

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especially one that is difficult or duty On our camping holiday, I was given the task of
unpleasant or that must be done building a fire every night.
regularly
define verb to say what the meaning of describe definition (noun) In this dictionary 'reality' is defined as 'the state of
something is, especially a word things as they are, rather than as they are imagined to
be'.
derive verb to come from something else derivation (n) The word “biology” derives from Latin.
derivable (adj)
principle noun 1. a moral rule or belief about what is 1. truth 1. He was a man of principle; he always did what he
right and wrong thought was right.
2. the basic idea that a plan or system 2. foundation 2. The organization works on the principle that all
is based on members have the same rights.

process noun a series of actions that are done in procedure Learning a foreign language is a long process.
order to achieve a particular result Military operations could put the peace process in
danger.
imply verb to suggest that something is true, suggest implication (n) I'm not implying anything about your cooking, but
without saying this directly could we eat out tonight?

demonstrate verb 1. to show; to make clear show demonstration (n) 1. Research has demonstrated that babies can recognize
2. to participate in a public protest demonstrator (noun) their mother's voice very soon after birth.

expose verb to put someone in a situation where exposure (n) to be exposed to sth
they are not protected from The report revealed that workers had been exposed to
something dangerous or unpleasant high levels of radiation.
acquire verb 1. to buy get acquisition (n) General Motors acquired 50% of the shares of the local
2. to obtain gain company
3. to learn Andrew spent years acquiring his skills as a surgeon.

coherent adj easy to understand because it is clear logical; coherently (adv) After Jackie calmed down, she became more coherent
consistent coherence (n) and we understood what she was saying.

clarify verb to make (a statement or situation) less clarification (n) Could you clarify the first point please? I don't
confused and more understandable understand it completely.
random adj happening, done or chosen by chance by chance planned randomly (adv) at random
rather than according to a plan unplanned randomness (n) We put the books on the shelves at random without any
accidental kind of order.
accurate adj correct, exact and without any correct incorrect inaccurate (adj) We hope to become more accurate in predicting
mistakes accurately (adv) earthquakes.
accuracy (noun) The machines were not yet accurate enough to give

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useful results.
capable adj able to do things effectively and incapable (adj) Be capable of sth/doing sth
achieve results skillful capability (n) I'm perfectly capable of looking after myself, thank
you!
We need to get an assistant who's capable and efficient.
adapt verb 1. to change something to suit adaptation (n) 1. Many software companies have adapted popular
different conditions or uses programs to the new operating system.
2. to become familiar with a new 2. The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new
situation school.
equip verb to provide a person or a place with equipment (n) Well-equipped
objects that are necessary for a supply equipped (adj) Each classroom is equipped with a projector and a
particular purpose computer.
infer verb to form an opinion that something is inference (n) I inferred from her expression that she wanted to leave.
probably true because of information
that you have

Language Leader Intermediate / Unit 5 Advertising

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
advertisement noun a notice or announcement in a public advertiser (n) classified ad
/advert/ad medium promoting a product, advertising (n) put/place an advertisement in a newspaper
service, or event or publicizing a job advertise (v) answer/reply to an advertisement
vacancy Put an advertisement in the local paper to sell your car.
Advertisements are created to persuade people to buy
things which they don’t really need!
attention noun the act of listening to, looking at or concentration attentive (adj) attention-grabbing
thinking about something/somebody Job ads that are targeted, descriptive and attention
carefully grabbing will help us find the best candidates.
Greenpeace is organizing a campaign to draw people's
attention to the environmentally harmful effects of
using their cars.
Media attention focused today on the Prince's business
affairs.
eye-catching adj immediately noticeable because it is unnoticeable In the shop, you can find beautiful clothes in eye-
particularly interesting, bright or catching colours.
attractive
catchy adj pleasing and easily remembered memorable a catchy name/slogan/tune/song
“Impossible is nothing.” is a catchy advertising slogan
used by Adidas.
persuasive adj able to make other people believe sth influential persuade (v) persuasive speaker/speech/evidence/argument
or do what you ask convincing persuasion (n) It is hard to ignore the persuasive power of advertising.

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The jury has decided that the he evidence was not
persuasive enough to convict John.
witty adj using words in a clever and amusing a witty comment/remark
way When he tells stories, he narrates vividly and
humourously, making witty remarks. Every one likes to
listen.
sophisticated adj. complicated and advanced in design simple sophistication (noun) Incredibly sophisticated computers make everything
easier in every part of our lives.
dull adj not interesting or exciting boring interesting The first half of the film was so dull that I didn’t watch
the second half.
Life in a small town could be deadly dull.
ordinariness noun the quality of being average, ordinary (adj.) I was perfectly ok with the ordinariness of the day I
common, or usual spent with them.
intriguing adj. very interesting, especially because boring intrigue (verb) be, sound | find sth
of being strange or mysterious I found the story rather intriguing.

recognizable adj. able to be recognized identifiable recognition (noun) John's car was easily recognizable in the car park.
recognize (verb)
recognizably (adv.)
irritating adj. making you feel annoyed or disturbing irritate (verb) The noise was irritating and made it impossible for me
impatient irritation (noun) to concentrate on my work.
irritatingly (adv.)
sponsorship noun financial support from a sponsor sponsor (noun) The team needs to find sponsorships for the expedition.
sponsor (verb)
commercial noun 1. a television or radio advertisement 1. advertisement 1. It is annoying to have long commercial breaks
2. related to buying and selling things during movies.
2. That space is suitable for domestic or commercial
use.
misleading adj. causing someone to believe deceiving truthful mislead (v) misleading information/ advertisements/ statements
something that is not true The brochure was extremely misleading about the cost
of the holiday.
Adverts must not create a misleading impression.
endorse verb to appear in an advertisement, saying support (a endorsement (n) Tiger Woods has been paid $10.9 million per year to
that you use and like a particular product, etc.), endorse GM vehicles!
product approve (of a
product, etc.)
publicity noun the attention that is given to publicize (v) good/bad/adverse publicity
somebody/something by newspapers, He attracted a lot of adverse/bad publicity with his
television, etc speech about capital punishment.
The demonstration was carefully planned to attract
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maximum publicity.
approve verb to think that someone or something is disapprove approval (noun) I very much approve of these new tests.
is good, right, or suitable
budget noun the money that is available to an budget (verb) fixed, limited, low, small, tight | generous, large |
organization or person, or a plan of budget (adj.) annual, monthly, weekly, yearly budget
how it will be spent The budget for next year has not yet been set.
mysterious adj. not explained or understood concealed mystery (noun) There something mysterious going on in the company.
alter verb to change, or to make someone or keep (the same) alteration (noun) Unemployment has come down slightly but this does
something change not alter the fact that it is still a major problem.
exaggerate verb to make something seem better, exaggeration (noun) It is difficult to exaggerate the importance of
larger, worse etc than it really is exaggerated (adj.) developing good study habits.
exaggeratedly (adv.)
subtle adj. not easy to notice or understand obvious subtlety (noun) The warning signs of the disease are so subtle that they
are often ignored.
reflect verb to show the existence or result of reflection (noun) The condition of the house is reflected in its low price.
something reflective (adj.)

willingness noun the quality of being prepared to do willing (adj.) demonstrate, display, indicate, show, signal 
something willingly (adv.) willingness
The workers' leaders have expressed their willingness
to cooperate.
target noun, 1. a result that you try to achieve objective a target area/audience/group
verb aim achievable target
2. to aim advertising, criticism, or a goal It is important to set yourself targets that you can
product at someone reasonably hope to achieve.
The government's target of 3.5% annual growth seems
easily attainable.
The target group for cell phone ads is teens.
sum noun an amount of money The team has raised substantial sums for local charities.
encourage verb to give someone the courage or discourage encouragement aim to | try to | be designed to encourage
confidence to do something (noun) We were greatly encouraged by the support we
encouraging (adj.) received.
encouragingly (adv.)
approach n/v 1. a way of considering or doing 1. attitude, approachable (adj) 1. Since our research so far has not produced any
something (n) perspective (n) answers to this problem, we need to adopt a different
2. to come near or nearer to (someone approach to it.
or something) in distance, time, 2. come/go
quality or quantity (v) closer 2. Although it is only 7 million now, the population
will approach 12 million by the end of the decade.
ban verb to say that something must not be prohibit allow ban (noun) impose, introduce, place, put a ban
done, seen, or used The EU has imposed a ban on the import of seal skins.

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resolve verb to find a way of dealing with a solve resolution (noun) We hope that the dispute can be resolved peacefully.
problem or difficulty
regulation noun an official rule or order regulate (verb) They are calling for tighter regulation of the industry. 
current adj. happening or existing now currently (adv.) Current affairs

Academic Word List 5

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence

legal adj connected with the law authorized illegal legally (adv) The current United States legal drinking age is 21.
There is legal protection against age discrimination.
method noun a particular way of doing something technique, a reliable/effective/scientific method
approach The company is currently working on developing
effective methods for the storage and retrieval of
information
distribute verb to share things among a group of hand out distribution (n) Clothes and blankets have been distributed among the
people, especially in a planned way distributor (noun) earthquake victims.
Food distribution among the poor was not fair, as some
received more than others.
interpret verb 1. to understand (an action, mood, or interpretation (n) 1. I interpreted his behavior to mean that he disliked
way of behaving) as having a interpreter (n) me.
particular meaning 2. On our trip to Rome, we had to ask our guide to
2. to translate interpret for us when people spoke to us in Italian.
specify verb to state or describe something clearly identify specific (adj) The regulations specify that dictionaries may not be
and exactly specifically (adv) used in the examination.
My company promised us an increase in our salary, but
they did not specify the amount.
logical adj. seeming reasonable and sensible reasonable illogical logic (n) It was a logical thing to stay at home when it was
raining heavily outside.
pose verb to cause something (a Nuclear weapons pose a threat to both human life and
threat/challenge/danger/risk), the environment.
especially a problem or difficulty The large number of visitors is posing a risk to the
ecosystem of the island.
appropriate adj suitable or right for a particular suitable inappropriate appropriately (adv) an appropriate response/measure/method
situation or occasion appropriateness Wearing shorts wouldn’t be appropriate for a job
(noun) interview.
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The book was written in a style appropriate to the age
of the children.
aspect noun one part of a situation, problem, side, feature Which aspects of the job do you most enjoy?
subject, etc. As a good leader, Jack considers every aspect of the
problem before he acts.
controversy noun public discussion and argument about argument controversial (adj.) to arouse/cause/create controversy
something that many people strongly controversy over/about/surrounding
disagree about, disapprove of, or are somebody/something
shocked by There has been a lot of controversy about/over building
a third bridge in Istanbul.
violate verb to go against or refuse to obey a law, obey violation (n) In this school, the students who violate the school rules
an agreement, etc. are severely punished
implicit adj suggested or understood without implied explicit implicit criticism/threat/assumption
being stated directly indirect His statement is seen as an implicit criticism of the
government.
manipulate verb to control something or someone to control, manipulation (n) Victoria uses her charm to manipulate people around
your advantage, often unfairly or influence manipulative (adj.) her.
dishonestly The opposition leader accused government ministers of
manipulating the statistics to suit themselves.

display v/n to show something to people, or put it exhibit hide The exhibition gives local artists an opportunity to
in a place where people can see it demonstrate display their work.
easily
edit verb to prepare a piece of writing, a book, editor (n) The newspaper edits letters before printing them.
etc. to be published by correcting the edition (n)
mistakes, making improvements to it,
etc.
interval noun a period between two events or times, distance We see each other at regular intervals - usually about
or the space between two points gap once a month.
There were intervals of thousands of years between the
major ice ages.
advocate v/n to publicly support or suggest an back publicly Those who advocate a third bridge in İstanbul say it
idea, development or way of doing support will help reduce traffic.
something George is a strong advocate of women rights.
guarantee v/n to promise to do something; to The company guarantees (that) their flights will never
promise something will happen be delayed.
We provide a 5-year guarantee against rust.

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Language Leader Intermediate / Unit 6 Education

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence

compulsory adj. something which must be done obligatory, voluntary, Wearing seat belts in cars is compulsory by law.
because of a law or a rule mandatory, optional It is compulsory for all Turkish men to do military
alt def.; required by law or a rule required service.
monitor verb to watch and check the progress or observe monitor closely/carefully/regularly/efficiently
quality of (something) over a period The new findings suggest that men over 50 ought to
of time monitor their cholesterol levels.
Television advertising should be closely monitored.

drop out of verb to stop doing or planning something, discontinue enroll Drop out of school/a course
especially in education register Too many students drop out of college after only one
pick up year.
hand in phr. v to give something to someone in a submit Please hand in your application by 30 September.
position of authority Have you handed in your history essay yet?
curriculum noun educational program The national curriculum is prepared by a group of
alt def.: the subjects studied in a teachers working for public schools.
school, college, etc. and what each Languages and maths are essential parts of the school
subject includes curriculum.
truancy noun staying away from school without truant (noun) combat, tackle truancy
permission truant (adj.) Some measures ought to be taken to combat persistent
truancy in our schools.
bully v/n to frighten or hurt a weaker person; 1. terrorize bullying (noun) A recent survey indicates that one in four children is
to use your strength or power to bullied at school.
make somebody do something (v) The older boys bullied him so much that he was afraid
a person who teases, threatens, or to walk home alone.
hurts smaller or weaker persons (n)
pick on phr. v to keep treating someone badly or In business life, it is not uncommon for seniors to pick
unfairly on an apprenctice.
not having the things that are deprivation (n) deprive of

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deprived adj. necessary for a pleasant life, such as poor deprive (v) You can't function properly when you're deprived of
enough money, food, or good living sleep.
conditions Millions of people were imprisoned and deprived of
their basic rights during the First World War.
The charity looks after extremely poor and deprived
children whose parents have died.

pace noun the speed at which something speed at a rapid/slow/steady pace

happens or is done pace of change/reform/growth
The pace of change in our lives is becoming faster and
faster.
Children learn best by studying at their own pace.
restrict verb to limit or control the size, amount, limit restriction (n) Speed is restricted to 70 km per hour in the city in
or range of something restricted (adj) Turkey.
The management has restricted access to certain files
due to safety reasons.
observe verb to watch somebody/something watch, monitor observation (n) John spent a year in the jungle, observing how
carefully, especially to learn more observer (n) deforestation was affecting animals.
about them
experiment n/v a scientific test that is done in order (scientific) experimental (adj) to do/perform/conduct an experiment
to study what happens and to gain investigation experimentation (n) Many people believe that experiments on animals
new knowledge should be banned.
Various experiments have been conducted on the
effects of sleep on small children.
equality noun a situation in which people have the equal (noun) achieve | demand, fight for, strive for | promote |
same rights, advantages etc equal (adj.) establish | ensure, guarantee equality
equal (verb) People from these minority groups must have equality
equally (adv.) of opportunity.
inequality (noun)
tuition noun the money you pay for being taught Tuition fee
Some schools charge higher tution fees to overseas
students.
take out phr. v to get something officially, When you take out an insurance policy, read the small
especially from an insurance print.
company, bank, or law court
loan noun a sum of money which is borrowed, credit Bank loan
often from a bank, and has to be paid Kate's trying to get a $50 000 loan to start her own
back business.
We could apply for/take out a loan to buy a car.
pay back phr. v to give someone the same amount of repay I’ll be able to pay you back next week.

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money that you borrowed from them
debt noun a sum of money that a person or She used her lottery winnings to pay off her
organization owes outstanding debts. 
treat verb to behave towards someone or treatment (noun) Parents still tend to treat boys differently from girls.
something in a particular way
welfare noun the money that is paid by the benefit The number of families on welfare is increasing all
government to people who are very over the world.
poor or unemployed
put off phr. v to make someone not want to do Attitudes of some employers towards women really
something, or to prevent them from put them off in business.
doing something
available adj. something that is available is able to availability (noun) be | become | make sth available
be used or can easily be found or The product will now be made available throughout
bought the market.
talent noun a natural ability to do something talented (adj.) The company is always looking out for new talent.
well
enormous adj. very big in size or amount huge tiny enormity (noun) It takes enormous effort to become fluent in a
enormously (adv.) language.

Academic Word List 6

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
labour noun work, especially physical work labourer (n) Women make up two-fifths of the Turkish labour
force.
formula noun a plan or method that is used to There's no magic formula for success.
achieve something
outcome noun the final result of an activity or result, product It's too early to predict the outcome of the meeting.
process The outcome of the negotiations seems to have
satisfied the wishes of everyone involved.
objective noun something that you are trying to aim, goal the main/primary/principal objective
achieve to set/have accomplish /meet/achieve one’s objectives
Improving the living condition of rural residents has
been an important objective for governments in
developing countries.
devote verb to give most of your time, energy, commit, devotion (n) She has devoted all her energies/life to the care of
attention, etc. to dedicate devoted (adj) homeless people.
somebody/something He left his busy job to devote more time to his family.
duration noun the length of time something period, length The school was used as a hospital for the duration of
continues or exists the war.
overlap v/n to cover part of the same area of The study of sociology overlaps with the study of

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interest, responsibility, etc economics.
There is a lot of overlap between the study of
sociology and the study of economics.
appreciate verb to recognize the good qualities of value criticize appreciation (n) appreciate the significance/importance/value of
somebody/something something
Tim did not fully appreciate the significance of being a
part of the team he worked on.
I don't think you appreciate how much time I spent
preparing this meal.
intense adj. very great; very strong deep, extreme, intensive (adj) intense cold/heat/interest/pleasure/desire/anger
great etc. intensely (adv) Young people today are under intense pressure to
succeed.
The job of a computer programmer requires intense
concentration.
cite verb to speak or write words taken from a quote citation (n) The passage Frank cited in his article is from Mevlana.
particular writer or written work I have cited many famous novelists in my essay on
20th century English literature.
ignorant adj. 1. lacking knowledge or information 1. unaware, 1. aware of ignorance (n) 1. Many teenagers are surprisingly ignorant about
about something without 2. educated, current politics.
2. not educated knowledge well-read 2. They may be poor, ignorant farmers, but they are
2. uneducated, not stupid.

lecture n/v 1. a long talk on a particular subject (academic) lecturer (n) lecture on/give a lecture on
that someone gives to a group of speech, My brother regularly gives lectures on modern French
people, especially to students in a literature.
university My brother regulary lectures on modern French
2. to give a formal talk to a group of literature.
people, often at a university

dynamic adj. full of energy and new ideas, and lively, energetic dull Amy is young and dynamic and she will be a great
determined to succeed addition to our team.
The presentation was so dynamic that all of the
teachers gave the student a 100%.

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Module 4 PREP-C WORD LIST

Language Leader Intermediate / Unit 7 Design

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence

elegant adj graceful and attractive in stylish tasteless elegance (n) In order to keep an elegant figure, she has been doing
appearance or manner graceful unfashionable elegantly (adv) body-shaping exercises for many years.
tasteful She will look elegant in a black dress.

functional adj practical and useful with little or no function (v/n) Office furniture is purely functional – it's just there to
decoration provide a service.
futuristic adj extremely modern and unusual in old-fashioned future (n) Her latest novel is a futuristic thriller, set some time
appearance, as if belonging to a in the late twenty-second century.
future time
handmade adj made by a person using their hands manufactured Yesterday, I bought a pair of expensive handmade
rather than by machines mass-produced shoes.

mass-produced adj produced in large quantities using handcrafted mass-production (n) A lot of cheap, mass-produced goods are coming
machinery handmade from China.
retro adj using styles or fashions from the modern retro clothes/music /style
recent past Gina is a wonderful designer who can apply a cool
retro style to modern designs.
streamlined adj. designed or made with a smooth aerodynamic streamline (verb) Streamlined cars have shapes that allow air to pass by
shape in curved lines.
traditional adj ideas or ways of living carried on customary modern tradition (n) The school uses a combination of modern and
from the past traditionally (adv) traditional methods for teaching reading.
It is traditional in Turkey to visit the elderly on
special days.

up-to-date adj having or including the most recent the latest To be/to keep up-to-date
information modern information/data/figures/news
Our staff has access to up-to-date information through
a computer database.
The Internet allows everyone to keep up-to-date on
the economic developments.
combine verb to have two or more different separate combination (noun) She successfully combines her career with family life.
features or qualities at the same combined (adj.)
time
fulfil verb to do or provide what is necessary fulfilment (noun) Turkey is a market that has never quite fulfilled its
or needed fulfilling (adj.) potential.

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fulfilled (adj.)
misconception noun a wrong belief or opinion as a result fallacy have | give rise to, lead to | break down, correct
of not understanding something misconceptions
A number of misconceptions have grown up around
this theory.
steel noun a strong metal that can be shaped Using steel and aluminium makes structures both
easily, consisting of iron and strong and light.
carbon
smooth adj. completely even with no rough rough smoothly (adv.) The steps had been worn smooth by the thousands of
areas or lumps passing feet.
The baby’s skin is soft and smooth.
curved adj. having a shape that is like a curve straight curve (noun) The new trend in architecture is to use curved walls
and not straight curve (verb) inside the buildings to create a cosy atmosphere.
curvy (adj.)
leather noun a strong material made from animal I'm planning to buy a pair of boots in dark brown
skin leather for the winter.
rough adj. having an uneven surface smooth roughly (adv.) The rough surface of the floor made it difficult for
players to dribble.
wooden noun made of wood wood (noun) Vandals damaged all the wooden benches in the park.
polished adj. shiny because of being rubbed, polish (noun) I slipped and fell on the highly polished floor.
usually with polish polish (verb)
square noun a shape with four straight equal We cut the sandwiches into neat squares before
sides with 90o angles at the corners serving them to the guests.
circular adj. shaped like a circle circle (noun) The crater was two miles across and roughly circular
optimism noun a tendency to believe that good hopefulness pessimism optimistic (adj) The Prime Minister speaks with a tone of optimism
things will always happen optimist (n) for future environmental and social progress.
industrialize verb if a country industrializes, it industry (n) The industrialization of this poor, West African
develops industries or makes them industrialization country is finally working.
more modern (noun)
industrial (adj)
transform verb to completely change the transformation The place was transformed from a quiet farming
appearance, form, or character of (noun) village into a busy port.
something or someone
pioneering adj. introducing new and better methods pioneer (verb) She played a pioneering role in opening higher
or ideas for the first time pioneer (noun) education to women.
icon noun someone or something that is iconic (adj.) national | cultural | fashion, pop, sporting, style
known and admired by many
people and is thought to represent
an important idea
flop noun (complete) failure hit complete | expensive flop
success The show was the biggest flop in TV history.

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reputation noun the opinion that people have about acquire, build (up), earn, establish, gain, make
how good or how bad someone or He has the reputation of being a hard worker. 
something is
mould verb to give something a particular mould (noun) The famous sculptor first moulded the head from clay
shape or form before creating the other parts.

incorporate verb to include something as part of a incorporation (noun) These new features can easily be incorporated into the
group, system, or plan etc new design.
commission verb to formally ask someone to produce commission (noun) accept, get, receive commission
a work of art or to write an official I have received a private commission to paint the
report for you prince's family.
confer verb to give something such as An honorary degree degree was conferred on him by
authority, a legal right, or an the university.
honour to someone
reasonable adj. (of a price or product) not too high fair reasonably (adv.) Lots of nice, old objects can be bought at reasonable
prices at flea markets.

Academic Word List 7

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
concept noun an idea or a principle that is idea, notion conceptual (adj) It is very difficult to define the concept of beauty.
connected with something abstract A concept called iRadio integrates music and
personalized Internet services on a dashboard device.
contribute verb to give something, especially money donate contribution (n) contribute to/towards
or goods, to help contributor (n) The company contributed £50,000 to the earthquake
somebody/something fund.
dimension(s) noun the length, height, width, depth, or measurement(s) dimensional (adj) 3-D - I’ve found a computer design program that
diameter of something works in three dimensions.
draft noun a piece of writing or a plan that is rough sketch, Jane asked me to check the first draft of her proposal.
not yet in final form outline All parties eventually approved the final draft of the
peace treaty.
modify verb to make changes to something in alter, change modification (n) We found it cheaper to modify existing equipment
order to improve it rather than buy something new.
The feedback we received from students will be used
to modify the course for next year.
distort verb to change something from its usual, deform distortion (n) My original statement has been completely distorted
original, natural or intended distorted (adj) by the media.
meaning, condition or shape Newspapers are often blamed for distorting the truth.
format noun the general arrangement, plan, layout formatted (adj) The meeting will have the usual format - introductory
design, etc. of something session and group work.
The new format of the quiz show has proved popular.
manual adj involving or using the hands or automatic manually (adv) manual labour/jobs/skills

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physical strength Computer-controlled robots are taking over manual
jobs in many industries.
rigid adj very strict and difficult to change inflexible, strict flexible rigidly (adv) rigid rules /person
A rigid safety procedure is in force throughout the
building.
He grew more rigid and uncompromising as he got
older.
exhibit v/n to show something publicly display, show exhibition (n) His paintings are regularly exhibited in local art
galleries.
infrastructure noun the basic systems and services, such The government is working on a $65 billion
as transport and power supplies, that investment package in education, health care and
a country or organization uses in infrastructure.
order to work effectively
abstract adj existing as an idea, feeling or conceptual concrete abstraction (n) abstract knowledge/principles
quality, not as a material object Truth and beauty are abstract concepts.
The research shows that pre-school children are
capable of thinking in abstract terms.
enhance verb to increase or further improve the improve enhancement (n) A healthy diet and enough sleep are the things that
good quality, value or status of can significantly enhance the quality of your life.
somebody/something
flexible adj able to change or be changed easily adaptable inflexible flexibility (n) My schedule is quite flexible - I could arrange to meet
according to the situation adjustable rigid, strict flexibly (adv) you any day next week.
utilize verb to use something for a particular use; make use utilization (n) Sound engineers utilize a range of techniques to
purpose of utility (n) enhance the quality of the recordings.
Vitamin C helps the body utilize the iron present in
your body.
identical adj exactly the same, or very similar exactly alike different identically (adv) The sisters were identical in appearance and character.
priority noun sth that is very important and must prioritize (v) a high/low/first/top priority
be dealt with before other things prior (adj.) Education should be the top priority for every
developing country.

submit verb to give a document, proposal, etc. to present, hand in submission (n) All applications must be submitted before January 1st.
somebody in authority so that they
can study or consider it
publication noun a book, magazine, newspaper or publish (v) Several of Julia’s articles have already been accepted
document in which information or publisher (n) for publication by a leading publisher.
stories are published

Language Leader Intermediate / Unit 8 Business

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Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence

wage noun a regular amount of money that you salary an hourly/daily/weekly/annual wage
earn, usually every week, for work or Brian lives on a basic wage of £100 a week plus tips.
services

charge verb to ask an amount of money for goods ask in payment The restaurant charged £20 for a three-course meal and
or a service wine.
Wedding planners may charge an hourly fee of up to
£150.
entrepreneur noun someone who starts a new business or good, great, successful | creative, innovative |
arranges business deals in order to ambitious, dynamic entrepreneur
make money
retailer noun a person, shop or business that sells retail (noun) Media Markt is one of Europe’s largest electronics
products to the final customer for a retailers.
specified price
wholesaler noun someone who buys and sells goods in wholesale (noun) It is cheaper to buy the products from the wholesaler,
large amounts to shops and but it means that you must sometimes buy more than
businesses you need.
quantity noun an amount of something that can be We consumed a large quantity of soft drinks last night.
counted or measured
goods noun things that are produced in order to products make, manufacture, produce goods
be sold buy, purchase | export, import | sell, supply | deliver
goods
The supermarket's own-label goods are cheaper than
branded goods.
shoplifting noun the crime of stealing things from shoplift (verb) They stole thousands of pounds' worth of goods in a
shops shoplifter (noun) two-day shoplifting spree.
deserve verb to have earned something by good or deserved (adj.) It's true she made a mistake but she hardly deserves to
bad actions or behaviour deservedly (adv.) lose her job.
notice verb to become conscious of someone or become aware noticeable (adj.) He noticed at once that something was wrong.
something by seeing, hearing, or of noticeably (adv.)
feeling them
comment verb to express an opinion about someone remark comment (noun) decline to, refuse to comment
or something comment on sth
People were commenting about her gifts and abilities.
make up for phr. v to make a bad situation better, or He was stealing supplies from the office to make up for
replace something that has been lost wages he had not been paid.

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reduce verb to make something smaller or less in cut reduction (noun) aim to, attempt to, seek to, try to reduce
size, amount, or price We need to reduce the speed slightly. 
cut back on phr. v to start doing or using less of If you cut back on fat and sugar, you’ll definitely lose
something weight.
bankrupt adj without enough money to pay what bankruptcy (n) go bankrupt
you owe The economic crisis has led to many small businesses
going bankrupt.
His father went bankrupt and the family had to sell
their home
poison noun a substance that can cause death or poison (verb) The farmer had put down some poison to keep rats
serious illness if you eat it, drink it poisonous (adj.) away from his crop.
etc poisoning (noun)
toxin noun a poisonous substance, especially one toxic (adj.) Some toxins include medications that are helpful in
that is produced by bacteria and toxicity (noun) small doses.
causes a particular disease
quality noun how good or bad something is quality (adj.) Top, high, low quality
All our cakes are made with top quality ingredients.
launch v/ n 1. to start something, usually 1. introduce, 2. discontinue to launch an appeal/an inquiry/an investigation/a
something big or important start campaign /an attack/invasion/product
2. to make a new product, book etc 1. The organization has launched a campaign to raise
available for sale for the first time: $150,000 for endangered animals in South Africa.
2. The company hopes to launch the new drug by next
October.
account noun an exact record of the money that a accountant (noun) Businesses should try to keep accurate accounts so as
company has received and the money accounting (noun) not to have problems in the future.
it has spent
firm noun a business or company, especially a company establish, found, set up, start (up)
small one The firm was taken over by a multinational consulting
firm.
struggle with phr. v to try hard to do something that you struggle (noun) The airline is struggling with high costs.
find difficult
store noun a place where goods are sold to the shop big, large, major | small | retail | department store
public
order noun a request by a customer for a order (verb) place, put in order
company to supply goods or service cancel | receive, win order
I've placed an order for the CD.
brand noun a type of product made by a brand (verb) Supermarkets make a lot of profit on their own brand
particular company with a particular products.
name and design
corporation noun a big company, or a group of big, giant, large, major | powerful | foreign | global,
companies acting together as a single international, multinational corporation

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organization

Academic Word List 8

Word Form Meaning Synonym Antonym other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence

legislate verb if a government legislates, it makes a pass laws legislation (n) legislate for/against/on something
new law Turkey has just legislated against smoking indoors.
respond verb to give a spoken or written answer to react, reply response (n) How quickly did the police respond to the call?
somebody/something I’ve sent Dave 20 messages, but he didn't respond to
any of them.
establish verb to start a company or organization set up, found establishment (n) UNICEF was established by an agreement in order to
that will continue for a long time established (adj) guarantee children's rights, their survival, development
and protections.
maximize verb 1. to make something as great in minimize 1. Some airlines have cancelled less popular routes in
amount, size or importance as an effort to maximize profits.
possible 2. Maximize the window by clicking in the corner.
2. to make something larger on a
computer screen
constrain verb to control and limit something restrict constraint (n) Women's employment opportunities are often severely
constrained by family commitments.
correspond verb 1) to write, keep in touch 1. keep in correspondence (n) 1. Helen stopped corresponding with him after finding
2) to match or be similar or equal contact correspondent out he had been seeing someone else.
(noun) 2. The American FBI corresponds to the British MI5.
domestic adj 1) of or inside a particular country; 1. local, 1. non-native domestic violence/ affairs / politics / flights /chores
not foreign or international national 1. China has placed more emphasis on domestic oil
2) used in the home; connected with production
the home or family 2. This women's support centre provides legal advice
to victims of domestic violence.
integrate verb 1. to combine two or more things so 1. merge separate integration (n) 1. The car's design successfully integrates art and/with
that they work together; to combine unite integrated (adj) technology.
with something else in this way disintegrate (verb) She integrates elements of jazz and rock in her music.
2. to bring (people or groups with 2. It's very difficult to integrate yourself into a society
particular characteristics or needs) whose culture is so different from your own.
into equal participation in or Children are often very good at integrating into a new
membership of a social group or culture.
institution
overall adj/ 1. with everyone or everything 1. inclusively 1. The overall winner, after ten games, will receive
adv included 2. in general $250 000.
2. as a whole : in general The overall length of the new freeway is 2387
kilometers.
2. Overall, the sale was a success.

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decline verb 1) to become less in quantity, 1. decrease 1) increase 1. The number of tourists to Turkey declined by 10%
importance or strength 2. refuse 2) accept last year.
2) to politely refuse 2. Kate declined a second glass of wine and called for
a taxi.
revenue noun the income that a government or earnings Taxes provide most of the government's revenue.
company receives regularly

achieve verb to succeed in finishing something or accomplish, fail achievement (n) She finally achieved her ambition to visit South
reaching an aim, especially after a succeed achievable (adj) America
lot of work or effort reach (a James is such an ambitious politician that he will do
goal/aim) anything to achieve success.

currency noun the money that is used in a particular The currency of European countries is the Euro.
country Having a single world currency has always been a
controversial issue.

fluctuate verb to change frequently in size, amount, rise and fall, stabilize fluctuation (n) During the crisis, oil prices fluctuated between $20
quality, etc, especially from one vary be stable fluctuating (adj.) and $40 a barrel.
extreme to another
fee noun an amount of money that you pay for university fee, entrance fee, charge a fee
professional advice or services Does the bank charge a fee for setting up the account?
My dentist's fees seem to increase with every visit.

innovate verb to make changes in something innovation (n) Companies must constantly adapt and innovate to
established, especially by innovative (adj) ensure success in a growing market.
introducing new methods, ideas, or innovator (n)
products

Language Leader Intermediate / Unit 9 Engineering

Word For English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
m
breakthrough noun a sudden, dramatic, and important discovery setback To make a breakthrough/a breakthrough in
discovery or development Scientists have made a breakthrough in the search for

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a cure for cancer.
deadline noun the latest time or date by which finishing to meet a deadline/to miss a deadline/to extend a
something should be completed time/date deadline
The deadline for job applications is May 31st. No
applications will be accepted after this date.
Because I missed the deadline, I had to wait another
year to apply for university.
profession noun a job that needs a high level of job, occupation professional (adj.) She was shocked at her daughter's choice of
education and training professional (noun) profession.
professionally (adv.)

 
appliance noun a piece of equipment, especially device, gadget run, use appliances
electrical equipment modern | faulty | electrical, gas | cooking, heating |
domestic, household, kitchen | surgical appliances
Many household appliances are expensive to run.
occur verb to happen occurrence (noun) Opportunities for learning occur spontaneously every
day.
collide verb to hit something or someone that is crash collision (noun) There was a collision between two trains, but luckily
moving in a different direction no one was injured.
deflect verb to cause something to change deflection (noun) They were able to deflect the missile away from its
direction target before it hit the city center.
probe noun a system or piece of equipment that probe (verb) A space probe
is used for obtaining information Scientists are probing deeper and deeper into the
secrets of the universe
hazardous adj. dangerous hazard (noun) Hazardous waste

threat noun the possibility that something very threatening (adj) To pose a threat to/to make a threat/to be under threat
bad will happen; a person or thing threaten (v) of
likely to cause damage or danger Drunken drivers pose a serious threat to other road
users.
Hurricane damage poses a major threat to many cities
on the coast.
predict verb to say that something will happen forecast prediction (noun) accurately, correctly, reliably, successfully, with
before it happens predictable (adj) accuracy predict
predictably (adv.) It is not possible to predict with any certainty what
predictability (noun) effect this will have
remind verb to make someone remember reminder (noun) She looked at her watch to remind him of the time.
something
region noun a large area of a country or of the area regional (adj.) Sports events across the region have been cancelled

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world regionally (adv.) because of the weather.
regionalism (noun)
explosion noun a loud sound and the energy explode (verb) cause, set off, trigger explosion
produced by something such as a explosive (adj.) The build-up of gas caused a small explosion.
bomb bursting into small pieces explosiveness (noun)
injure verb to hurt yourself or someone else wound injured (adj.) You need an insurance to cover you in case one of
injury (noun) your employees accidentally injures someone.
resident noun someone who lives or stays in a residence (noun) Before long, all of the residents of the neighbourhood
particular place residential (adj.) knew about the scandal.
residency (noun)
strike verb to hit or fall against the surface of hit strike (noun) He struck the ball firmly into the back of the net.
something

diameter noun a straight line from one side of a He used similar triangles to calculate the diameter of
circle to the other side, passing the earth.
through the center of the circle, or
the length of this line
orbit noun the curved path travelled by an orbit (verb) The satellite will remain in orbit for several years.
object which is moving around orbital (adj.)
another much larger object such as
the Earth, the Sun etc
track verb to follow the movements of There are some tools that allow astronomers to track
something by using radar stars and communicate information about them to their
colleagues around the world.
propose verb to suggest something as a plan or proposal (noun) The measures have been proposed as a way of
course of action improving standards.
entire adj all of a group, period of time, whole; entirely (adv) While we were going to London, John spent the entire
amount, etc complete journey asleep and woke up when we arrived.
surface noun the top layer of an area of water or smooth | rough, uneven | curved | firm, hard, solid |
land soft | slippery surface Visible light from the sun passes
through the atmosphere to the earth's surface.
anchor noun a piece of heavy metal that is anchor (verb) The ship lay at anchor in the bay.
lowered to the bottom of the sea to
prevent a ship or boat moving
sink verb to move downwards to a lower level float We watched the boat sink beneath the waves.
generate verb to produce or cause something create generation (noun) The wind turbines are used to generate electricity.
generator (noun)
wonder verb to think about something that you His opponents wonder whether he is capable of doing
are not sure about the job.

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dam noun a special wall built across a river or A large hydroelectric dam on the Danube River was
stream to stop the water from built 25 years ago.
flowing, especially in order to make
a lake or produce electricty
own verb to legally have something, especially possess owner (noun) She owns the house jointly with her husband.
because you have bought or created
it
tribe noun a social group consisting of people tribal (adj.) aboriginal, indigenous, native | desert, forest, hill |
of the same race who have the same tribalism (noun) nomadic | backward, primitive tribe
beliefs, customs, language etc

Academic Word List 9

Word For English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
m
data noun information or facts information Computer data, statistical data
Before doing an experiment, scientists collect data
from various sources.
structure noun the way in which the parts of formation, structural (adj) The prime minister announced that they will make
something are connected with each construction changes in the social and economic structure of
other and form a whole, or the thing society.
that these parts make up
layer noun a level of material, such as a type of Ozone layer, layers of (the atmosphere)
rock or gas, that is different from the The ozone layer plays an important role in protecting
material above or below it, or a thin human beings and other life from harmful ultraviolet
sheet of a substance light from the Sun.
site noun a place where something is, was, or position; place The local council hasn't chosen the site for the new
will be built, or where something hospital yet.
happened, is happening, or will happen

mechanism noun a part of a machine, or a set of parts mechanical (adj) The mechanism for locking the door of the washing
that work together mechanic (n) machine works automatically.
facilitate verb to make (an action or process) easy or help; promote complicate facilitator (n) Using technology in the classroom has facilitated
easier language learning.
Schools were located in the same campus to facilitate
the sharing of resources.
network noun a system of lines, tubes, wires, roads, Transportation/communication network,
etc. that cross each other and are The government made a lot of investment to
connected to each other modernise the country's telephone network.
precise adj. exact, clear and correct exact vague precision (n) The police didn’t get much information from the
precisely (adv) witnesses because they couldn’t give precise details
about the accident.

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substitute v/n 1) (v) to use something or someone 1. replace substitution (n) 1. Dave was substituted for Williams in the second
instead of another thing or person 2.replacement half of the match.
2) (n) the use of one person or thing 2. A substitute (teacher) will come to the lessons until
instead of another your regular teacher feels better.
attain verb to reach or succeed in getting reach, achieve, attainable (adj) Attain a goal
something accomplish Tim worked very hard for the math exam, and has
attained the highest grade in the exam.
device noun a thing made or adapted for a particular gadget The police used a special device to find the location of
purpose, especially a piece of the murderer.
mechanical or electronic equipment
erode verb to destroy slowly erosion (n) Due to the cutting down of trees and construction of
buildings, soil has eroded in many parts of the world.
nuclear adj. relating to or involving the central part atomic nucleus (n) Nuclear energy
of an atom, or the energy produced France relies on nuclear energy for nearly 80% of its
when the nucleus of an atom is either electrical power needs.
split or joined with the nucleus of
another atom
subsequent adj. happening or coming after something next; prior subsequently (adv) subsequent to smt ( = after something)
else following Jane received psychological treatment subsequent to
the big car accident.
adjust verb to become more familiar with a new adapt, get used adjustment (n) It isn’t easy to adjust to living in another country,
situation to adjustable (adj) especially when you don’t speak the language.
illustrate verb to make the meaning of something clarify illustration (n) The lecturer illustrated his discussion with a diagram
clearer by giving examples on the blackboard.
expect verb to think or believe something will anticipate expectation (n) expect smo/smt + to + V1 or expect + to + V1
happen, or someone will arrive (un)expected (adj) My parents fully expected us to get married, so it was
unexpectedly (adv) a shock when I told them that we broke up.
investigate verb to try to find out the truth about or the look into investigation (n) The police have been investigating the murder for two
cause of something such as a crime, investigator (n) weeks, but haven’t found any evidence yet.
accident, or scientific problem
Language Leader Intermediate / Unit 10 Trends
Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
keep up with phr. v to go as quickly as someone else Jack walks so quickly that it’s always very difficult to
keep up with him.
catch on phr. v to become popular or fashionable Sports drinks have caught on as consumers have
become more health-conscious.
take over phr. v to take control of something After Daniel left the company, Sally took over his job
as the new marketing manager.
slow down phr. v to become slower or to make something The roads were so icy that we had to slow down.
slower

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die out phr. v to become weaker or less common and then become The tribe’s traditional way of life is dying out.
disappear completely extinct
buy into phr. v to completely believe in a set of ideas Most women buy into the idea that you have to be thin
to look attractive.

pick up on phr. v to notice something about the way someone Tina can never hide her feelings; you can easily pick
is behaving or feeling, even though they are up on her worries or anxieties.
trying not to show it
find out phr. v to get information, after trying to discover it learn; When jane arrived at the airport, she found out that the
or by chance discover flight had been cancelled.
sensation noun extreme excitement or interest, or someone sensational (adj.) The film caused a sensation among film critics.
or something that causes this sensationally (adv.)
sensationalize (verb)
viral noun a marketing strategy that focuses on  The company has done some viral marketing of the
marketing spreading information and opinions  new model. 
about aproduct or service from 
person to person, especially by using
unconventional means such as the 
internet or e-mail
steady adj regular, even, and continuous in firm changeable steadily (adv) After five years of steady growth, the economy began
development, frequency, or intensity /fixed, unsteady (adj) to slow down.
constant
gradual adj. happening or changing slowly over a long slow, sudden gradually (adv) There has been a gradual rise in the average
period of time or distance step-by- temperature of the Earth due to global warming.
step
outbreak noun the sudden start of war, disease, violence etc Lead to an outbreak/an outbreak occured
A new outbreak of smallpox occurred in 1928.
claim verb to state that something is true, even though it claim (noun) The company had falsely claimed that its products
has not been proved were biodegradable.
epidemic noun a large number of cases of a disease that epidemic (adj.) major | widespread, worldwide | cholera, flu, typhoid,
happen at the same time etc. epidemic
Over fifty people died during the flu epidemic last
winter.
word of noun communication that consists of comments Word of mouth is still considered one of the best ways
mouth phr. that people make to each other in an of advertising a product.
informal way
victim noun someone who suffers because of something victimize (verb) Tourists are easy victims for pickpockets.
bad that happens or because of an illness,
robbery, or murder etc
conscious adj. thinking a lot about or concerned about unconscious (adj.) fashion/health/safety/security conscious
something (un)consciously The company is environmentally conscious.

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(adv.)
consciousness (noun)
classify verb to decide what group something belongs to categorize classifiable (adj.) The names were classified under four different
classification (noun) headings.
classified (adj.)
sculpture noun an object made out of stone, wood, clay etc sculptor (noun) create, make | display, exhibit, show sculptures
by an artist sculpt (verb) She creates sculptures out of scrap materials.
mainstream noun the most usual ideas or methods, or the mainstream (adj.) He was in the mainstream of British contemporary
people who have these ideas or methods music. 
lasting adj. continuing to exist or have an effect for a continuing Any delay in delivery of materials will have a lasting
long time effect throughout the production process.
label noun clothes made by fashionable companies or label (verb) She likes to buy clothes with a designer label.
designers
merge verb to combine, or to join things together to form The company plans to merge its subsidiaries in the
one thing country.
exemplify verb to be a very typical example of something exemplification The building exemplifies the style of architecture
(noun) which was popular at the time.
figure noun a number representing an amount, especially The rate of inflation has now reached double figures.
an official number
piracy noun the crime of illegal copying and selling pirate (noun) Piracy is a tremendous problem that needs to be tackled
books, tapes, videos, computer programs etc pirate (verb) carefully in the music industry.
collapse verb to suddenly fail or stop existing collapse (noun) eventually, finally | quickly, rapidly | suddenly |
virtually collapse
In November the strike finally collapsed.
The luxury car market has collapsed.
moral adj. relating to right and wrong and the way immoral morally (adv.) She had tried her best to instill morals into her
people should behave morality (noun) daughters.

Academic Word List 10

Word For English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
m
vary verb if several things of the same type differ; change variety (n) House prices are not the same around the country; they
vary, they are all different from each vary from city to city.
other
select verb to choose something or someone by choose selection (n) Among 21 students, the professor selected Tom to
thinking carefully about which is the selective (adj) attend the conference.
best, most suitable, etc.

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exclude verb to intentionally not include leave out include exclusion (n) The hotel rates exclude local taxes, so you have to pay
something an additional amount.
consult verb to seek advice or information from consultant (n) Before you take an important decision, you should
consultancy (n) always consult your lawyer. It is important to ask his
opinion.
image noun a picture that you have in your mind, picture I have an image in my mind of the house I want to
especially about what someone or have.
something is like or the way they
look
trend noun a general development or change in trendsetter (noun) a downward/upward trend
a situation or in the way that people trendsetting (adj.) Due to economic crises, the companies are reducing
are behaving their expenses, so lately there has been a trend towards
hiring younger and cheaper employees.
consequence noun something that happens as a result of result; outcome consequently (adv.) Many believe that poverty is a direct consequence of
a particular action or set of consequent (adj) overpopulation.
conditions
norm noun the usual or normal situation, way of standard (ab)normal (adj) In the past, companies used to sign long-term contracts
doing something, etc. normally (adv) with their employees, but now short-term contracts
have become the norm.
temporary adj continuing for only a limited period short-lived; permanent temporarily (adv) I’m living in the dormitory now, but it’s temporary;
of time short-term long-lasting next week I will move into a flat with one of my
classmates.
contemporary adj. belonging to the present time modern; up-to- outdated When you do research, it is important to use
date contemporary sources, not the old ones.
commodity noun something that can be bought and goods old-fashioned The government increased prices on several basic
sold, especially a basic food product commodities like bread and meat.
or fuel The country's most valuable commodities include tin
and diamonds.
coincide verb to happen at the same time as coincidence (n) When our holidays coincided, Jane and I always went
something else, especially by chance coincidental (adj) on holiday together.
classic adj. having all the features that are typical; classical (adj.) I made the classic mistake of not reading the price
typical or expected of a particular standard label carefully, so I paid a lot of money to buy that
thing or situation dress.
insert verb to put something inside something remove; take insertion (n) After finishing her essay, Mary thought that it was
else, or to add something out short, and inserted another paragraph.

assure verb to tell someone that something will ensure; assurance (n) assure smo of smt, assure smo that S + V
definitely happen or is definitely guarantee The Prime Minister assured the public that the
true so that they do not worry inflation would not increase.

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Language Leader Intermediate / Unit 11Arts & Media

Word For English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
m
plot noun the events that form the main story storyline The plots of Jack’s stories are almost the same; he
of a book, film, or play story always writes about the lives of ordinary people who
live in the countryside.
series noun a set of television or radio serial I’ve started to watch a new comedy series; it’s on
programmes that have the same every Tuesday.
characters or deal with the same type
of subject, and are usually broadcast
every week or several times a week
chapter noun one of the parts into which a book is section, I read the first few chapters and then got bored.
divided part
novel noun a long written story in which the novelist (noun) produce, write | publish | read | accept (for
characters and events are usually publication), reject (for publication) a novel
imaginary I took a copy of a Graham Greene novel on the train
with me.
cast noun all the people who perform in a play, casting (noun) The play has a large cast of characters.
film etc cast (verb)
breathtaking adj very impressive, exciting, or magnificent, boring My bedroom overlooks the sea, and the view is
surprising astonishing breathtaking.
groundbreaking adj. Containing completely new ideas innovative, This new, groundbreaking technique works better than
revolutionary the one it has replaced.
magnificient adj. very good or beautiful, and very excellent magnificiently The theatre is putting on a magnificient performance
impressive (adv.) of the popular musical ‘Cats’.
magnificience
(noun)
stream verb to play sound or video on a streaming (noun) FIFA World Cup matches stream live on several
computer while downloading from websites.
the Internet
stunning adj. extremely attractive or beautiful ordinary, stunningly (adv.) The finished effect was absolutely stunning
usual
adequate adj satisfactory or acceptable in quality enough insufficient (in)adequate (adj) This office is perfectly adequate for my needs; it has
or quantity adequacy (n) everything that I require for my job.
adequately (adv)
gripping adj a gripping film, story, etc. is very fascinating boring, dull I found the book so gripping that I finished it in a day.
exciting and interesting
flock verb to come together in a large group gather flock (noun) Tourists flock to see the town’s medieval churches and

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usually because there is something buildings.
interesting or exciting

outstanding adj extremely good, beautiful etc, and excellent ordinary Due to his outstanding performance in the last
much better than others basketball match, the school decided to give John a
scholarship.
hilarious adj extremely funny funny sad Dave always tells us hilarious stories at work and
amusing makes us laugh when we are bored.
brooding adj. mysterious and threatening broodingly (adv.) She fell into long, brooding silences.
suspense noun a feeling of excitement or anxiety build (up), create | break suspense
when you do not know what will Don't look at the end of the book yet; you'll break the
happen next suspense.
recluse noun someone who chooses to live alone, reclusive (adj.) The famous singer became recluse after a series of
and does not like seeing or talking to tragic events.
other people
rumour noun information or a story that is passed gossip rumour (verb) spread | hear | believe | deny | confirm, start | fuel
from one person to another and rumours
which may or may not be true The actor confirmed rumours that he will be leaving
the series.
insist verb to say firmly and often that insistence (noun) to insist on sth
something is true, especially when insistent (adj.) People rightly insist on being treated as individuals.
other people think it may not be true insistently (adv.) The school insists on good behavior from its students.
immediate adj. happening or done at once and immediately (adv.) The government promised immediate action to help
without delay the victims of the earthquake.
obsess verb to think or worry about something obsession (noun) to be obsessed with
all the time obsessive (adj.)
obsessively (adv.)
rebellious adj. deliberately not obeying people in dutiful, rebellion (noun) The streets were crowded with rebellious protesters
authority or rules of behaviour obedient rebel (verb) against the war.
rebel (noun)
rebelliously (adv.)
masterpiece noun a work of art, a piece of writing or The Mona Lisa is the most well-known painting in the
music etc that is of very high quality world, and people think that it is Leonardo da Vinci's
or that is the best that a particular masterpiece.
artist, writer etc has produced
refuse verb to say firmly that you will not do reject accept refusal (noun) They made me an offer I couldn't refuse.
something that someone has asked
you to do
single out phr. v to choose one person or thing from Who would you single out as the most promising
among a group because they are student of the year?

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better, worse or different etc
daunted adj. to be afraid or worried about frightened daunting (adj.) Some people feel utterly daunted by the prospect of
something because you think it will dauntingly (adv.) moving to another country.
be very difficult or dangerous to do daunt (verb)

integrity noun the quality of being honest and dishonesty Maintain, defend, destroy integrity
strong about what you believe to be I would never do anything to compromise my own
right integrity.
occasional adj. happening sometimes but not often feequent occasionally (adv.) He made occasional visits to his hometown.
or regularly
touching adj. making you feel pity, sympathy, heartbreaking cheerful touchingly (adv.) a touching domestic scene
sadness etc
dispatch noun a report sent to a newspaper from Jane is considering her position as the company insist
one of its writers who is in another on paying her by the dispatch.
town or country
tough adj. difficult to do or deal with hard Things were pretty tough at first but then they got
beter.
convey verb to communicate ideas, messages, or transmit, conveyance (noun) clearly, vividly | accurately, adequately | effectively,
feelings with or withour using words transfer conveyor (noun) successfully convey
The novel vividly conveys the experience of growing
up during the war. 

Academic Word List 11

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
enable verb to make it possible for someone to allow; facilitate prevent Enable smo/smt + to + V1
do something, or for something to disable The Internet has enabled people to communicate more
happen easily and cheaply.
fundamental adj relating to the most basic and basic; essential fundamentally (adv) Jack and Tom decided to end their business
important parts of something partnership because there was a fundamental
difference in their opinion about the management of
the company.
Most people think that economic development is the
most fundamental problem for the government; every
other problem can be looked at later.
feature noun a typical quality or an important part characteristic; The city's main features are its river and beautiful old
of something aspect buildings.
obtain verb to get something, especially by gain; acquire; lose obtainable (adj) You must obtain permission from the manager in order
asking for it, buying it, working for get; have to take a photo inside the museum.
it or producing it from something

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else
restore verb to return something or someone to reconstruct; restoration (n) Most of the old buildings in the city have been
an earlier good condition or position renew restored and opened to the public.
explicit adj clear and exact clear implicit explicitly (adv) We found our way to the restaurant very easily
because Jane gave us explicit directions on how to get
there.
neutral adj not supporting any of the people or objective; subjective; neutrally (adv.) Journalists should be neutral because their job is to
groups involved in an argument or unbiased biased inform the public, not to express their political views.
disagreement:

presume verb to think that something is true, assume presumably (adv) I presume that Tim and Dave are not coming to the
although you are not certain wedding because they haven't replied to the invitation.
expert noun a person with a high level of expertise (n) Professor Cameron is an expert on / in / child
knowledge or skill; a specialist psychology.
abandon verb to leave someone or a place without leave abandoned (adj) Because of the heavy snow, the drivers had to abandon
the intention to return their cars, and walk to work.
eventual adj happening or existing at a later time final eventually (adv) We thought the project would cost $1 billion,
or at the end, especially after a lot of however, when it finished, the eventual cost was 50%
effort, problems, etc. higher.
It’s impossible to predict the eventual outcome of the
competition, as many things can happen between now
and the end of the race.
ambiguous adj. something that is ambiguous is vague clear; definite ambiguity (n) I am not sure what Frank is doing tonight because
unclear, confusing, or not certain, ambiguously (adv) when I asked him he gave me an ambiguous answer.
especially because it can be
understood in more than one way
acknowledge verb to accept that something is true or admit; deny acknowledgement acknowledge + V-ing/acknowledge + that + S + V/
that a situation exists recognize (n) After all of the public protests, the government
acknowledged that the tax was unfair.
The film festival is acknowledged as an event of
international importance.
She acknowledged having made a mistake.

confirm verb to show that something is definitely verify disprove confirmation (n) The smell of cigarette smoke confirmed what he had
true, especially by providing more suspected: there had been a party in his absence.
proof

convert v 1. to (cause to) change in form or conversion (n) convert smt (in)to smt
character 1. Could we convert the small bedroom into a second
2. to change to a new religion, bathroom?

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belief, opinion, etc., or to make convert to (religion)
someone do this Andy converted to (= started believing in) Catholicism
when he got married.

prohibit verb to say that an action is illegal or not forbid; ban permit prohibition (n) prohibit smt/prohibit smo/smt from + V-ing
allowed prohibitive (adj.) In Turkey, smoking is strictly prohibited indoors.
Cars are prohibited from driving in the city center.

release v/n to give freedom or free movement to free; let go hold The police arrested several men, but released them
someone or something later as there was no evidence that they committed the
murder.

diminish verb to make or become less reduce increase; grow Charlie’s illness diminished his strength.

Language Leader Intermediate / Unit 12 Crime

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
charge verb to state officially that someone may accuse Charge smo with smt/V-ing; be charged with smt/V-
be guilty of a crime ing
David was charged with stealing money from his
customers’ bank accounts.
The police charged the man with murder.
rob verb to steal money or property from a steal (from) robbery (n) The terrorists financed themselves by robbing banks.
person, bank etc robber (n) Yesterday, a group of five men robbed a bank of
$100,000.
arrest verb if the police arrest someone, they release Following the coup, parliamentary leaders were
take that person to a police station set free arrested and taken into custody.
because they believe that he or she The young man was arrested for possession of illegal
has committed a crime drugs.
vandalise verb to damage or destroy things vandal (noun) The park was vandalized during the night.

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deliberately, especially public vandalism (noun)
property
track sb. phr. v to find someone or something after a find The police finally managed to track the robbers down
down (long) search in the suburbs.
prove verb to show that something is true by proof (noun) He tried to prove his theory to his friends.
providing facts, information etc provable (adj.)
proven (adj.)
court noun the place where a trial is held, or the go to, take sb/sth to court
people there, especially the judge We are prepared to go to court to get our
and the jury who exemine the compensation. 
evidence and decide whether You can take them to court if they don’t pay the
someone is guilty or not money they owe you.
convict verb to prove or officially announce that convict (noun) He was convicted of murder.
someone is guilty of a crime after a conviction (noun)
trial in a court
theft noun the crime of stealing stealing thief (noun) petty | attempted | car, cattle, etc. theft
They are accused of theft from a newsagent's shop. 
guilty adj. having done something that is a innocent guilt (noun) deem sb, find sb, hold sb, prove sb guilty
crime guiltily (adv.) The accused was found guilty and sent to prison.
hold-up noun an attempt to rob a place or person hold up (phr. v) He was shot at during an armed hold-up.
chase verb to quickly follow someone or pursue chase (noun) The police chased the suspect all the way to the mall.
something in order to catch them
jail noun a place where criminals are kept as jail (verb) With good behaviour, she could be out of jail in two
part of their punishment years.
judge noun the official in control of a court who judge (verb) The judge admitted the notes of the interview as
decides how criminals should be judgment (noun) evidence.
punished
demand verb to say in a very firm way that you demand (noun) He demanded money from her when she inherited a
want something demanding (adj.) large amount of money.
blackmail n/v when someone tries to get money Jason was arrested of blackmail after threatening his
from you or make you do what they director to give him $250,000.
want by threatening to tell other Jason tried to blackmail his boss by threatening to talk
people your secrets to the media about the company’s financial crimes.
cyber- noun the crime of following and watching stalk (verb) It cannot be argued that the police is fully equipped to
stalking someone in a threatening way using stalker (noun) fight against cyber-stalking.
computers and the internet
bribery noun the crime of giving someone, bribe (verb) The charge in the present case is one of bribery and
especially a public official, money bribe (noun) corruption.
or gift in order to persuade them to
do something for you
smuggling noun the crime of taking something smuggle (verb) arms, cocaine, drug, heroin, gold, ivory, etc.

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illegally from one country to another smuggler (noun) smuggling
pickpocketing noun the crime of stealing things from pickpocket (noun) The number of pickpocketing incidents is on the rise
people’s pockets as the city attracts more tourists every year.
mugging noun an act of attacking someone and mug (v) A lot of people don’t go out at night because they are
stealing their money mugger (n) afraid of being mugged.
Mugging and other violent street crimes are on the rise
in big cities.
intention noun a plan or desire to do something aim intentional (adj.) His intention in inviting us to dinner was to persuade
purpose intentionally (adv.) us to back his project.
intend (verb)
link verb to make a connection between two connect link (noun) closely, intimately | firmly, strongly, tightly | loosely |
or more things or people directly, explicitly linked
Poverty and crime are directly linked.
state verb to express something in speech or express statement (noun) The demands are more easily stated than met.
writing, especially in a formal way declare
surroundings noun all the things that are present in a environment surround (verb) adapt to, be in harmony with, blend into, blend (in)
place and that form the experience with, fit into/in with surroundings
of being there an individual’s surroundings
vicious circle phr. a situation in which one problem Many people get caught in a vicious circle of dieting
causes another problem, that then and weight gain.
causes the first problem again, so
that the whole process continues to
be repeated
gain verb to obtain or achieve something that get Consumers have certainly gained from the increased
you want or need competition in the telecommunications industry.
raid noun an attack by police,criminals etc on raid (verb) Five civilians died in the raid.
a building raider (noun)

witness n/v 1) (n). someone who sees a crime or Eyewitness; be a witness to smt;
an accident and can describe what One witness of the accident said that the driver seemed
happened to be drunk.
2) (v) to see something happen,
especially a crime or accident
involve in verb to take part actively in a particular involvement (noun) I didn't mean to involve you in all this.
activity
make off with phr. v to escape with something, especially Burglars made off with our television stereo, and some
something that you have stolen other valuables.
set off phr. v to make something explode detonate Terrorists breached tight security and set off a bomb.

Academic Word List 12

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Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
justify verb to give or to be a good reason for rationalize, justification (n) justify doing sth
explain, defend justification for doing sth
The owner of the company decided to cut the pay of
the employees, but it was very hard for him to justify
his decision.
potential adj likely to develop into a particular possible, likely potentially (adv) With the help of Internet advertising, the companies are
type of person or thing in the future trying to attract potential customers.
commit verb to do something wrong or illegal commit crime
Jack was sent to prison for committing murder.
enforce verb to make people obey a rule or law impose enforcement (n) The new speed limit is 60 km per hour, and the police
will enforce this limit by stopping drivers and fining
them.
The role of the police is to enforce the law.
undergo verb to experience something which is experience undergo a change
unpleasant or which involves a The business world has undergone massive changes
change due to technological developments.
He underwent a life-saving brain operation.
confine verb to keep someone or something within limit; restrict free confinement (noun) The study will not include the whole country; it will be
the limits of a particular activity or confined to big cities.
subject Please confine your use of the phone to business calls.
suspend verb to officially stop something from freeze, suspension (n) The drug company announced that sales of their new
continuing, especially for a short time postpone, drug will be suspended until more tests are completed
discontinue
trigger verb to make something happen very activate trigger (n) Studies have shown that an allergy to certain types of
quickly, especially a series of events food can trigger serious illnesses.
The closure of the factory triggered the protests by the
workers.

detect verb to notice or discover something, discover; find; miss detective (n) Thanks to developments in medicine and technology,
especially something that is not easy notice many forms of cancer can now be cured if they are
to see, hear etc. detected early.
inspect verb to examine something carefully in examine inspection (n) After the accident, the police inspected the scene and
order to find out more about it or to inspector (n) interviewed all the witnesses.
find out what is wrong with it
reinforce verb to give support to an opinion, idea, or strengthen reinforcement (n) Most women’s magazines reinforce the idea that
feeling, and make it stronger women should always be slim.
discriminate verb to treat a person or group differently discrimination (n) It is illegal to discriminate against women in the
from another in an unfair way workplace.
exceed verb to be more than a particular number surpass Under the law, working hours must not exceed 42

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or amount hours a week.
Production costs have exceeded 42,000TL.
incident noun an event, especially one that is There was a shooting incident in the neighbourhood
unusual, important, or violent last night. The police are now investigating it.
crime noun illegal activities in general offence criminal (adj) commit a crime, crime rate, organized crime
criminal (n) crime scene
According to research, people are more likely to
commit crimes when they are unemployed.
trace verb to find someone or something that track Because she was seen at the crime scene, the police are
has disappeared by searching for tracing young’s woman’s movements.
them carefully
deny verb to say that something is not true, or admit; denial (n) deny one's guilt
that you do not believe something acknowledge Although the police have found evidence, the man still
denies that he has committed the murder.
eliminate verb to completely remove, get rid of or exclude elimination (n) If you want to lose weight, you should eliminate junk
take away food from your diet.
isolate verb to separate one person, group, or combine isolated (adj) Tom was isolated from the other prisoners because he
thing from other people or things connect isolation (n) had committed very serious crimes.

51