Peristaltic flow with an endoscope

By
Geometry of the problem
 For an incompressible fluid the balance of mass and
momentum are given by

1
div V  0,
dV
  p  div T  f , 2
dt
The constitutive equation for A six-constant Jeffrey's fluid
model is given by


T 1 dT  W. T  T . W  dT . D  D. T   bT : DI cDtrT
dt
 2 D  2 dD  W. D  D. W  2dD. D  bD : DI 3
dt

3
1

Where

  V
V  T
D symmetric part of velocity gradient  ,
2

  V
V  T
W antisymmetric part of velocity gradient  .
2

b, d and c are material constants of six constant

Jeffrey fluid model and  1 is the relaxation time and
 2 is the delay time
 Special cases

The transition from the eight-constant Oldroyd model to the six-

constant generalized Jeffrey's model occurs under the following
conditions

 1  a 1 ,  0  c 1 ,  1  b 1 ,  2  a 2 ,  2  b 2 .

Further Maxwell, De Witt and White-Metzner models, as well

as three and four-constants Oldroyd models can be treated as
particular cases of the generalized six-constant Jeffrey's model
The geometry of the wall surface is

R 1  a 1 , 4a 4

R 2  a 2  b 1 sin 2 Z  ct, 4b 5



The governing equations in the fixed frame for an

incompressible flow are

Continuity equation

Ū  Ū  W  0, 5 6

R 
R 
Z

R-Component of momentum equation

  Ū   p  1  R T R R    T R Z   T   , 6
  Ū  W
t R Z R R R Z R

7
z  Z  c 1 t, r  R , 8
Z-Component of momentum equation

  Ū  W
  W    p  1  R T R Z    T Z Z . 7
t R Z Z R R Z

8
Transformations between two reference frames are defined

z  Z  c 1 t, r  R , 8 9

  c1 ,
w  W ū  Ū, 9 10

The corresponding boundary conditions are the no-slip at

both the walls

ū  0, w  c 1 , at r  r 1 , 10a 11

dr 2
ū  c , w  c 1 , at r  r 2  a  b sin 2 z . 10b 12
dz 
 Dimensionless variables are defined
   a T
R  aR , r  ar , Z  Z , z  z , W  cW , w  cw , T c 2  ,
2 2   1 1 1

Ū ū a 22 P c t a c a
U a c , u a c , P , t  1 ,   2 , Re  1 2 ,
2 1 2 1 c 1    0

r  c  c b
r 2  a2  1   sin2z,  1  a1 1 ,  2  a2 1 ,   a 1  1. 11
2 2 2 2

13
Using the non-dimensional quantities and transformation the
resulting equations can be written as
Continuity equation
u  u  w  0, 12 14
r r z
r-Component of momentum equation

  p   T
Re  3
u w u  r rT rr    2  T rz   r , 1
r z r r z
15
z-Component of momentum equation

p 1 
Re  u   w  w    r rT rz     T zz , 14 16
r z z r z

Where

w w 2
r
1   1  2 1  dd  b  2c 2d  3b r
T rz  2
,
w
1   21 1  dd  b  2c 2d  3b r

T rr   2 w 2
1  d  b   1 w 1  d  bT rz ,
r r
T zz   2 w 2
1  d  b   1 w 1  d  bT rz ,
r r
T    2 w 2
b   1 w bT rz ,
r r
17
Under the assumption of long wave length approximation and
low Reynolds number above equations take the form

p 18
 0, 15
r
p
 1r  r w  1r   1 w w
3 5
 2  2
, 16
z r r r r r

where 19
  1  dd  b  c 2d  3b,  1   1  2   1 ,  2   31  2 .
2
Corresponding boundary conditions in dimensionless form are

20
w  1, at r  r 1 , 17

w  1, at r  r2  1   sin2z. 18 21
 Solution of the problem

Perturbation solution
For perturbation solution, we expand w, F, p by taking 
as perturbation parameter

w  w 0  w 1   2 w 2  O 3 , 19a
p  p 0  p 1   2 p 2  O 3 , 19b
F  F 0  F 1   2 F 2  O 3 . 19c 22
The perturbation results for small parameter 
Satisfying boundary condition can be written as
 r2  p  a 
w  1    a1 ln r  a2     a3r 4  a4 r 2  25  a10 ln r  a11 
4  z  r 
 a a
 2  a55r10  a56r 8  a57r 6  a58r 4  a59r 2  a50 ln r  602  61
 r r4
a62 a63 
  a66 ln r  a67 ,
r 6 r8 
23
 Axial pressure gradient

dp 2F  r 22  r 21   a 69    2 a 70 
 a 68 , 21 24
dz

Where all constant are presented as follows

r 21  r 22  r 21 lnr 2  r 22 lnr 1   dp 0 3
a1  , a2   , a3   1 ,
4lnr 2  lnr 1  4lnr 2  lnr 1  32 dz
3 a dp 0 3
 1 a 31 dp 0 3
3 1 a 21 dp 0 3
a4   1 1 , a5  , a6   ,
8 dz 8 dz 2 dz
a5 a5
a7  a 3 r 41  a 4 r 21  2
 a 6 lnr 1 , a 8  a 3 r 42  a 4 r 22  2
 a 6 lnr 2 ,
r1 r2
a7  a8
a9  , a 10  a 9  a 6 , a 11  a 7  lnr 1 a 9 , a 12  16a 23 ,
lnr 2  lnr 1 
2
dp 1 dp 1 dp 1 dp 1
a 13  16a 3 a 4  4a 3 , a 14  1  2a 4  8a 3 a 1 
dz 4 dz dz dz
dp 1
8a 3 a 10  4a 24 ,
dz
 2
dp 1 dp 1 dp 1
a 15  a 1  a 10  4a 4 a 1  4a 4 a 10  16a 3 a 5 ,
dz dz dz
2
dp 1 dp 1 dp 1
a 16  4a 4 a 5  a 210  a 21  2a 5  2a 10 a 1  4a 5 a 4 ,
dz dz dz
dp 1 dp 1
a 17  4a 1 a 5  4a 5 a 10 , a 18  4a 25 , a 19  1  2a 4 , a 20  4a 3 ,
dz 2 dz
dp 1
a 21  a 1  a 10 , a 22  2a 5 , a 23  a 20 a 12 , a 24  a 12 a 19  a 13 a 20 ,
dz
a 25  a 12 a 21  a 20 a 14  a 13 a 19 , a 26  a 12 a 22  a 21 a 13  a 14 a 19  a 15 a 20 ,
a 27  a 13 a 22  a 21 a 14  a 15 a 19  a 16 a 20 , a 28  a 14 a 22  a 21 a 15  a 16 a 19  a 17 a 20 ,
a 29  a 15 a 22  a 21 a 16  a 17 a 19  a 18 a 20 , a 30  a 16 a 22  a 18 a 19  a 17 a 21 ,

5 5
dp 0 a1 3a dp 0
a 31  a 18 a 21  a 17 a 22 , a 32  a 18 a 22 , a 33  1 , a 34   1 ,
32 dz 8 16 dz
10a 21 dp 0 5
10a 31 dp 0 5
5a 41 dp 0 5
dp 0 5
a 35  , a 36  , a 37  a 38  a 51 ,
8 dz 4 dz 2 dz dz
2 2
3 1 a 20 dp 0 3 1 a 19 dp 0
a 39  , a 40   3 1 a 1 a 20 ,
4 dz 4 dz
2 2
3 1 a 21 dp 0 3 1 a 22 dp 0
a 41   3 1 a 21 a 20  3a 1 a 19 , a 42   3 1 a 21 a 19  3a 1 a 21 ,
4 dz 4 dz
2 2
dp 0 dp 0
a 43  3 1 a 22 a 1  3 1 a 21 a 21  , a 44  3 1 a 21 a 22 
dz dz
a 45   1 a 23 , a 46   1 a 24 , a 47   1 a 25   2 a 33  a 39 , a 48   1 a 26   2 a 34  a 40 ,
a 49   1 a 27   2 a 35  a 41 , a 50   1 a 28   2 a 36  a 42 , a 51   1 a 29   2 a 37  a 43 ,
a a
a 52   1 a 30   2 a 38  a 44 , a 53   1 a 31 , a 54   1 a 32 , a 55   45 , a 56   46 ,
10 8
a a a a a a
a 57   47 , a 58   48 , a 59   49 , a 60  51 , a 61  52 , a 62  53 ,
6 4 2 2 4 6
a 54 a 60 a 61
a 63  , a 64  1  a 56 r 1  a 57 r 1  a 58 r 1  a 59 r 1  a 50 lnr 1 
a 55 r 10 8 6 4 2

8 r 21 r 41
a 62 a 63
  ,
r 61 r 81

a 60 a a a
a 65  2  a 56 r 2  a 57 r 2  a 58 r 2  a 59 r 2  a 50 lnr 2 
a 55 r 10 8 6 4 2
2
 61
4
 62
6
 63 ,
r2 r2 r2 r 82
a 64  a 65
a 66  , a 67  a 66 lnr 1
lnr 2  lnr 1 
r 42  r 41 a
a 68   a 1 r 22 lnr 2  r 21 lnr 1   1 r 22  r 21   a 2 r 22  r 21  ,
8 2
r 62  r 61 a r 22 lnr 2  r 21 lnr 1  r 22  r 21 
a 69  2 a3  4 r 42  r 41   a 5 lnr 2  lnr 1   a 10  ,
8 4 2 4
a 11 r 22  r 21 
 .
2
The expression for pressure rise and frictional forces are given
by

p   dp
dz
dz, 22 25
0

F 0   r21 
dp
dz
dz, 23 26
0

F i   r22  dp
dz
dz, 24
0 27

dp
Where is defined in equation (21)
dz
HAM solution
In this section, we have found the HAM solution of Eqs.
(15) to (18). For that we choose

w 0  1  r 2  a lnr  a p . 25 28
1 2
4 z
as the initial guess. Further, the auxiliary linear operator for
the problem is taken as

1  w 0
 wr w  r r 26 29
r r
which satisfy

 wr w 0   0. 27 30
We can define following zeroth-order deformation problems
the

1  q wr  w r, q  w 0 r  q w N wr w r, q, 28

Corresponding boundary conditions are 31

w r, q  1, at r  r 1 ,
w r, q  1, at r  r 2 , 29 32

In Eq. (30) w denote the non-zero auxiliary parameter

,
q0, 1 is the embedding parameter and

1 w  2 w 1  w   w   w
3 22
N wr [ w (r , q)]   2  1    31  
r r r r  r   r  r
2

2  w   w 2  w 
4 2 5
1 dp
5 2     2    .
 r  r  r  dz
2
r 33
Obviously

ŵr, 0  w 0 , ŵr, 1  wr, 31 34

Expanding ŵr, q in Taylor's series with respect to

embedding parameter q.

ŵr, q  w 0 r   w m rq m , 32
n1 35

Where

1  m
w r, q
wm  . 33
m! q m q0
36

Differentiating the zeroth order deformation m-times with

respect to q and dividing by m! and finally setting q=0 , we
get the following mth order deformation problem
 w w m r   m w m1 r   w Rwr r, 34 37
where
m1 k
1  1
Rwr  w 
m 1  wm1  1  wm1k  wkl wl 


r r k 0 l 0
m1 k
31  wm 1k  wkl wl 
k 0 l 0
m1 k l j
5 2 2
w
k 0

m1k w
l 0

k l w
j 0

l j  ji i
w 

i 0
w 

m1 k l j
  2 2  wm 1k  wkl  wl  j  w ji wi   1   m .
1 dp
r k 0 l 0 j 0 i 0 dz

where 38
0, m  1,
m  36
1, m  1. 39
The solution of the above equation with the help of
Mathematica can be calculated and presented as follows

M 2M1 2M 2m 1n
w m r  lim
M
 a 0m ,0     a km ,n r n lnr 37
m 0 n1 m n1 k1
2M1 2M 2m 1n
 lim
M
   a km ,n r 4n2 , #
n1 m n1 k0

0 40
Where a m ,0 and a km ,n are constants
 H-curve

Fig .a. Represents h- curve for velocity profile.

 Expressions for the five considered wave forms
1) Sinusoidal wave

hz  1   sin2z 41

2) Triangular wave


1 n1
hz  1   8
3
 2n  1
sin22n  1z 42
n1

3) Square wave


1 n1
hz  1   4
  2n  1
cos22n  1z 43
n1
4) Trapezoidal wave


sin 8 2n  1
hz  1   32
2
 2n  1 2
sin22n  1z
n1

44
5) Multi sinusoidal wave

hz  1   sin2mz 45
 Numerical solution

To see the validity of perturbation and homotopy

analysis method we have also calculated the
solution of governing equations numerically by
employing shooting method. The numerical results
are also compared with the perturbation and HAM
results. The comparison of different types of
solutions is shown through table and figure, we
have found a good agreement between all the
results.
 Table.1

Table 1. Comparison of solutions by various methods.

 Comparison of velocity profile

-0.99

-1
Numerical solution
-1.01 Perturbation solution
HAM solution
-1.02

-1.03

w(r,z)
-1.04

-1.05

-1.06

-1.07

-1.08

-1.09
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
r

Fig .a. Comparison of velocity profile for different

solutions
 Velocity profile

-0.99

-1

 = 0.4
-1.01 1
 = 1.2
1
-1.02
 = 1.6
1

-1.03
w(r,z)

-1.04

-1.05
Fig.3. Velocity field for
-1.06 different values of
-1.07
retardation time  1
-1.08

-1.09
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
r

-0.99

-1

 =1
-1.01 2
 =5
2
-1.02
 = 10
2

-1.03

w(r,z)
-1.04
Fig.3. Velocity field for -1.05

different values of -1.06

relaxation time  2 -1.07

-1.08

-1.09
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
r
 -0.99

-1

-1.01
 = 0.0
-1.02  = 0.4
 = 0.8
-1.03

-1.04 Fig.3. Velocity field for

-1.05
different values of
-1.06
perturbation parameter

-1.07

-1.08

-1.09
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

15
 = 0.0
 = 0.1
10  = 0.3
 = 0.5

Fig.4. Pressure rise versus

P
0

flow rate for different -5

values of perturbation

-10

parameter
-15
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Q
 20
 = 0.15
1
15  = 0.20
1
 = 0.25
1
10
 1 = 0.30

5
Fig.5. Pressure rise versus
P

0
flow rate for different
-5
values of retardation
time  1
-10

-15

-20
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Q

 = 0.15
8 2
 = 0.20
2
6  = 0.25
2
 = 0.30
4 2

Fig.6. Pressure rise versus

P
0

flow rate for different -2

values of relaxation -4

time  2 -6

-8

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Q
 15
 = 0.0
 = 0.1
10  = 0.3
 = 0.5

Fig.7. Frictional forces versus

(i)

0
flow rate for outer tube
F

-5 for different values of

perturbation parameter

-10

-15
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Q

8  = 0.15
1
 = 0.20
6 1
 = 0.25
1
4  = 0.30
1

(i)
0
Fig.8. Frictional forces versus F
-2
flow rate for outer tube
-4
for different values of
retardation time  1
-6

-8

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Q
 8  = 0.15
2
 = 0.20
6 2
 = 0.25
2
4
 = 0.30
2

2 Fig.9. Frictional forces versus

flow rate for outer tube
(i)

0
F

-2
for different values of
-4
relaxation time  2
-6

-8

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Q

0.03

 = 0.0
 = 0.1
0.02
 = 0.3
 = 0.5

0.01

Fig.10. Frictional forces versus (0)

F
0

flow rate for inner tube -0.01

for different values of
perturbation parameter  -0.02

-0.03
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Q
 0.6  = 0.15
1
 = 0.20
1
0.4  = 0.25
1
 = 0.30
1
0.2
Fig.11. Frictional forces versus
(0)

0
flow rate for inner tube
F

-0.2
for different values of
-0.4
retardation time  1
-0.6

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Q

0.6  = 0.15
2
 = 0.20
2
0.4  = 0.25
2
 = 0.30
2
0.2

Fig.12. Frictional forces versus (0)

0
F
flow rate for inner tube
-0.2
for different values of
relaxation time  2 -0.4

-0.6

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Q
 -3.5
 = 0.05
-4  = 0.07
 = 0.09
-4.5  = 0.11

-5

-5.5
Fig.13. Pressure gradient versus
dP/dz

-6
z for sinusoidal wave
for different values of
amplitude ratio 
-6.5

-7

-7.5

-8
0 0.5 1 1.5
z

40
 = 0.05
 = 0.07
30  = 0.09
 = 0.11

20

Fig.14. Pressure gradient versus

dP/dz
10
z for square wave for
different values of 0

amplitude ratio  -10

-20
0 0.5 1 1.5
z
 40
 = 0.05
 = 0.07
30  = 0.09
 = 0.11

20

Fig.15. Pressure gradient versus

dP/dz

10

z for trapezoidal wave

0
for different values of 
-10

-20
0 0.5 1 1.5
z

18
 = 0.05
 = 0.07
16
 = 0.09
 = 0.11
14

12
Fig.16. Pressure gradient versus
z for triangular wave dP/dz
10

for different values of 8

amplitude ratio  6

2
0 0.5 1 1.5
z
 40
 = 0.05
 = 0.07
30  = 0.09
 = 0.11

20

Fig.17. Pressure gradient versus

dP/dz

10
z for multi sinusoidal wave
for different values of
amplitude ratio 
0

-10

-20
0 0.5 1 1.5
z

Fig.18. Streamlines for

sinusoidal wave
 Fig.19. Streamlines for
square wave

Fig.20. Streamlines for

trapezoidal wave
 Fig.21. Streamlines for
triangular wave

Fig.22. Streamlines for

multi sinusoidal
wave
Peristaltic flow of a non-Newtonian fluid
with variable viscosity in an endoscope
 The governing equations in dimensionless form can
be written as
Continuity equation
u  u  w  0, 12
r r z 1

r-Component of momentum equation

p   T
Re  3 u   w  u    r rT rr    2  T rz   r , 13
r z r r z

2
z-Component of momentum equation

  p 1 
Re  u  w w  r rT rz     T zz , 14
r z z r z

3
 where
w w 2
r
r 1   1  2 1  dd  b  2c 2d  3b r
T rz  2
,
w
1  21 1  dd  b  2d  3b
c
2 r

T rr   2 r w 1  d  b   1 w 1  d  bT rz ,
2

r r
T zz   2 r w 1  d  b   1 w 1  d  bT rz ,
2

r r
T    2 r w b   1 w bT rz .
2

r r
4
Under the assumption of long wave length approximation and
low Reynolds number above equations take the form
p
 0,
r 5
p
 1r  rr w  1r   1 r w   2  r w
3 5
2
1
z r r r r r

6
 where
  1  dd  b  c 2d  3b,  1   1  2   1 ,  2   31  2 .
2
Corresponding boundary conditions in dimensionless form are

w  1, at r  r 1 , 17 7

w  1, at r  r2  1   sin2z. 18 8

Solution of the problem

Perturbation solution
For perturbation solution, we expand w, F, p by taking 
as perturbation parameter

w  w 0  w 1   2 w 2  O 3 , 20
w  P 0  P 1   2 P 2  O 3 , 21
9
F  F 0  F 1   2 F 2  O 3 , 22
 The perturbation results for small perturbation parameter satisfying
boundary condition can be written as
Velocity profile
w  1  3r 2  2r 3  12a 1 lnr  r  12a 2  1 P  a 20 r 7 
12 z
a
 a 21 r 6  a 22 r 5  a 23 r 4  a 24 r 3  a 25 r 2  a 26 r  a 27 lnr  r28 
a 29
a 31 lnr  r  a 33    2
a 64 r 19
 a 65 r 18
 a 66 r 17
 a 67 r 16
r2
 a 68 r 15  a 69 r 14  a 70 r 13  a 71 r 12  a 72 r 11  a 73 r 10  a 74 r 9  a 75 r 8
 a 76 r 7  a 77 r 6  a 78 r 5  a 79 r 4  a 80 r 3  a 81 r 2  a 82 r  a 83 lnr 
a 84 a 85 a 86 a 87 a 88 a 89 a 90 a 91
r  2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
a 63 . 2
r r r r r r r

Axial pressure gradient 10

dP  2F  r 2
2  r 2
1   a 93    2
a 94 
a , 24 11
dz 92
The expression for pressure rise and frictional forces are given
by

p   dp
dz
dz, 22 12
0

F 0
  r 21 
dp
dz
dz, 23 13
0

F i
  r 22 
dp
dz
dz, 24 14
0

dp
Where is defined in equation (21)
dz
 Numerical solution
Equations (5) and (6) are also solved numerically by employing
shooting method. Comparison of both the perturbation and
numerical solution have been presented by the following table
r Numerical sol Perturbation sol Error
0.1 -1.00000 -1.00000 0.00000
0.2 -1.04474 -1.04455 0.00018
0.3 -1.06692 -1.06655 0.00034
0.4 -1.08045 -1.07784 0.00242
0.5 -1.08498 -1.08214 0.00262
0.6 -1.08432 -1.08109 0.00298
0.7 -1.07845 -1.07558 0.00266
0.8 -1.06907 -1.06613 0.00275
0.9 -1.05610 -1.05309 0.00285
1.0 -1.03772 -1.03668 0.00100
1.1 -1.01773 -1.01707 0.00006
1.18 -1.00000 -1.00000 0.00000
Table 1. Comparison of solutions by various methods.
 Comparison of velocity profile

-0.99

-1
Numerical solution
-1.01
Perturbation solution
-1.02

-1.03
w(r,z)
-1.04

-1.05

-1.06

-1.07

-1.08

-1.09
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
r

Fig .a. Comparison of velocity profile for different

solutions
 35
 = 0.0
30  = 0.3
 = 0.6
25  = 0.9 Fig.1. Pressure rise versus
20
flow rate for different
15
values of perturbation
parameter 
P

10

-5

-10

-15
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Q

25
 = 0.00
 = 0.15
20
 = 0.30
 = 0.45
15

10

Fig.2. Pressure rise versus

P
5

flow rate for different 0

values of viscosity
parameter 
-5

-10

-15
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Q
 20
 = 0.2
2
 = 0.4
2
15
 = 0.6
2 Fig.3. Pressure rise versus
 = 0.8

10
2
flow rate for different
values of relaxation
time  2
P

-5

-10
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Q

50
 =1
1
 =2
40 1
 =3
1
 =4
30 1

20

Fig.4. Pressure rise versus P 10

flow rate for different
values retardation 0

time  1 -10

-20
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Q
 25
= 0.0
= 0.2
20
= 0.3

15
= 0.4 Fig.5. Pressure rise versus
10
flow rate for different
values of amplitude
P

ratio 
5

-5

-10

-15
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Q

40
= 0.1
= 0.3
30 = 0.4
= 0.5

20

P 10
Fig.6. Pressure rise versus
flow rate for different

0

values radius ratio

-10

-20
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Q
 3
 = 0.0
2
 = 0.3

1
 = 0.6
 = 0.9
Fig.7. Frictional forces for
0 inner tube versus
-1
flow rate for different
(0)
F

-2
values of perturbation
-3
parameter 
-4

-5

-6
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Q

3
 = 0.00
2
 = 0.15
 = 0.30
1
 = 0.45
0

-1

Fig.8. Frictional forces for (0)

F -2

inner tube versus -3

flow rate for different -4

values of viscosity -5

parameter  -6
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Q
 4

 = 0.2
2
2  = 0.4
2
 = 0.6
2
Fig.9. Frictional forces for
0  = 0.8
2 inner tube versus
flow rate for different
(0)

-2
F

values of relaxation
-4 time  2
-6

-8
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Q

5
 =1
1
 =2
1

0  =3
1
 =4
1

-5

(0)
Fig.10. Frictional forces for F
-10
inner tube versus
flow rate for different -15

values of retardation
time  -20
1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
Q
0 1 2 3
 2
 = 0.0
 = 0.2
1 

= 0.3
= 0.4 Fig.11. Frictional forces for
0 inner tube versus
flow rate for different
(0)

-1
values of amplitude
F

-2 ratio 
-3

-4
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Q

2
 = 0.1
 = 0.3
1  = 0.4
 = 0.5

Fig.12. Frictional forces for (0)

-1
F
inner tube versus -2

flow rate for different

values radius ratio  -3

-4
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Q
 10
 = 0.0
5  = 0.3
 = 0.6
0
 = 0.9 Fig.13. Frictional forces for
-5
outer tube versus
-10
flow rate for different
(i)

-15
F

values of perturbation
parameter 
-20

-25

-30

-35

-40
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Q

10
 = 0.00
 = 0.15
 = 0.30
5
 = 0.45

(i)
Fig.14. Frictional forces for F
-5
outer tube versus
flow rate for different -10

values of viscosity
parameter  -15
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Q
 15

 = 0.2
2
10
 = 0.4
2
 = 0.6
2
Fig.15. Frictional forces for
5
 = 0.8
2 outer tube versus
0
flow rate for different
(i)

-5
values of relaxation
F

-10
time  2
-15

-20

-25
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Q

20
 =1
1
10  =2
1
 =3
0 1
 =4
1
-10

-20

(i)
Fig.16. Frictional forces for F -30

outer tube versus -40

flow rate for different -50

values of retardation -60

time  1 -70
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Q
 10

 = 0.0
5  = 0.2


= 0.3
= 0.4
Fig.17. Frictional forces for
0 outer tube versus
flow rate for different
(i)

-5
F

values of amplitude
-10
ratio 
-15

-20
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Q

10
 = 0.1
 = 0.3
5
 = 0.4
 = 0.5
0

-5
(i)
Fig.18. Frictional forces for F
-10

outer tube versus

-15
flow rate for different
values radius ratio  -20

-25
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Q
 22
 = 0.20
20  = 0.25
 = 0.30
18  = 0.35
Fig.19. Pressure gradient versus
16
z for different values of
14
amplitude ratio 
dP/dz

12

10

4
0 0.5 1 1.5
z

-20
 = 0.20
 = 0.25
-40  = 0.30
 = 0.35

-60

dP/dz -80

Fig.20. Pressure gradient

versus z for different -100

values radius ratio -120

-140
0 0.5 1 1.5
z
 12
Q = 0.50
11 Q = 0.55
Q = 0.60
10
Q = 0.65
Fig.21. Pressure gradient versus
9 z for different values of
8
flow rate Q
dP/dz

3
0 0.5 1 1.5
z

140
 = 0.0
1
 = 0.1
120 1
 = 0.2
1
 = 0.3
100 1

Fig.22. Pressure gradient versus 80

z for different values of dp/dz

retardation time  1
60

40

20

0
0 0.5 1 1.5
Q
 25
 = 0.0
2
 = 0.1
2
 = 0.2
20 2
 = 0.3
Fig.23. Pressure gradient versus
2
z for different values of
15
relaxation time  2
dp/dz

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5
Q

3.2
 = 0.1
3  = 0.2
 = 0.3
2.8  = 0.4

2.6

2.4

dP/dz
Fig.24. Pressure gradient 2.2

versus z for different 2

values of perturbation
parameter 
1.8

1.6

1.4
0 0.5 1 1.5
z
1.2 (e)

1 Fig.25. Streamlines for different

values of perturbation
parameter 
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

1.2 (f)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

1.2 (i)

1
Fig.26. Streamlines for different
0.8 values of viscosity
parameter 
0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

1.2 (j)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

1.2 (k)

Fig.27. Streamlines for different

0.8 values of relaxation
time  2
0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.2
(l)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

1.2 (g)

Fig.28. Streamlines for different

1
values of retardation
0.8
time  1

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

1.2 (h)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7