Questions no 1:

How science is learnt. Critically analyze different theories of science learning. Identify for how long
these theories are followed for teaching of science.

Answer :

Science :

The word science means knowledge in which we study the observation and make experiment.

Branches of science:

1:Biology

2:chemistry

3:physics

How we learn science :

We learnt science by learning the observation that are made by scientist. we also learn from their
invention we learn science by making experiment on different species organisms, and other things of
this type. From science we learn the result to understand the various principle of nature. In science we
learn fact skills of living ngOrganism.

Theories of science learning:

Theories of science in six subjects that were given the name such as biology, chemistry, physics,
Astronomy, Geology and Psychology.

Tags of theories :

There are three tags of theories.

1:Behaviourism

2:cognitivism

3:constructivism

Behaviorism:

Behaviorism is the idea of knowledge that are self sufficient or learners. In behaviorist mind the scholar
is a empty plan that provided information to scholar. From this correlation new related learning are
made learning is attained. When the provided incentives are change. From this work are non-
educational example are done by Pavlov. Pavlov performed the experiment that become very famous.
He performed this experiment on dogs . He named the experiment “salivating dogs”experiment.
According to this experiment he stated that whenever we rung the bell every time he fed the food.
because the dog start drooling when he heard the bell. The dog related with the bell because he know
whenever the bell rang he being provided with food and thus the dog starts drooling.

Behaviorism in classroom:
I teach many student that if I stand with my arms folded at the specific place in class. Then you know
that I disappointed by then noise. If I sit on desk and my legs are across to each other then I would be
able to say some important supportative. The student will impress my supportative.

Behaviorism involve certain actions.

• Strengthening
• Stimulus
Theorists :
• Hull
• Pavlov
• Skinner
• Watson

Learning view process :

1:change the operation

2:Feeling

3:Information

Center of learning :

Inspired the external environment.

Causes of learning :

Produce operational change in direction.

Part of planner:

Boost the plan to obtain the response.

Cognitivism :

Cognitivism also compare with Behaviorism. Cognitivism also emphasizes on the idea of student
process information. A responding incentive are received by Cognitivism.

There is an operational change in obvious and this is the answer for processing the information.

In 1920 cognitive theories presented in Germany by scientist “Wolfgang Kohler”

Cognitivism give raise to Many educational based theories including cognitive theory. In cognitive
theory, when student rearrange the knowledge or by finding the solution can occur. Change in
knowledge is stored in memory rather than change the behaviors.

Cognitive theories are assigned to JEAN PIAGET . Piaget develop the cognitive theory. Piaget gave
the great importance to educational student. Piaget develop interest in biology and other natural
things.

Four stages of cognitive theory :

 Piaget identify the four stages of cognitive theory.

1:sensori motor stage

2:preoperational

3:concrete operational stage

4:Formal operational stage

Constructivism :

Constructivism is established on the postulate in which we able to build the new ideas of learning.
student accommodate their models to understand the theories. students need to modify their
knowledge for productive approach.

EXAMPLE:

Bruner’s spiral curriculum today students are constructive their own knowledge base, that are not
always expected. The teachers should check the student knowledge base and question than about
their knowledge base. when lecture results are required the constructive will not a ideal theory.

Humanist:

Theorists:

• Neil
• Rogers
• Maslow
• Froebel

Opinion for learning process :

To fulfil capacity. It is a private action.

Location of learning :

• Emotive
• Mental needs

Cause of instruction:

Become self achieved and independent

Key points of learning :

• A person who learns the knowledge or abilities that required by the direction or study. Is the
move or incident of learning.
• For content learning is not an inert absorption.

Question no 2:
Write the importance of instructional aid in your own words. Discuss the changing scenario regarding
instructional material for science teaching and learning.

Answer :

Instructional aids:

Device which are used to assist learning aids called instructional aids. Teacher used the instructional aids
to clear the concept.

For Example poster, chart, video or picture etc.

Importance of instructional aids.

Educators presented different about the working of memory and brain during the process of
communication. In Oxford dictionary communication means the process of expressing feeling or ideas to
people to clear your point of view by using different communication resources such as radio, computer
and telephone etc. Teacher learning process is a process in which communication occurs among the
teachers and students. Teachers convey its idea or information to students in such a way so that student
can understand the lesson.

There are three phases of learning.

1.Accepting the information.

2. Retaining the information.

3.Retriving the information.

Johnston presented a model for the transmission of learning.

This model represented the flow of information and then the process of the information. This model
play role in the explanation of meaningful learning in which wrong or previous information get deleted
to learn new fulfil thing. Basically this model is important in learning and teaching of science.

Mainly there are three parts of this model which are depicted as follow.

• Perception.
• Short term memory.
• Long term memory.

Perception:

This is the active process forces and act as filtered to select and pass the only useful
information. It use the previous knowledge to interpret the sensory information. Only useful
information is selected perception because human mind is not a dustbin to store any kind of
information. If any information is useful it will not store in memory and then the information get lost.

Short - term memory :

In short term memory brain holds the information interpret it, process it, and then alter it, to store the
formation in long-term memory.
Long- term memory:

In long term memory, memory store for long time and can be retrieved at any time . Long term memory
has a great link with perception and short term memory concept and fact built, In long term memory
and when there is need of any concept long term memory retries that concept and idea within no
information.

Instructional aids highlight and explain the concept and facts. perception received the information and
divide it into useful and useless information and then send it to short term memory where the time and
capacity for information is limited. In short term memory information is further processed by brain and
covert the information into the long term memory instructional aids have critical effectiveness for the
process. some kind of information like chart, graphics, video, or pictures have long lasting effects on
brain and help student for better understanding of concepts and information.

Simply instructional aids cover the key point and concepts The coverage of information is straight
forward and simple so that student or learners can easily learn it and recall it anytime. simple
instructional aids are much suitable then the other instructional aides have many advantages such as
they help in remembering the important information, gaing and holding the attention video and audio
aids play very important role in understanding and conceptualizing the concept.

one caution must be taken to keep the student attention focused on the topic and that aids should not
contain any distracting material from the topic and that aids should not contain any distracting material
from the topic. The main goal of instruction aids is to retain the main key points of topic. It is observed
by different studies that instructional aids increase retention mainly from 10 to 15 percent and it can be
further increased by taking various helpful strategies to 80 percent.

Instructional aids give good understanding and concept developing and solve the problem of languages
understanding classification of concept done by instructional aids by using graphics, diagram and videos
images. Specific symbols are also used by instructor to convey the information to students. This also
help the student to learn more in short time.

Question number 3:

Develop plan or any three topics for the 8 class science from your relevant portion i. e physics,
chemistry or biology based on 5E learning model.

Answer :

Lesson plan:

A Lesson plan in which teachers plans the lesson on daily to complete the course.

Types Of lessons plan:

• Daily lesson plan

• Weekly lesson plan
• Subject lesson plan

5E learning model :
 There are five phases

1:Engage

2:Evaluation

3:Explore

4:Explain

5:Elaborate

Learning plans for class 8th science subjects :

• Biology
• Physics
• Chemistry

Lesson plan for biology :

Topic:

Structure of kidney.

Grade:

VIII.

Date:

11-6-21..

Time:

35 minutes.

Competency:

Science.

Standard:

Students are able to understand between the living and basics step.

Concepts:

• Structure of kidney.
• Functional unit of kidney.

Internal structure of kidney :

Prior knowledge :

• Structure of nephron
• Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
Outcomes :

• After this student are able to label structure of kidney.

• Explain the function of kidney.

Motivation :

Close your eyes and visualize the shape of kidney.

Presentation :

Structure of kidney:

Kidnies are dark red bean shape organ. It is about 10 centimeter long, 5 centimeter wide and four
centimeter thick. It is placed over the back wall abdomen regions on either side of vertebral column.

Internal structure of kidney:

The outer part of kidney is called renal cortex that are dark red in color. The inner part of kidney is called
renal medulla that are pale red in color. Renal medulla has corn shape structure called renal pyramid.
Real pyramid project into funnel shape structure called renal pelvis.

Functional unit of kidney :

The functional unit of kidney is nephron. It is divided into two parts.

Two parts:

1:Renal corpuscle.

2:Renal tubule.

Renal corpuscle.

Renal corpuscle is not tubular. It is divided into two parts.

• Glomerulus is the network of capillaries.

• Bowman’s capsule is cup-shaped structure that enclosed glomerulus.

Renal tubule:

It start after bowman’s capsule. Its first portion is called proximal convoluted tubule. The next portion is
called loop of Henle. The last portion is called distal convoluted tubule.

Learning plans in physics :

Topic:

Measuring cylinder.

Grade:

VIII.

Date:
11-6-21.

Time:

40 minutes.

Competency:

Science.

Standard:

Students are able how to measure liquid in cylinder.

Concepts:

Measuring the liquids.

Prior Knowledge:

Measure liquid in meters or millimeters.

Outcome:

After this students are able to measure liquid in cylinder.

Presentation:

Measuring cylinder:

Measuring cylinder is the glass or transparent cylinder in which we measure the liquids in millimeters
etc. To get the correct measurement of liquid. We have to place it at the horizontal surface to get
correct measurements. Place your eyes on the level on the bottom of curved surface.

Learning plans in Chemistry:

Topic:

Acid, bases, and salts.

Grade:

VIII.

Date:

11-6-21.

Time:

40 minutes.

Competency:

Science.
Standards:

Student are able to difference between acid, bases and salts.

Prior Knowledge :

Example of acid, bases and salt.

Presentation :

Acid, bases, salts.

Acids:

Acids are sour in taste. Acids are those that contain H+ ions in their aqueous solution. They also conduct
electric current.

For Example:

Hydrochloric acid(HCL)

Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

Uses of acids:

Sulphuric acid is use to manufacturing fertilizer. We make paints, dies, drugs from Sulphuric acid .

Hydrochloric acid.:

It is use for cleaning metals.

Benzoic acid:

It is used for the preservation of food.

Acetic acid:

It is use for the food preservation and is used for flavoring the food.

Bases:

Bases are bitter in taste and slippery in touch. Such as soap. Base are those that contain OH- ions in their
aqueous solution. They contain electric current in their aqueous solution

For Example:

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2

Uses f bases:
Sodium Hydroxide :

It is used in making soap.

Calcium Hydroxide :

It is used for making bleaching powdered in laboratory.

Salts:

Salts are ionic compound that are formed by the neutralization of acid with a base

For Example:

Sodium chloride(NaCl)

Characteristics of salt:

• They are soluble in water.

• They have salty taste.
• They have high melting and boiling point.
• They do not have equal numbers of positive and negative ions but same number of positive and
negative charges.