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Ch15 Kitabcd Class 8 MSBHSE Science Notes

The document discusses the production and propagation of sound. It defines sound as a form of energy that creates the sensation of hearing. Sound is produced by vibrations of objects like tuning forks or vocal cords. It needs a medium like air to propagate in the form of compressions and rarefactions. The frequency of sound waves is measured in Hertz.

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110 views

Ch15 Kitabcd Class 8 MSBHSE Science Notes

The document discusses the production and propagation of sound. It defines sound as a form of energy that creates the sensation of hearing. Sound is produced by vibrations of objects like tuning forks or vocal cords. It needs a medium like air to propagate in the form of compressions and rarefactions. The frequency of sound waves is measured in Hertz.

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CLASS-8-CHAPTER-15-

SOUND

Notes
Std. VIII-General Science
Maharashtra State Board 2020-2021

© KitabCdAcademy-2018-2021

WWW.KITABCD.ORG Free Online Study Material


Class-8-Chapter-15-Sound
Topics to be learn :
 Production of sound
 Propagation of sound and medium
 Frequency of sound Waves
 Sound and Music
 Sound produced by the humans
 Sound generation by a loudspeaker

Sound : Sound is a form of energy which produces sensation of hearing in our


ears.
Production of Sound : Sound is produced by the vibrations of an object such as a
stretched membrane or a string under tension.
Production of sound by using a tuning fork : A tuning fork is made of a metal.
It has a stem and two prongs see fig.

 In below figure, fig.(a) shows the state of air in the absence of propagation
sound through it.

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 Equally spaced vertical lines show that the average distance between the air
molecules is the same everywhere. It means average pressure and average
density are the same in the regions A, B and C.

 Suppose the tuning fork is held vertical, its stem is fixed in a stand (not
shown in the figure) and its prongs are struck lightly using a light hammer
with a piece of rubber at the top. The prongs then start vibrating.
 Figure (b) shows what happens when the prongs move away from each
other. The air outside the prongs is compressed (layers in the region A). The
pressure and density increase in this region.
 Figure (c) shows what happens when the prongs move close to each other.
The air molecules near the prongs move away from each other resulting in
lower pressure and lower density. This region is called rarefaction.
 Meanwhile, the compression produced earlier moves forward, i.e., away from
the prongs because the air molecules in this region transfer their energy to
the air molecules in the region B producing a compression there. The periodic
formation of compression and rarefaction results in propagation of sound
waves away from the prongs. '
 Eventually, these sound waves reach our ears, the ear-drum vibrates, and we
get a sense of hearing a sound as the specific signals reach the brain.
 Propagation of sound and medium

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Propagation of sound and medium : Sound needs a medium, such as air, for
propagation.
 As sound travels through air, there occur changes in pressure and density in
air.
 The region in which air is at high pressure and high density is called
compression.
 The region in which air is at low pressure and low density is called
rarefaction.
Sound needs a material medium for propagation- Prove :

 Above figure shows part of the set up used in this experiment.


 A vacuum tight bell jar contains an electric bell connected to a power supply
through the lid of the jar. The jar is placed on a smooth horizontal surface
such as that of glass.
 Initially the vacuum pump is off and the jar contains air. The circuit
containing the bell is completed using the key or the switch so that the bell
starts ringing. This can be heard outside the jar.
 Then the vacuum pump is switched on so that it starts removing the air from
the jar.
 We find that the level of ringing sound heard goes on decreasing as the
quantity of air in the jar becomes less and less.
 When the pump is operated for a sufficiently long time interval, the quantity
of air in the jar becomes so less that the level of ringing sound becomes very

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low; sound is hardly audible. But we can see the striker in the bell hitting the
gong.
 By extrapolation, we conclude that sound generation and propagation needs
a medium.

Frequency : Sound travels in the form of waves. A wave consists of cycles of


alternate compression and rarefaction. The number of cycles produced in the air (or
any other medium) per second is called the frequency of the sound wave.
It is expressed in hertz (Hz). 1 hertz = 1 cycle per second or 1 vibration per second
or 1 oscillation per second.

Sound and Music :

 In musical instruments like sitar and violin (string instruments),


vibrating strings produce sound. In these string based instruments, the
frequency of vibration of the string is changed by changing the tension on the
string and/or by changing the vibrating length of the string using fingers.
This results in generation of different notes.
 In musical instruments like flute and shehnai (wind instruments),
vibrating air column produces sound. In musical instruments like flute, the
holes on the flute are opened or closed to change the length of vibrating air
column in the flute. The frequency of waves, therefore, changes and it results
in the production of different notes. In flute, different notes can be generated
by changing the way of air-blowing also.

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 In musical instruments like Tabla (Percussion instrument), vibrating skin
produces the sound. The greater the tension in the skin, the higher is the
frequency of the sound. The greater the thickness of the skin, the lower is
the frequency of the sound. -
 In the humans, sound is produced in the larynx.
Sound production in the human larynx : In the humans, sound is produced in
the voice box called the larynx.
 It is located at the upper end of the windpipe.
 Two vocal cords (chords) are stretched across it with a narrow slit between
them for the passage of air (Fig.).
 When the lungs force air through the slit, the cords start vibrating. The
frequency of the sound produced depends upon the length and thickness of
the cords, and the tension in the chords.
 The frequency increases with the increase in tension and the more the length
or the thickness of the cord, the less is the frequency.
 Muscles attached to the cords can make the cords tight (more tension) or
loose (less tension).

Here, production of sound occurs due to vibrations of the stretched vocal cords (E
chords in Anatomy).
[chord = a variant spelling of cord; used in Anatomy]

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Sound produced in a loudspeaker : Figure shows the internal construction of a
loudspeaker.

 Here, a coil is wound around a permanent magnet. The conical screen of the
loudspeaker is attached to the coil.
 When a current is passed through the coil, a magnetic field is produced. Its
interaction with the permanent magnet results in the back and forth motion
of the coil.
 The frequency and the amplitude of the motion of the coil depends on the
variation in the current through the coil.
 As the coil moves, the conical screen also moves back and forth. The
vibrations of the screen produce sound waves in air.
 Very loud sound can be produced by changing the current.
Very loud sounds can be produced by using a loudspeaker. If sound level is around
100 decibels, the sound can be harmful to us.

END

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