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2 Stoichiometry

1. ATOMIC MASS
Atomic mass of an element is a number which indicates as to how many times an atom of that element is
heavier on an average as compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12 (6C12).
Atomic mass of an element is the average mass of all the naturally existing isotopes of an element i.e.,

Average mass of an atom

Atomic mass =
1/12  Mass of an atom of C12
Since the atomic mass is a ratio, it has no units and is expressed in a.m.u.
1 1
1 a.m.u. = × mass of C12 atom = × 1.9924 × 10–23 g = 1.66 × 10–24 g
12 12

According to Dulong and Petit’s Law:

Atomic mass × Specific heat (in cal per gram) = 6.4 (app.)

6.4
Thus Atomic mass (app.) =
Sp. heat (in cal per gram)

The law is applicable only to solid elements except Be, B, C and Si.

2. MOLECULAR MASS
Molecular mass of a substance is an additive property and can be calculated by adding the atomic masses
of all the atoms of different elements present in one molecule.

Methods of determining Molecular Masses

(a) Vapour density method :
1 Mass of volatile substance
V. D. = × 22400
2 Volume of vapour of its chloride at STP
Molecular mass = 2 × V.D.
(b) Diffusion method :
According to Graham’s law of diffusion, rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to
the square root of its molecular mass.

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r1 M2
=
r2 M1
(c) Victor Meyer method :
This method applies to volatile organic liquids. Suppose vapour of an organic liquid having
mass W g occupies a volume of V mL at STP. Then its molecular mass is,
W
Mol. mass = × 22,400.
V
3. AVOGADRO NUMBER (NA)
The number of carbon atoms present in one gram-atom (1 mole atom) of C–12 isotope is called Avogadro’s
number. One gram-atom (12 grams) of C–12 contains 6.02 × 1023 atoms. Thus the numerical value of
Avogadro’s number (NA) is 6.02 × 1023 per mol. It should be noted that
1
1 a.m.u. = th of mass of a C12 atom
12

4. EQUIVALENT WEIGHT
According to basic definition, equivalent weight of substance is that weight of substance which is associated
with 1 gm of H, 8 gm of O, 35.5 gm of Cl or with 80 gm of Br.

molecular wt.
In general eq. wt. = ; where n is called n-factor
n

Calculation of n-factor:
(a) For acids : n factor is basicity of acid. Provided there is no change in oxidation number of anion of acid
during chemical reaction.
(b) For bases : n-factor is acidity of base, or number of replaceable OH– ions.
(c) For compounds :
(i) If there is no change in oxidation number. Then n = no. of cations × respective charge.

For example : Ca C O 3  2HCl 

 Ca Cl 2  H 2 O  CO 2
2
2 4 2 2 4

n factor for CaCO3 is 1 × 2 = 2

(ii) If threre is change in oxidation number
Then n = Total change in oxidation number per molecule
oxidation
For example : FeSO
2
4   Fe 2 (SO 4 )3
3

n = 1 × (1) = 1
Reduction
Fe 2 (SO 4 )3   FeSO 4
3 2

n = 1 × (2) = 2

KI 
 I 2
1 0

n = 1 (1) = 1

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 I 
I2 
0 1

n = 1 (2) = 2

Br   BrO3 
 Br2
1 5 0

n=1 n=5
oxidation
H 2 C2O 4   CO 2
3 4

n=2
oxidation 3
Fe C2 O 4   Fe  CO 2
2 3 3 4

n = 1 (1) + 2 (1) = 3
2
KMnO 4 
 Mn
7 2

n=5

5. LAW OF EQUIVALENCE
This law as stated earlier says that 1 equivalent of every substance will react with 1 equivalent of every other
substance to form one equivalent of each of the different products.

6. EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION :

(a) Normality (N) :

It is defined as the number of equivalents (equivalent weight in grams) of a solute present per litre of the
solution. Normality changes with temperature since volume of the solution changes with temperature.
No. of eq of solute wt. of solute in gm
Normality = = Eq. wt  V (in litre)
Vol. of solution in litres
(b) Molarity (M) :
Molarity of a solution is the number of moles of the solute per litre of solution (or number of millimoles per
ml. of solution).
No. of moles of solute Wt. of solute in gm
Molarity = = Mol. wt.  V (in litre)
Vol. of solution in litres
(c) Formality :
It is the number of formula weight in gm dissolved per litr eof solution. In case formula weight is equal to
the molecular weight, the formality and molarity is the same.

(d) Molality (M):

It is the number of moles or gram molecules of the solute per 1000 g of the solvent.

No. of moles of solute

Molality   1000
amount of solvent in g

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Molality of a solution does not change with temperature because it does not involve volume of the solution.
(e) Mole Fraction :
It is ratio of the number of moles of one component (i.e. solute or solvent) to the total number of moles of
the solution (i.e. both the components). It is usually represented by the letter x. Thus in solution containing
n1 moles of solute and n2 moles of solvent, the mole fraction of the solute (x1) and mole fraction of solvent
(x2) would be
n1 n2
x1  , x2 
n1  n 2 n1  n 2
(f) Part Per Million:
The amount of the solute present in one millionth part of solution is called parts per million.

Mass of A 6
Mathematically, ppm A   10
Total mass of the solution

7. STRENGTH OF SOLUTION

(a) Percentage by mass % w/w : The amount of the solute present in 100 g of solution is called
percentage by weight.

(b) Percentage weight by volume (% w/v) : The amount of solute present in 100 ml of solution is
called percentage weight volume.

(c) Percentage volume by volume (% v/v) : The amount of solute present in 100 ml of solution is
called percentage volume by volume.

8. ACID - BASE TITRATIONS

(a) Simple Titration - When both the reagents are fully consumed.
Then N1 V1 = N2 V2
(b) Back Titration - When one reagent is taken in excess. Thus excess or left amount of it is to be back
titrated with some other suitable reagent to get actual amount of percentage purity.
(c) Double titration - When more than one indicators are used in complete reaction. If a mixture of
NaOH, Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 is treated with HCl, following reaction occur.

NaOH  HCl  NaCl  H 2 O

 Na 2CO 3  HCl  NaCl  NaHCO3


 NaHCO3  HCl  NaCl  H 2 O  CO 2

NaHCO3  HCl  NaCl  H 2 O  CO 2

If HPh is used. Then

Meq. of acid = Meq. of NaOH + 1/2 Meq. of Na2CO3
But if methyl orange is used then
MeOH of acid = Meq of NaOH + Meq of Na2CO3 + Meq. of NaHCO3

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9. STRENGTH OF H2O2 SOLUTION

Strength of H2O2 solution is expressed in terms of volumes of O2 which are obtained by 1 volume of given
H2O2 solution.
Volume strength = 5.6 × normality

10. STRENGTH OF OLEUM

Oleum means mixture of conc. H2SO4 and SO3
Thus, Oleum = x H2SO4 + y SO3
(x H2SO4 + y SO3) + y H2O  (x + y) H2SO4
Strength of oleum is expressed in terms of percentage which is equal to weight of H2SO4 obtained when
water is added to 100 gms of oleum.

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Objective Questions
1. Oxidation number of C in HNC is
(1) 0 (2) +1 (3) –1 (4) +2
2. Some fat is dissolved in ether at 10°C. Then for this solution
(1) M (molarity) > m (molality) (2) M = m
(3) M < m (4) M  m
3. In HN3 oxidation numbers of N are
(1) –3, –3, –3 (2) 0, 0, –3 (3) 0, 0, –1 (4) –1 only in all
4. In Ba(SCN)2 oxidation number of S is
(1) 0 (2) –2 (3) –1 (4) +2
5. pH range for an indicator is the range in which it
(1) changes its colour (2) does not change its colour
(3) shows acidic colour only (4) does not dissociates
6. A sample of water contains 120 ppm MgSO4. Its degree of hardness will be
(1) 120 (2) 60 (3) 50 (4) 100
–5
7. An indicator HIn (Ka = 10 ) is not suitable for the titration of
(1) strong acid vs strong base (2) strong acid vs weak base
(3) weak acid vs strong base (4) suitbale for all
8. Oleum is a mixture of
(1) conc. H2SO4 and SO3 in any proportion (2) conc. H2SO4 and SO3 in mole ratio 1 : 1
(3) conc. H2SO4 and water in mole ratio 1 : 1 (4) conc. H2SO4 and SO3 in mole ratio of 1 : 2
9. Total number of moles of Sn4+ needed to react with 1 mole of K2Cr2O7 in acidic medium will be
(1) 1 (2) 3
(3) 1.5 (4) reaction does not occur
10. Weight percentage of free SO3 in 104.5% oleum is
(1) 20 (2) 40 (3) 4.5 (4) 9
11. Equivalent weight of HNO3 in Cu + 4HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O will be
(1) 63 (2) 31.5 (3) 126 (4) 15.75
12. A complex Na4[M(CN)6] (molecular weight = a) is converted into AlNa5[M(CN)6]2 by some process. In
this process equivalent weight of complex would be
(1) a (2) a/4 (3) 2a/3 (4) 3a/2
13. 16 g of N2H4 loses 5 moles of electrons to form a new compound X. If all the nitrogen appears in new
compound and there is no change in oxidation state of H, the oxidation state of N in X will be
(1) –1 (2) –3 (3) +3 (4) +5

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14. In Half reaction, CN–  CNO– the number of electrons that must be added is
(1) 0 (2) 1 on right side (3) 1 on left side (4) 2 on right side

15. Two sulphur atoms in Na2S2O3 have oxidation states

(1) +2 and +4 (2) –2 and +6 (3) +4 and +6 (4) same

 A n1 value of x will be
16. In the reaction, A  n2  xe 

(1) (n1 + n2) (2) (n2 – n1) (3) (n1 – n2) (4) n1.n2

17. One mole of chlorine gas is oxidized into one mole of each of chloride and chlorate ions. The number of
electrons gained/lost per chlorine molecule are
(1) 4 lost (2) 4 gained (3) 5 lost (4) no loss, no gain

18. A compound containing sodium, nitrogen and oxygen has 33.33% by weight of sodium. Possible
oxidation state of N is
(1) –3 (2) +3 (3) –2 (4) +5

19. A partially dried day mineral contains 8% water. The original sample contains 12% water and 45%
silica. The percentage of silica in partially dried sample is nearly
(1) 50 (2) 49 (3) 55 (4) 47
20. In the mixture of NaHCO3 and Na2CO3, volume of a given HCl required is x ml with phenolphthalein
indicator and further y ml required with methyl orange indicator. Hence volume of HCl for complete
reaction of NaHCO3 is (in ml)
(1) 2x (2) y (3) x/2 (4) (y – x)

21. If takes 2.56 × 10–3 equivalents of KOH to neutralize 0.12544 g H2XO4. The number of neutrtons in x
are
(1) 16 (2) 8 (3) 32 (4) 7

22. 1 moles of Fe2S3, 2 moles of H2O and 3 moles of O2 are allowed to react according to the reaction,
Fe2S3 + H2O + O2  Fe(OH)3 + S. The number of moles of Fe(OH)3 that can be produced is

(1) 2.68 (2) 1.34 (3) 1.5 (4) 2

23. 2 moles of N2 and 3 moles of H2 are allowed to react in a 20 litre flask and after complete conversion of
H2 into NH3, 10 litre of H2O was added at 300 K. Pressure of gas after reaction will be
(1) 45 R (2) 90 R (3) 15 R (4) 30 R
24. The hydrated salt Na2SO4.nH2O undergoes 55.9% loss in weight on heating and becomes anhydrous.
The value of n is
(1) 3 (2) 5 (3) 7 (4) 10
25. A sulphur containing compound dimerses in a process upto 40%. If % of S in compound is 5%, then
minimum possible average molecular weight of compound in solution will be
(1) 640 (2) 320 (3) 1280 (4) 800

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Answers

1. (4) 2. (3) 3. (3) 4. (1) 5. (2)

6. (4) 7. (2) 8. (1) 9. (4) 10. (1)
11. (3) 12. (3) 13. (3) 14. (4) 15. (2)
16. (3) 17. (1) 18. (2) 19. (4) 20. (4)
21. (1) 22. (2) 23. (4) 24. (4) 25. (4)

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