References for the Conventions of the International Labour Organization

The Conventions of the International Labour Organization may be obtained

at http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/convdisp1.htm.

• Please refer to the above-referenced webpage for the Minimum Age Convention 138
and Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention 182.

• Article 2 in the Forced Labour Convention 29 states:

1. For the purposes of this Convention the term forced or compulsory labour shall mean
all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty
and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily.

2. Nevertheless, for the purposes of this Convention, the term forced or compulsory
labour shall not include--

(a) any work or service exacted in virtue of compulsory military service laws for work of a
purely military character;

(b) any work or service which forms part of the normal civic obligations of the citizens of a
fully self-governing country;

(c) any work or service exacted from any person as a consequence of a conviction in a
court of law, provided that the said work or service is carried out under the supervision
and control of a public authority and that the said person is not hired to or placed at the
disposal of private individuals, companies or associations;

(d) any work or service exacted in cases of emergency, that is to say, in the event of war
or of a calamity or threatened calamity, such as fire, flood, famine, earthquake, violent
epidemic or epizootic diseases, invasion by animal, insect or vegetable pests, and in
general any circumstance that would endanger the existence or the well-being of the
whole or part of the population;

(e) minor communal services of a kind which, being performed by the members of the
community in the direct interest of the said community, can therefore be considered as
normal civic obligations incumbent upon the members of the community, provided that
the members of the community or their direct representatives shall have the right to be
consulted in regard to the need for such services.

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 Article 1 in the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention 105 states:

Each Member of the International Labour Organisation which ratifies this Convention
undertakes to suppress and not to make use of any form of forced or compulsory labour--

(a) as a means of political coercion or education or as a punishment for holding or

expressing political views or views ideologically opposed to the established political,
social or economic system;

(b) as a method of mobilising and using labour for purposes of economic development;

(c) as a means of labour discipline;

(d) as a punishment for having participated in strikes;

(e) as a means of racial, social, national or religious discrimination.

• Article 1 in the Equal Remuneration Convention 100 states:

For the purpose of this Convention--

(a) the term remuneration includes the ordinary, basic or minimum wage or salary and
any additional emoluments whatsoever payable directly or indirectly, whether in cash or
in kind, by the employer to the worker and arising out of the worker's employment;

b) the term equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value
refers to rates of remuneration established without discrimination based on sex.

Article 1 in the Discrimination [Employment and Occupation] Convention 111

states:

1. For the purpose of this Convention the term discrimination includes--

(a) any distinction, exclusion or preference made on the basis of race, colour, sex,
religion, political opinion, national extraction or social origin, which has the effect of
nullifying or impairing equality of opportunity or treatment in employment or occupation;

(b) such other distinction, exclusion or preference which has the effect of nullifying or
impairing equality of opportunity or treatment in employment or occupation as may be
determined by the Member concerned after consultation with representative employers'
and workers' organisations, where such exist, and with other appropriate bodies.

2. Any distinction, exclusion or preference in respect of a particular job based on the

inherent requirements thereof shall not be deemed to be discrimination.

3. For the purpose of this Convention the terms employment and occupation include
access to vocational training, access to employment and to particular occupations, and
terms and conditions of employment.

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• Article 2 in the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize
Convention 87 states:

Workers and employers, without distinction whatsoever, shall have the right to establish
and, subject only to the rules of the organisation concerned, to join organisations of their
own choosing without previous authorisation.

Articles 1 and 2 in the Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention 98

state:

Article 1

1. Workers shall enjoy adequate protection against acts of anti-union discrimination in

respect of their employment.

2. Such protection shall apply more particularly in respect of acts calculated to--

(a) make the employment of a worker subject to the condition that he shall not join a
union or shall relinquish trade union membership;

(b) cause the dismissal of or otherwise prejudice a worker by reason of union

membership or because of participation in union activities outside working hours or, with
the consent of the employer, within working hours.

Article 2

1. Workers' and employers' organisations shall enjoy adequate protection against any
acts of interference by each other or each other's agents or members in their
establishment, functioning or administration.

2. In particular, acts which are designed to promote the establishment of workers'

organisations under the domination of employers or employers' organisations, or to
support workers' organisations by financial or other means, with the object of placing
such organisations under the control of employers or employers' organisations, shall be
deemed to constitute acts of interference within the meaning of this Article.

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