© Ahmad El-Banna

Applied Electronics
Applied Electronics
Instructor:
Dr. Ahmad El-Banna

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
Agenda
Course Instructor

Course References

Applied Electronics
Course Contents

Diodes and Its applications

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
Course Instructor
• Dr. Ahmad EL-Banna
• B.Sc. in Telecommunications and Electronics, Fac. of Eng. at
Shoubra, Benha Univ. 2005.
• 9-month Diploma in Embedded Systems, ITI, 2008.
• M.Sc. in Telecommunications and Electronics, Fac. of Eng. at

Applied Electronics
Shoubra, Benha Univ. 2011.
• PhD. in Telecommunications and Electronics, E_JUST Univ., 2014.
• Visiting Researcher , Wireless Communications Lab, Osaka
University, 2013-2014.
• Find more at
• www.bu.edu.eg/staff/ahmad.elbanna

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Your turn !
• About You
• Graduation
• Year
• Univ

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
Course Contents
• Diodes
• Transistors
• Amplifiers
• Oscillators

Applied Electronics
• OP-Amp Applications.

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
Course References
• T. Floyd, Electronic devices - Conventional
Current Version, 9th edition, Prentice Hall, 2012.

• Boylestad, Electronic devices and circuit theory,

Applied Electronics
11th edition.

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 SEMICONDUCTORS
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Applied Electronics © Ahmad El-Banna

 © Ahmad El-Banna
CURRENT IN SEMICONDUCTORS
• Creation of electron-hole
pairs in a silicon crystal.
• Electrons in the conduction
band are free electrons.

Applied Electronics
• Electron current in intrinsic silicon
is produced by the movement of
thermally generated free electrons.

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
PN Junction
• N-Type Semiconductor
• The electrons are the majority carriers and the holes are the minority.
This is done by doping process.
• P-Type Semiconductor
• The holes are the majority carriers and the electrons are the minority.

Applied Electronics
• The basic silicon structure at the instant of • electrons diffuse and a depletion 9
junction formation showing only the region is formulated.
majority and minority carriers. Summer
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 DIODE BASICS
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 © Ahmad El-Banna
Diodes
• A diode is made from a small piece of semiconductor material, usually silicon, in
which half is doped as a p region and half is doped as an n region with a pn
junction and depletion region in between.

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Basic structure

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Symbol
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 Diode Packages

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
Forward & Reverse Bias
• To bias a diode, you apply a dc voltage across it.
• Forward bias is the condition that allows current through the pn
junction.
• Reverse bias is the condition that essentially prevents current
through the diode.

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Forward bias Reverse bias
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 © Ahmad El-Banna
VOLTAGE-CURRENT CHARACTERISTIC OF A DIODE

• V-I Characteristic for Forward Bias

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V-I CHARACTERISTIC OF A DIODE ..

• V-I Characteristic for Reverse Bias

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• Complete V-I Characteristic

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Temperature Effect 2016
 © Ahmad El-Banna
DIODE MODELS
• Bias Connections

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1. The Ideal Diode Model

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
DIODE MODELS..
2. The Practical Diode Model

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
DIODE MODELS..
3. The Complete Diode Model

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IR : Reverse (leakage) current  diode datasheet
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VR = IR r’R
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 DIODE APPLICATIONS
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Applied Electronics © Ahmad El-Banna

Rectifiers

© Ahmad El-Banna
Half-wave Rectifiers

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
Half-wave Rectifier Operation

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
Average Voltage & PIV
• Average Value of the Half-Wave
Output Voltage

Applied Electronics
• Effect of the Barrier Potential

• The peak inverse voltage (PIV)

equals the peak value of the input
voltage

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The diode must be capable of withstanding Summer

this amount of repetitive reverse voltage. 2016
 © Ahmad El-Banna
Transformer Coupling

n : turns ratio

Applied Electronics
Vsec: secondary voltage
Vpri : primary voltage

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 Rectifiers

© Ahmad El-Banna
Full-wave Rectifiers

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• Center-tapped
Full-wave Rectifier

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Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier

© Ahmad El-Banna
Operation

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 POWER SUPPLY FILTERS

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 Filter
-Input
Capacitor

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
POWER SUPPLY REGULATORS
• While filters can reduce the ripple from power supplies to a low value, the
most effective approach is a combination of a capacitor-input filter used
with a voltage regulator.
A basic +5.0 V regulated power supply

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
Diode Limiters (Clippers)

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 +ve & -ve Limiter

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 -ve Clamper 
Clampers

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 Voltage Multipliers

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
Voltage Tripler & Quadrupler

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 Diode
Datasheet

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 Diode Testing

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 Troubleshooting

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 Troubleshooting ..

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
Application: DC Power Supply
Specs:

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
Design
Rectifier Circuit

Applied Electronics
Rectifier Diodes

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 Simulation

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 PCB

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 SPECIAL PURPOSE DIODES
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 © Ahmad El-Banna
The Zener Diode
• A zener diode is a silicon pn junction device that is designed for
operation in the reverse-breakdown region.
• The breakdown voltage of a zener diode is set by carefully controlling the
doping level during manufacture.

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Zener Equivalent Circuits
• Zener is used as Regulator
• Two Models
• Ideal Model
• Practical Model

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Optical Diodes

© Ahmad El-Banna
The Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
Basic operation :
• When the device is forward-biased, electrons cross the pn junction from the
n-type material and recombine with holes in the p-type material.
• The difference in energy between the electrons and the holes corresponds to
the energy of visible light.
• When recombination takes place, the recombining electrons release energy in

Applied Electronics
the form of photons.

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Light Emission
• An LED emits light over a specified range of wavelengths.

• Examples of typical spectral output curves for LEDs:

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 Typical LEDs

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LED Application

© Ahmad El-Banna
7-Segment Display

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 LED Application

© Ahmad El-Banna
LED Displays
• The concept of an RGB
pixel used in LED display
screens.

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Optical Diodes

© Ahmad El-Banna
The Photodiode
• The photodiode is a device that operates in reverse bias where I is the reverse
light current.
• The photodiode has a small transparent window that allows light to strike the
pn junction.
• Internal Resistance changes by the amount of light.

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 Tunnel Diodes

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 Varactor Diode

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Practical Applications

© Ahmad El-Banna
12v regulated Power Supply

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Practical Applications

© Ahmad El-Banna
12v regulated Power Supply..

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Practical Applications

© Ahmad El-Banna
Battery Charger

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Practical Applications

© Ahmad El-Banna
Battery Charger..

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Practical Applications

© Ahmad El-Banna
Diode Protection

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Practical Applications

© Ahmad El-Banna
Polarity Insurance

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Practical Applications

© Ahmad El-Banna
Controlled battery-powered backup

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Practical Applications

© Ahmad El-Banna
Polarity Detector

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Practical Applications

© Ahmad El-Banna
Display

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Practical Applications

© Ahmad El-Banna
Setting Voltage Reference Voltage

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Practical Applications

© Ahmad El-Banna
Square Wave Generator

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 © Ahmad El-Banna
References
• Floyd, chapters:1-3
• Boylestad, chapters: 1-2

• For enquires:

Applied Electronics
• [email protected]

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