100% found this document useful (1 vote)
130 views

Binomial Series: By: Norsafurawati Binti Asaari JMSK/PKB

The document discusses binomial series and the binomial theorem. Some key points: - A binomial series is the expansion of (a + b)n, where a and b are terms and n is the power of the expression. - The binomial theorem states that (a + b)n can be written as the sum of terms using binomial coefficients. - Pascal's triangle is used to determine the coefficients of each term in the expansion. The coefficients are found by adding the two numbers directly above in the previous row of the triangle. - Examples are provided of expanding binomial expressions like (x + 2y)4 using the binomial theorem and Pascal's triangle.

Uploaded by

safurasaari
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
100% found this document useful (1 vote)
130 views

Binomial Series: By: Norsafurawati Binti Asaari JMSK/PKB

The document discusses binomial series and the binomial theorem. Some key points: - A binomial series is the expansion of (a + b)n, where a and b are terms and n is the power of the expression. - The binomial theorem states that (a + b)n can be written as the sum of terms using binomial coefficients. - Pascal's triangle is used to determine the coefficients of each term in the expansion. The coefficients are found by adding the two numbers directly above in the previous row of the triangle. - Examples are provided of expanding binomial expressions like (x + 2y)4 using the binomial theorem and Pascal's triangle.

Uploaded by

safurasaari
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 46

BINOMIAL SERIES

By: Norsafurawati Binti Asaari


JMSK/PKB
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

SERIES
The sum of terms

= ____ +____+____+ ……+____


1st term 2nd term 3rd term nth term
2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

BINOMIAL
Expression which contain two terms connected by a
plus or minus sign.
Examples:

Thus, the basic form of binomial ;

n= index
a=first term
b=2nd term
2 3 45 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
38

BINOMIAL SERIES
The expansion of ( a + b )ⁿ…………….

If n=0 ; (a+b)0 = 1

If n=1 ; (a+b)1 = a + b

If n=2 ; (a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

If n=3 ; (a+b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3

If n=4 ; (a+b)4 = ?
2 3 4 56 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
38

CONCLUSION # 1:
The quantity of terms = n + 1

If n=0; (a+b)0= 0+1 = 1 term

If n=1; (a+b)1= + 1+1 = 2 terms

If n=2; (a+b)2= + + 3 terms

If n=3; (a+b)3= + + + 4 terms

If n=4; (a+b)4= + + + +

4+1 = 5 terms
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
38

CONCLUSION #2:
“a” decreases in power moving from left
to right.

(a+b)0= 1

(a+b)1= a1 + a0

(a+b)2= a2 + a1 + a0
(a+b)3= a3 + a2 + a1 + a0
(a+b)4= a4 + a3 + a2 + a1 + a0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
38

CONCLUSION #3:
“b” increases in power moving from left to
right.

(a+b)0= 1

(a+b)1= a1b0 + a0b1


(a+b)2= a2b0 + a1b1 + a0b2

(a+b)3= a3b0 + a2b1 + a1b2 + a0b3


(a+b)4= a4b0 + a3b1 + a2b2 + a1b3 + a0b4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
38

CONCLUSION #4:
A coefficient of a term can be obtained by
using PASCAL’S TRIANGLE

(a+b)0 = 1

(a+b)1 = 1a1b0 + 1a0b1

(a+b)2 = 1a2b0 + 2a1b1 + 1 a0b2


(a+b)3 = 1a3b0 + 3a2b1 + 3a1b2 + 1a0b3

(a+b)4 = 1a4b0 + 4a3b1 + 6a2b2 + 4a1b3+ 1a0 b4


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
38

PASCAL’ TRIANGLE
(a+b)0 = 1
If n = 0 ; 1
(a+b)1 = 1a1b0 +1a0b1
If n = 1 ; 1 1
(a+b) = 1a b + 2a b + 1a b
2 2 0 1 1 0 2
If n = 2 ; 1 2 1

Eg: = +
**Adding the two adjacent coefficients above in the previous row
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

PASCAL’ TRIANGLE
If n = 0 ; 1

If n = 1 ; 1 1

If n = 2 ; 1 2 1

If n = 3 ; 1 3 3 1

Eg: = +
**Adding the two adjacent coefficients above in the previous row
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

PASCAL’ TRIANGLE
If n = 0 ; 1

If n = 1 ; 1 1

If n = 2 ; 1 2 1

If n = 3 ; 1 3 3 1

If n = 4 ;

Eg: + = 6

**Adding the two adjacent coefficients above in the previous row


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

PROBLEM 1 :
Expand (x +2y )4 using Pascal’s Triangle method.

Solution:

Comparing (x +2y )4 with (a +b )n shows that


a =x
b =2y
n=4

(x +2y )4 = 1 x4 (2y) 0 + 4 x3 (2y)1 + 6x2 (2y)2 +

4 x1 (2y)3 +3 1 1x0( 2y)4 2


= 1 x (1)
4
+ 4x (2y ) + 6x (4y2) +
4 x1 (8y3) + 1 (1)(16y4)
= x4 + 8 x3 y + 24x2 y2 + 8 xy3 + 16y4#
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

eXERCISE 1 :
Determine, using Pascal’s Triangle Method, the
expansion of

a) (2x +3y )3 ANSWER

b)
ANSWER
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

BINOMIAL THEOREM
(n= INTEGER POSITIVE)
(a+b)n = T1 + T2 + T3 + … + Tn

(a+b)n = nC0 an b0 + nC1 an-1 b1 + nC2 an-2 b2 + … + n


Cr an-r br

which is a = first term


b = second term n
Cr an-r br
n = power of binomial expression
& a positive integer
r = power of ‘b’
n
Cr = binomial coefficient
(combination’s symbol)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
38

BINOMIAL COEFFICIENT

n
Cr or

FACTORIAL NOTATION

The factorial n! of a positive integer, n is


defined by
n! = n (n-1) (n-2)….(3)(2)(1)

Example: 5! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120

(notes: 1! = 1 and 0! = 1)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Example:

6
C4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

PROBLEM 2a:
Expand ( 1 + x ) 6 using Binomial Theorem’s method.

SOLUTION:

a=1
b=x
n=6

(1+x ) 6 = 6C016-0x0 + 6C116-1x1 + 6C216-2x2 +


6
C316-3x3 + 6C416-4x4 + 6C516-5x5 +
6
C616-6x6
= (1)(1)(1) + (6)(1)(x) + (15)(1)(x2) +
(20)(1)(x3) + (15)(1)(x4) + (6)(1)(x5) + (1)(1)
(x6)
= 1 + 6x + 15x2 + 20x3 + 15x4 + 6x5 + x6#
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

exercise 2a :
By using Theorem Binomial’s method, expand

(i) (2-3x)4 ANSWER

(ii) ANSWER
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

From the Binomial Theorem,

(a+b)n = nC0 an b0 + nC1 an-1 b1 + nC2 an-2 b2 + ..…+ n


Cr an-r br

T1 T2 T3 Tn

r=0 r=1 r=2 r=?

the nth term, Tn


,
r=n-1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

PROBLEM 2b:
Determine the 5th term for the expansion of (2+x)5

SOLUTION:

From (2+x)5, a = 2
b=x
n=5
r=5–1=4

Hence, n
Cr an-r br = 5C4 25-4 x 4
= 5 (2) (x4)
= 10x4#
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
38

PROBLEM 2c:
From the expansion of (2+x)4, find the coefficient for x3.

SOLUTION:

From (2+x)4 ; a=2 , b=x


n=4 , r=?

Hence, n
Cr an-r br = 4
Cr 24-r xr
coefficient variable

x r
= x3
r = 3
Coefficient of x 3 = 4C3 24-3
= 4 (2)
= 8# Substitute the value of ‘r’
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

EXERCISE 2b :
By expanding (x-2y)6, determine the fourth term.

ANSWER

EXERCISE 2c :
Find the coefficient of x3 from the expansion of

ANSWER
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 2223 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

BINOMIAL THEOREM
(a+b)n = T1 + T2 + T3 + … + Tn

Which, a = first term with the value ‘1’


b = second term
n = power of binomial expression & can be
positive integer, negative integer or
a fraction
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

PROBLEM 3a:
Expand (1-x)1/2 using Binomial Theorem.

SOLUTION:

From (1-x)1/2 ; a=1


b = -x
n = 1/2

Hence,
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

PROBLEM 3b:
Expand (2+x)-2 by using Binomial Theorem.

SOLUTION:

where; a=1
b = x/2
n = -2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Exercise 3 :
Find the expansion of until the fourth term.

ANSWER
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

APPROXIMATION
(using Binomial Theorem )

STEP:
1. Change the given approximation’s value to the basic
binomial expression (1+b)n
2. Identify the value of b and n and substitute into the
formula above (Binomial Theorem)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

PROBLEM 4a:

Find the approximation for (1.02)6 using Binomial Theorem


correct to 4 decimal places.
SOLUTION:

where; a=1
b = 0.02
n=6

= 1.12616
= 1.1262# (4 decimal places)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

PROBLEM 4b:
Determine the approximation for using Binomial Theorem
correct to 4 significant figure.

SOLUTION:

where; a=1
b = -0.002
n = -2
Hence,

= 1.004# (4 s.f)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

PROBLEM4c:
Expand the binomial expression, (1+2x)5 until the first four terms,
hence determine the approximation of (1.0024)5 correct to
54decimal places.
SOLUTION:

Hence,

continue
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
38

= 1.0121# (4 decimal places)


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

APPROXIMATION
(without using Binomial Theorem)

(1+b)n ≈ 1 + nb

Approximation Formula For The Product And


The Quotient Of Binomial Expression

(1+a)m (1+b)n ≈ 1 + ma +nb


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

PROBLEM 5a:

Determine the approximation of without using the

Binomial Theorem.
SOLUTION:

where; a=1
b = 0.02
n = 1/2

Hence,
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

PROBLEM 5b:

Find the approximation of without using Binomial Theorem.

solution:

where; a=1
b = -0.005
n = -1

Hence,
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

PROBLEM 5c:

Find the approximation of without using

Binomial Theorem.
SOLUTION:
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Problem 5d:

Find the approximation of without using Binomial Theorem.

SOLUTION:
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

EXERCISE 4 :
Find the approximation of without using the

Binomial Theorem.

ANSWER
ANSWER : EXERCISE 1a

(2x+3y)3

= 1(2x)3(3y)0 + 3(2x)2(3y)1 + 3(2x)1(3y)2+ 1(2x)0(3y)3

= 8x3 + 36x2y + 54xy2 + 27y3

.
ANSWER : EXERCISE 2a (i)

(2-3x)4

= 3CO(2)4(-3x)0 + 3
CO(2)3(-3x)1 + CO(2)2(-3x)2 +
3

CO(2)1(-3x)3 +
3
CO(2)0(-3x)4
3

= 12 - 96x + 216x2 - 216x3 + 81x4

.
ANSWER : EXERCISE 2b

(x-2y)6
a=x
b = -2y
n=6
r = 4–1 = 3

Cr an-r br = 6C3 x 3 (-2y)3


n

= 20 x 3 (-8y3)

= -160x 3y3

.
ANSWER: EXECISE 3

.
ANSWER :EXERCISE 4

.
ANSWER : EXERCISE 1b

.
ANSWER : EXERCISE 2a (ii)

.
ANSWER : EXERCISE 2c

Cran-rbr =
n 12
Cr(-1)rx12-3r


r=3,

coefficient for x 3
= -220

You might also like