BINOMIAL SERIES

By: Norsafurawati Binti Asaari

JMSK/PKB
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SERIES
The sum of terms

= ____ +____+____+ ……+____

1st term 2nd term 3rd term nth term
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BINOMIAL
Expression which contain two terms connected by a
plus or minus sign.
Examples:

Thus, the basic form of binomial ;

n= index
a=first term
b=2nd term
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BINOMIAL SERIES
The expansion of ( a + b )ⁿ…………….

If n=0 ; (a+b)0 = 1

If n=1 ; (a+b)1 = a + b

If n=2 ; (a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

If n=3 ; (a+b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3

If n=4 ; (a+b)4 = ?
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38

CONCLUSION # 1:
The quantity of terms = n + 1

If n=0; (a+b)0= 0+1 = 1 term

If n=1; (a+b)1= + 1+1 = 2 terms

If n=2; (a+b)2= + + 3 terms

If n=3; (a+b)3= + + + 4 terms

If n=4; (a+b)4= + + + +

4+1 = 5 terms
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CONCLUSION #2:
“a” decreases in power moving from left
to right.

(a+b)0= 1

(a+b)1= a1 + a0

(a+b)2= a2 + a1 + a0
(a+b)3= a3 + a2 + a1 + a0
(a+b)4= a4 + a3 + a2 + a1 + a0
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CONCLUSION #3:
“b” increases in power moving from left to
right.

(a+b)0= 1

(a+b)1= a1b0 + a0b1

(a+b)2= a2b0 + a1b1 + a0b2

(a+b)3= a3b0 + a2b1 + a1b2 + a0b3

(a+b)4= a4b0 + a3b1 + a2b2 + a1b3 + a0b4
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CONCLUSION #4:
A coefficient of a term can be obtained by
using PASCAL’S TRIANGLE

(a+b)0 = 1

(a+b)1 = 1a1b0 + 1a0b1

(a+b)2 = 1a2b0 + 2a1b1 + 1 a0b2

(a+b)3 = 1a3b0 + 3a2b1 + 3a1b2 + 1a0b3

(a+b)4 = 1a4b0 + 4a3b1 + 6a2b2 + 4a1b3+ 1a0 b4

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PASCAL’ TRIANGLE
(a+b)0 = 1
If n = 0 ; 1
(a+b)1 = 1a1b0 +1a0b1
If n = 1 ; 1 1
(a+b) = 1a b + 2a b + 1a b
2 2 0 1 1 0 2
If n = 2 ; 1 2 1

Eg: = +
**Adding the two adjacent coefficients above in the previous row
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PASCAL’ TRIANGLE
If n = 0 ; 1

If n = 1 ; 1 1

If n = 2 ; 1 2 1

If n = 3 ; 1 3 3 1

Eg: = +
**Adding the two adjacent coefficients above in the previous row
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PASCAL’ TRIANGLE
If n = 0 ; 1

If n = 1 ; 1 1

If n = 2 ; 1 2 1

If n = 3 ; 1 3 3 1

If n = 4 ;

Eg: + = 6

**Adding the two adjacent coefficients above in the previous row

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PROBLEM 1 :
Expand (x +2y )4 using Pascal’s Triangle method.

Solution:

Comparing (x +2y )4 with (a +b )n shows that

a =x
b =2y
n=4

(x +2y )4 = 1 x4 (2y) 0 + 4 x3 (2y)1 + 6x2 (2y)2 +

4 x1 (2y)3 +3 1 1x0( 2y)4 2

= 1 x (1)
4
+ 4x (2y ) + 6x (4y2) +
4 x1 (8y3) + 1 (1)(16y4)
= x4 + 8 x3 y + 24x2 y2 + 8 xy3 + 16y4#
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eXERCISE 1 :
Determine, using Pascal’s Triangle Method, the
expansion of

a) (2x +3y )3 ANSWER

b)
ANSWER
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BINOMIAL THEOREM
(n= INTEGER POSITIVE)
(a+b)n = T1 + T2 + T3 + … + Tn

(a+b)n = nC0 an b0 + nC1 an-1 b1 + nC2 an-2 b2 + … + n

Cr an-r br

which is a = first term

b = second term n
Cr an-r br
n = power of binomial expression
& a positive integer
r = power of ‘b’
n
Cr = binomial coefficient
(combination’s symbol)
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BINOMIAL COEFFICIENT

n
Cr or

FACTORIAL NOTATION

The factorial n! of a positive integer, n is

defined by
n! = n (n-1) (n-2)….(3)(2)(1)

Example: 5! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120

(notes: 1! = 1 and 0! = 1)
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Example:

6
C4
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PROBLEM 2a:
Expand ( 1 + x ) 6 using Binomial Theorem’s method.

SOLUTION:

a=1
b=x
n=6

(1+x ) 6 = 6C016-0x0 + 6C116-1x1 + 6C216-2x2 +

6
C316-3x3 + 6C416-4x4 + 6C516-5x5 +
6
C616-6x6
= (1)(1)(1) + (6)(1)(x) + (15)(1)(x2) +
(20)(1)(x3) + (15)(1)(x4) + (6)(1)(x5) + (1)(1)
(x6)
= 1 + 6x + 15x2 + 20x3 + 15x4 + 6x5 + x6#
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exercise 2a :
By using Theorem Binomial’s method, expand

(i) (2-3x)4 ANSWER

(ii) ANSWER
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From the Binomial Theorem,

(a+b)n = nC0 an b0 + nC1 an-1 b1 + nC2 an-2 b2 + ..…+ n

Cr an-r br

T1 T2 T3 Tn

r=0 r=1 r=2 r=?

the nth term, Tn

,
r=n-1
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PROBLEM 2b:
Determine the 5th term for the expansion of (2+x)5

SOLUTION:

From (2+x)5, a = 2
b=x
n=5
r=5–1=4

Hence, n
Cr an-r br = 5C4 25-4 x 4
= 5 (2) (x4)
= 10x4#
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PROBLEM 2c:
From the expansion of (2+x)4, find the coefficient for x3.

SOLUTION:

From (2+x)4 ; a=2 , b=x

n=4 , r=?

Hence, n
Cr an-r br = 4
Cr 24-r xr
coefficient variable

x r
= x3
r = 3
Coefficient of x 3 = 4C3 24-3
= 4 (2)
= 8# Substitute the value of ‘r’
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EXERCISE 2b :
By expanding (x-2y)6, determine the fourth term.

ANSWER

EXERCISE 2c :
Find the coefficient of x3 from the expansion of

ANSWER
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BINOMIAL THEOREM
(a+b)n = T1 + T2 + T3 + … + Tn

Which, a = first term with the value ‘1’

b = second term
n = power of binomial expression & can be
positive integer, negative integer or
a fraction
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PROBLEM 3a:
Expand (1-x)1/2 using Binomial Theorem.

SOLUTION:

From (1-x)1/2 ; a=1

b = -x
n = 1/2

Hence,
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PROBLEM 3b:
Expand (2+x)-2 by using Binomial Theorem.

SOLUTION:

where; a=1
b = x/2
n = -2
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Exercise 3 :
Find the expansion of until the fourth term.

ANSWER
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APPROXIMATION
(using Binomial Theorem )

STEP:
1. Change the given approximation’s value to the basic
binomial expression (1+b)n
2. Identify the value of b and n and substitute into the
formula above (Binomial Theorem)
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PROBLEM 4a:

Find the approximation for (1.02)6 using Binomial Theorem

correct to 4 decimal places.
SOLUTION:

where; a=1
b = 0.02
n=6

= 1.12616
= 1.1262# (4 decimal places)
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PROBLEM 4b:
Determine the approximation for using Binomial Theorem
correct to 4 significant figure.

SOLUTION:

where; a=1
b = -0.002
n = -2
Hence,

= 1.004# (4 s.f)
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PROBLEM4c:
Expand the binomial expression, (1+2x)5 until the first four terms,
hence determine the approximation of (1.0024)5 correct to
54decimal places.
SOLUTION:

Hence,

continue
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= 1.0121# (4 decimal places)

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APPROXIMATION
(without using Binomial Theorem)

(1+b)n ≈ 1 + nb

Approximation Formula For The Product And

The Quotient Of Binomial Expression

(1+a)m (1+b)n ≈ 1 + ma +nb

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PROBLEM 5a:

Determine the approximation of without using the

Binomial Theorem.
SOLUTION:

where; a=1
b = 0.02
n = 1/2

Hence,
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PROBLEM 5b:

Find the approximation of without using Binomial Theorem.

solution:

where; a=1
b = -0.005
n = -1

Hence,
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PROBLEM 5c:

Find the approximation of without using

Binomial Theorem.
SOLUTION:
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Problem 5d:

Find the approximation of without using Binomial Theorem.

SOLUTION:
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EXERCISE 4 :
Find the approximation of without using the

Binomial Theorem.

ANSWER
 ANSWER : EXERCISE 1a

(2x+3y)3

= 1(2x)3(3y)0 + 3(2x)2(3y)1 + 3(2x)1(3y)2+ 1(2x)0(3y)3

= 8x3 + 36x2y + 54xy2 + 27y3

.
 ANSWER : EXERCISE 2a (i)

(2-3x)4

= 3CO(2)4(-3x)0 + 3
CO(2)3(-3x)1 + CO(2)2(-3x)2 +
3

CO(2)1(-3x)3 +
3
CO(2)0(-3x)4
3

= 12 - 96x + 216x2 - 216x3 + 81x4

.
 ANSWER : EXERCISE 2b

(x-2y)6
a=x
b = -2y
n=6
r = 4–1 = 3

Cr an-r br = 6C3 x 3 (-2y)3

n

= 20 x 3 (-8y3)

= -160x 3y3

.
ANSWER: EXECISE 3

.
ANSWER :EXERCISE 4

.
ANSWER : EXERCISE 1b

.
ANSWER : EXERCISE 2a (ii)

.
 ANSWER : EXERCISE 2c

Cran-rbr =
n 12
Cr(-1)rx12-3r

⋮
r=3,

coefficient for x 3
= -220