CHAPTER 6 ASSESSMENT

INTERNET
The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world. Through
the Internet, people can share information and communicate from anywhere with an
Internet connection.

PROTOCOL
An established set of rules that determine how data is transmitted between different
devices in the same network. 

WWW.
World Wide Web, or WWW, is the most popular Internet service, rapidly changing
the way business is done around the world. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
defines the World Wide Web (WWW, or Web) as “the universe of network-accessible
information, the embodiment of human knowledge.”

HISTORY OF THE INTERNET

The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like
nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage
for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide
broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for
collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for
geographic location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the
benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of
information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the
government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this
exciting new technology.

INTERNET PROTOCOL is the protocol for the Internet.

Name the scientist who created WWW. TIM BERNER’S LEE

The Mosaic browser was developed by _____. Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina

Name the first web browser. World Wide Web

What is the difference between the Internet and WWW? Explain in one or two sentences.
The world wide web, or web for short, are the pages you see when you're at a device
and you're online. But the internet is the network of connected computers that the web
works on, as well as what emails and files travel across. Think of the internet as the roads
that connect towns and cities together.

Name the two parts of the Internet protocol.

 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 
  Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

What is the function of TCP in the TCP/IP protocol?

TCP is used for organizing data in a way that ensures the secure transmission
between the server and client. It guarantees the integrity of data sent over the network,
regardless of the amount. 

What is the function of IP in TCP/IP protocol?

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are two different
communication protocols. TCP splits a message to packets which were transmitted across
the internet whereas the IP is accountable to address of every packet hence a chance to
forward the exact destination.

Name the technique used by TCP to send messages over the Internet?
TCP is a reliable stream delivery service which guarantees that all bytes received
will be identical and in the same order as those sent. Since packet transfer by many
networks is not reliable, TCP achieves this using a technique known as positive
acknowledgement with re-transmission.

Describe the packet switching technique?

Packet Switching transmits data across digital networks by breaking it down into
blocks or packets for more efficient transfer using various network devices.

What is the purpose of sequencing information in a packet sent by TCP over the Internet?
TCP uses a sequence number to identify each byte of data. The sequence number
identifies the order of the bytes sent from each computer so that the data can be
reconstructed in order, regardless of any out-of-order delivery that may occur.

What is the purpose of error control information in a packet sent by TCP over the Internet?
TCP protocol has methods for finding out corrupted segments, missing segments,
out-of-order segments and duplicated segments. 

Section 10.4–10.6
Give a brief description of the architecture of the Internet.
 A meta-network, a constantly changing collection of thousands of individual
networks intercommunicating with a common protocol. The Internet’s architecture is
described in its name, a short from of the compound word “inter-networking”.

Define a router.
A router is a switching device for networks, which is able to route network packets,
based on their addresses, to other networks or devices.
router.

What is the purpose of Network Access Point (NAP)?

The point from which an Internet service provider (ISP) drops down its lines and
establishes a peering arrangement to provide Internet connectivity to customers.

Who is the owner of the Internet?

In actual terms no one owns the Internet, and no single person or organisation controls the
Internet in its entirety. More of a concept than an actual tangible entity, the Internet relies
on a physical infrastructure that connects networks to other networks. In theory, the
internet is owned by everyone that uses it.

Name some organizations that manage the Internet.

 International Organization for Standardization Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166)
 Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
 Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
 International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
 Internet Service Provider (ISP)
 Internet Governance Forum (IGF)

Is the organization responsible for domain name registration?

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is the non-
profit organization that oversees the assignment of both IP addresses and domain names.

Name the governing body of the Internet that is responsible for development of technologies for
WWW?
 International Internet Society ( ISOC )
 Internet Architecture Board ( IAB )
 Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF )
 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Enginering ( IEEE )
 Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF )
 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA )

What are the basic requirements to connect to the Internet?

The basic requirements for connecting to the Internet are a computer device, a
working Internet line and the right modem for that Internet line. 

MODEM
Modem is short for "Modulator-Demodulator." It is a hardware component that
allows a computer or another device, such as a router or switch, to connect to the Internet.
It converts or "modulates" an analog signal from a telephone or cable wire to digital data
(1s and 0s) that a computer can recognize.

NIC
 The network interface card (NIC) or network card is the hardware device most
essential to establishing communication between computers.

BANDWIDTH
The maximum amount of data transmitted over an internet connection in a given
amount of time.

Name two high speed Internet connections.

 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
 Cable Modem.

How does a Dial-up access method for the Internet connection work?
A dial-up Internet connection is becoming more rare due to broadband and wireless
Internet connections, but is still fairly common. A dial-up connection means that you use
your telephone line to connect to an outside Internet Service Provider (ISP), which in turn
connects you to the Internet. The parts of a dial-up connection include a modem, which
transmits the signal from your computer to your phone line, and connects it to the modem
at your ISP, as well as a telephone line.

List the features of the Dial-up access method for the Internet connection.
 DSL and Cable Connections
 Satellite Services
 Mobile Methods
 Dial-Up Access

What kind of users should preferably use the leased line Internet connection?
The best type of internet is fiber-optic internet because it's extremely efficient,
reliable, and fast.

What is the purpose of the gateway in the leased line Internet connection?
Gateways serve as an entry and exit point for a network as all data must pass
through or communicate with the gateway prior to being routed.

How does a leased line Internet connection work?

A leased line connection is actually a contract between the service provider and the
user.

List the features of the leased line Internet connection.

 High Speed
 Back up options
 Uncontented connection
 Multisite connectivity
 Quality service
List the features of the ISDN Internet connection.
  Call forwarding.
 Call waiting.
 Voicemail.
 Caller ID.
 Three-way calling.

How does a DSL Internet connection work?

A digital subscriber line (DSL) provides access to the internet through telephone
lines and a modem, which is a piece of hardware that acts as the middleman between an
internet connection and a computer, wireless router, smart TV or other device.

ADSL
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a technology that provides high
transmission speeds for video and voice to homes over an ordinary copper telephone wire.

What is the difference between DSL and ADSL?

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) denotes an internet that uses digital connections
between a modem and a phone line. ADSL means Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line
where the speed of data sent is known as upstream and data received is known as
downstream.

Which is faster—DSL or Dial-up access?

DSL internet is more than a hundred times faster than dial-up. Dial-up speeds are around
56 Kbps, while even the slowest DSL connections are around 10–20 Mbps (or 10,000–20,000 Kbps).
Some DSL speeds reach up to 100 Mbps.

List the features of the cable modem Internet connection.

 Fast speeds.
 Reliable Internet connection.
 Easy to set up and manage.
 Supports remote troubleshooting.
 DOCSIS compatibility for more bandwidth channels.
 MoCA support.

Name two broadband Internet connections.

 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
 Cable Modem.

How is the cable modem different from DSL connection?

The main difference between DSL and cable modems is with what devices and what
services they are linked with. The DSL modem is connected to the telephone line and is
thus linked together with your phone service. A cable modem connects to your cable box
and is an add-on to your cable service.

What is the need of the IP address?

 The purpose of an IP address is to handle the connection between devices that send
and receive information across a network.

What does an IP address look like? Give an example.

An IP address is a string of numbers separated by periods. IP addresses are
expressed as a set of four numbers — an example address might be 192.158.1.38. Each
number in the set can range from 0 to 255. 

What is the range of numbers used to write an IP address?

IP addressing range goes from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.

What is the need of a domain name?

A domain name gives your business instant credibility and puts you in the same
online marketplace as your largest competitors. It says that you mean business and helps
online shoppers and customers see you as a forward-thinking company that is conveniently
accessible online.

Name five top-level domains.

 Infrastructure top-level domain (ARPA)
 Generic top-level domains (gTLD)
 Generic-restricted top-level domains (grTLD)
 Sponsored top-level domains (sTLD)
 Country code top-level domains (ccTLD)

Give two examples of domain names.

 Top-Level Domains (TLDs) Each website's URL can be broken down into different
parts.
 Country Code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD) As we alluded to earlier, there are
actually multiple types of TLDs.

What is the purpose of the DNS server?

The purpose of DNS is to translate a domain name into the appropriate IP address.
This is done by looking up the dns records of the requested domain. There are typically
eight steps in this DNS lookup process that follow the information path from the
originating web browser to the DNS server and back again.

Explain the parts of the following domain names:

 yahoo.com-an Internet portal that incorporates a search engine and a directory of
World Wide Web sites organized in a hierarchy of topic categories. As a directory, it
provides both new and seasoned Web users the reassurance of a structured view of
hundreds of thousands of Web sites and millions of Web pages.
 du.ac.in (du-delhi university) - The University of Delhi, informally known as Delhi
University (DU), is a collegiate public central university located in New Delhi, India.
48. Name any five services provided by the Internet.
1) Communication services
2) Information services
3) Web Services
4) Communication Services
5) World Wide web

What is the significance of the name World Wide Web?

The world wide web opened up the internet to everyone, not just scientists. It
connected the world in a way that made it much easier for people to get information, share,
and communicate. It has since allowed people to share their work and thoughts through
social networking sites, blogs, video sharing, and more.

Name the format used to create document on the web.

HTML is a HyperText Markup Language file format used as the basis of a web
page. HTML is a file extension used interchangeably with HTM.

Name the language used to create a hypertext document.

The HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a simple data format used to create
hypertext documents that are portable from one platform to another. HTML documents
are SGML documents with generic semantics that are appropriate for representing
information from a wide range of domains.

What is the use of hyperlink?

Websites use hyperlinks as a way to navigate online content. Hyperlinks can point to
web content that is part of that website, or it can point to web content that is part of
external websites. Both images and text can be used to create a hyperlink.

Name the protocol used to transfer web pages on the Internet.

 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

How is uploading different from downloading?

Uploading means data is being sent from your computer to the Internet. ... Even
clicking on a link on a web page sends a tiny data upload. Downloading means your
computer is receiving data from the Internet.

Differentiate between homepage and web page.

A web page is a page which a user wants to access by typing the url. A homepage is
a default page that is loaded into a browser when it is opened. URL is not required to be
entered explicitly by the user for homepage. Homepage URL is predefined in the settings of
the browser, whereas web page url are opened dynamically by the user as per their needs.
A home page is a web page that contains link to other web pages. All web pages are not
homepages.

What is the function of web server?

 The basic objective of the web server is to store, process and deliver web pages to
the users. This intercommunication is done using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

What is the use of web browser?

It retrieves information from other parts of the web and displays it on your desktop
or mobile device.

How is a web portal different from a web site?

If we talk about websites, they are the collection of web pages, whereas, web portals
are the gateway to the World Wide Web and offer a number of services. Websites are used
to reach a large number of people, and on the other hand, web portals limit the number of
users and refine them to a specific group of users.

What is a web portal?

Web portal software helps you to bring information from multiple sources together,
allowing content to be shared amongst a variety of departments, customers and suppliers.

Define—web browser.
An application used to access and view websites.

Name two web browsers.

 Microsoft Edge
 Internet Explorer

What is the difference between graphical web browser and text-based browser?
Text based web browser is a web browser that provides only text of web pages and
ignores any graphic content. Graphic browser is used to display images inline
with text instead of displaying images in a separate window.

Give one example each of graphical web browser and text-based browser.
Graphical web browser- Google Chrome
Text-based browser- Lynx

Define browsing.
When describing files on a computer, browsing is the action of looking through
drives, shares, and folders on a computer for a file.

What is the purpose of URL?

 To specify addresses on the World Wide Web. 

Explain the syntax of URL?

The scheme names followed by the three characters :// (a colon and two slashes).
The most commonly used protocols are http:// , https:// , ftp:// , and mailto:// . Host name
— The host name identifies the host where resource is located. A hostname is a domain
name assigned to a host computer.

Explain the parts of the following URL:http://www. niit.com/mainpage

A global learning outsourcing company. Our managed training services help
companies run training like a business by demonstrably transforming L&D.  Limited is an
Indian multinational skills and talent development corporation headquartered in Gurgaon,
India. 

How is URL different from domain name?

A URL (Universal Resource Locator) is a complete web address used to find a
particular web page. While the domain is the name of the website, a URL will lead to any
one of the pages within the website.

Why is there a need of Internet search engine?

They allow users to quickly and easily find information that is of genuine interest or
value, without the need to wade through numerous irrelevant web pages. Search
engines provide users with search results that lead to relevant information on high-quality
websites.

Give examples of two Internet search engines.

 Google
 Bing

How is a search engine different from a metasearch engine?

A metasearch engine is not technically a search engine, but a web portal that
combines web search results for a keyword or phrase from various search engines using its
own algorithm.

What will be searched if the following strings are entered while searching on Internet Search
Engine?
Web or Internet search engines look for entered keywords in a web site index. A
web crawler finds information to put into the index file. Most search engines have a lot in
common but may have some differing features (algorithms) - types of pages or files it can
target, how the engine searches the index for the entered keywords, and ranking systems to
determine the order of the results based on relevance.

Software engineering
A process of analyzing user requirements and then designing, building, and testing
software application which will satisfy those requirements. 

Name two programming languages used to design and develop the web pages.
 HTML
 CSS
Write a short note on DHTML.
Dynamic HTML, or DHTML, is a collection of technologies used together to create
interactive and animated websites by using a combination of a static markup
language (such as HTML), a client-side scripting language (such as JavaScript), a
presentation definition language (such as CSS), and the Document Object Model (DOM).

Why are scripting languages needed during the web development?

Its capability to produce dynamic content specially in web-based applications. A
scripting language allows users to develop dynamic and interactive web pages with
minimum effort and less programming expertise.

Name two programming languages, each, used for implementing client side and server side
interactivity.
 HTML
 CSS 

List four features of e-mail?

 automatic reply to messages.
 auto-forward and redirection of messages.
 facility to send copies of a message to many people.
 automatic filing and retrieval of message

Explain the syntax of e-mail address with example.

A valid email address consists of an email prefix and an email domain, both in
acceptable formats. The prefix appears to the left of the @ symbol. The domain appears to
the right of the @ symbol. For example, in the address [email protected], "example" is
the email prefix, and "mail.com" is the email domain.

What is the difference between Cc and Bcc in an e-mail header?

Cc except that the Email address of the recipients specified in this field do not
appear in the received message header and the recipients in the To or Cc fields will not
know that a copy sent to these address.

Differentiate between application based e-mail and web based e-mail?

You can access Web mail from any Internet-connected device, whereas you can only
use an email client on the specific device the client software is installed on. Web mail,
however, can only be read when you are online, unlike client-based email which usually
provides offline access

Explain the working of e-mail.

 Emails are routed to user accounts via several computer servers. They route the
message to their final destination and store them so that users can pick them up and send
them once they connect to the email infrastructure.

Give full form of the following abbreviations:

DARPA - Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 

TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol 
NSF - National Science Foundation 
WWW - World Wide Web
ISP - Internet service provider
NAP - Network Access Protection
Isoc - Information Security Operations Center
Iab - Internet Architecture Board
Ietf - Internet Engineering Task Force 
IESG - Internet Engineering Steering Group 
IRTF - Internet Research Task Force
IANA - Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
InterNIC - Internet Network Information Center
W3C - World Wide Web Consortium
NIC - Network interface controller
DSL - Digital Subscriber Line
ISDN - Integrated services digital network
ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
DNS - Domain Name System
HTML - Hypertext Markup Language
HTTP - HyperText Transfer Protocol
URL - Uniform Resource Locator
GUI - graphical user interface
DHTML - Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language
XML -Front-end web development.
DOM - Document Object Model 
Perl - Practical extraction and report language
PHP - Hypertext Preprocessor
JSP - Jakarta Server Pages 
ASP - Application service provider
CGI - Computer-generated image
E-mail - Electronic mail
POP3 - Post Office Protocol 3
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 
IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
Telnet - Teletype Network Protocol
IRC - Internet Relay Chat

Write short notes on:

History of Internet
The Internet started in the 1960s as a way for government researchers to share
information. Computers in the '60s were large and immobile and in order to make use of
information stored in any one computer, one had to either travel to the site of the computer
or have magnetic computer tapes sent through the conventional postal system. Another
catalyst in the formation of the Internet was the heating up of the Cold War. The Soviet
Union's launch of the Sputnik satellite spurred the U.S. Defense Department to consider
ways information could still be disseminated even after a nuclear attack. This eventually
led to the formation of the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), the
network that ultimately evolved into what we now know as the Internet. ARPANET was a
great success but membership was limited to certain academic and research organizations
who had contracts with the Defense Department. In response to this, other networks were
created to provide information sharing. January 1, 1983 is considered the official birthday
of the Internet. Prior to this, the various computer networks did not have a standard way
to communicate with each other. A new communications protocol was established called
Transfer Control Protocol/Internetwork Protocol (TCP/IP). This allowed different kinds of
computers on different networks to "talk" to each other. ARPANET and the Defense Data
Network officially changed to the TCP/IP standard on January 1, 1983, hence the birth of
the Internet. All networks could now be connected by a universal language.

TCP/IP
The Internet protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, is the set of
communications protocols used in the Internet and similar computer networks. The
current foundational protocols in the suite are the Transmission Control Protocol and the
Internet.

Internet Architecture
Internet architecture is a meta-network, which refers to a congregation of thousands
of distinct networks interacting with a common protocol. In simple terms, it is referred as
an internetwork that is connected using protocols. Protocol used is TCP/IP.

Internet Connections
Internet access is the ability of individuals and organizations to connect to the
Internet using computer terminals, computers, and other devices; and to access services
such as email and the World Wide Web.

DSL
Digital subscriber line is a family of technologies that are used to transmit digital
data over telephone lines. In telecommunications marketing, the term DSL is widely
understood to mean asymmetric digital subscriber line, the most commonly installed DSL
technology, for Internet access. 
Domain name
A domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of administrative
autonomy, authority or control within the Internet. Domain names are used in various
networking contexts and for application-specific naming and addressing purposes.

WWW
The World Wide Web, commonly known as the Web, is an information system
where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators,
which may be interlinked by hyperlinks, and are accessible over the Internet. 

Web Browser
A web browser is application software for accessing the World Wide Web. When a
user requests a web page from a particular website, the web browser retrieves the
necessary content from a web server and then displays the page on the user's device.

URL
A Uniform Resource Locator, colloquially termed a web address, is a reference to a
web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for
retrieving it. 

Internet Search Engines

A search engine is a software system that is designed to carry out web searches.
They search the World Wide Web in a systematic way for particular information specified
in a textual web search query.

WWW Development
A set of computer science activities dedicated to the process of creating, designing,
deploying and supporting software.

E-mail Languages
Short for electronic mail, e-mail or email is information stored on a computer that is
exchanged between two users over telecommunications. More plainly, e-mail is a message
that may contain text, files, images, or other attachments sent through a network to a
specified individual or group of individuals.

Working of e-mail
Electronic mail, messages transmitted and received by digital computers through a
network. An e-mail system allows computer users on a network to send text, graphics,
sounds, and animated images to other users.

FTP
The term file transfer protocol (FTP) refers to a process that involves the transfer of
files between devices over a network. The process works when one party allows another to
send or receive files over the internet.
Telnet
Telnet, developed in 1969, is a protocol that provides a command line interface for
communication with a remote device or server, sometimes employed for remote
management but also for initial device setup like network hardware.

Uses of Internet
The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world. Through
the Internet, people can share information and communicate from anywhere with an
Internet connection.

Give differences between the following:

Web site and Web portal

Websites are for driving traffic, whereas web portals are for limiting traffic to a
specific group of users. Most web portals require a user to log in, which allows the site to
deliver more specific content and services based on who that user is. Websites are
destinations that everyone can get to, and are generally designed for a broader audience.

Graphical browser and Text-based browser

Text based web browser is a web browser that provides only text of web pages and
ignores any graphic content. Graphic browser is used to display images inline
with text instead of displaying images in a separate window.

Application based e-mail and Web based e-mail

You can access Web mail from any Internet-connected device, whereas you can only
use an email client on the specific device the client software is installed on. Web mail,
however, can only be read when you are online, unlike client-based email which usually
provides offline access. Webmail (or web-based email) is any email client implemented as a
web application running on a web server. Examples of webmail software are Roundcube
and SquirrelMail.

Telnet and FTP

The common difference between Telnet and FTP is that Telnet permits a client user
to login to remote server to access its resources while FTP is used to transfer a file to the
remote machine.

E-mail and Chat

Chat is a type of software while Email is a protocol. Chat requires the permission of
both parties while Email does not. Chat needs accounts on the same provider while Email
does not. Chat is able to convey voice and audio while Email cannot.

DSL and Cable modem

The main difference between DSL and cable modems is with what devices and what
services they are linked with. The DSL modem is connected to the telephone line and is
thus linked together with your phone service. A cable modem connects to your cable box
and is an add-on to your cable service.