CHAPTER 5

NUMERICAL STUDY

5.1 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RCC CHIMNEY

The study is detailed in the following steps.

Height of the RCC chimney = 90m.

Wind intensity = 1.5 kN/m².

The thickness for brick work lining = 100mm.

The chimney has one breech opening.

The temperature difference between inside and outside shaft of the chimney = 70˚c.

Permissible bearing capacity of the soil = 200 kN/m².

Adopt concrete grade M25 and steel grade Fe415

5.1.1 Permissible stresses:

For M25, from IS 456:2000

Permissible stresses in concrete in bending compression = σ cbc= 8.5 N/mm².

For Fe415, from IS 456:2000

Permissible stresses in steel in tension = 230 N/mm².

280 280
Modular ratio m = = = 11.
3 σ cbc 3× 85

Design constants:

m σ cbc
k=
m(σ ¿ ¿ cbc +σ st )¿

11× 8.5
= = 0.289.
(11 ×8.5+230)

1−k 1−0.289
j= =
3 3

= 0.903
 j ×k × σ cbc
Q=
2

0.903× 0.289 ×8.5

=
2

= 1.10

5.1.2 Dimensions

Outer diameter at the base of chimney, D1 =5.5m;

Outer diameter at the top of the chimney D 2=3.3m.

Thickness of the chimney at the base, t 1=0.4m;

Thickness of the chimney at the top, t 2=0.2m.

Inner diameter at the base of the chimney,d 1=4.7m;

Inner diameter at the top of the chimney , d 2=2.9m.

D1−t 1 5.5−0.4
Radius of the chimney, R= = = 2.55m.
2 2

t 1 +t 2
Thickness of the chimney, Tc= =0.3m.
2

5.1.3 load calculation

1) Weight of chimney:

h
Volume of chimney = ( A + A +√ A 1 × A 2−( a1 +a2 + √ a1 ×a 2) )
3 1 2

π
A1= ( 5.5 )2=23.76 mm ²
4

π 2
A2= ( 3.3 ) =8.552mm ²
4

π
a 1= ( 4.7 )2=17.35 mm ²
4

π 2
a 2= (2.9 ) =6.605 mm ²
4
 90
V= ( 23.76+8.552+ √ 23.76 ×8.552−( 17.35+ 6.605+ √17.35 × 6.605 ) )
3

=30(46.56-34.66)

=357m³

Weight of chimney =Volume * density of concrete=24×357=8568kN ………. (i)

2) Weight of fire brick lining:

Weight of fire brick lining = γ b × π × ( d +d2 ) ×t × h

1 2
f

Density of fire brick lining, γ b = 20kN/m³;

d 1=4.7 m;

d 2=2.9 m ;

Thickness of firebrick lining, t f =0.1 m;

Height of the Chimney, h = 90m;

Fire brick lining, W = 20 × π × ( 4.7+2.9

2 ) × 0.1× 90 = 2148.8kN ………. (ii)

3)Total dead load above base = (i) + (ii)

= 85.68+2148.8

= 10,716.8kN

4)Total wind load above base =k×P×A

For circular section, shape factor, k=0.7;

Total wind load, P = 0.7×1.5× ( 2 )

D 1+ D 2
×h

= 0.7×1.5× ( 5.5+3.3
2 ) ×90
= 415.8KN

5.1.4 Moment calculation:

Bending moment above base due to wind load

h 90
M=P× = 415.8× =187.11kN-m
2 2

187.11
Eccentricity = = 1746mm
10716.8

5.1.5 Vertical Reinforcement:

Reinforcement 1% c/s area

1
A st= [π ×d m × ( t c +t f ) ]
100

We have,

Bottom mean diameter, d m = ( 2 )

D 1 + D2
=
4.7+5.5
2
=5.1m;

thickness of the lining, tf =100mm;

1
A st = [ π ×5100 × ( 300+100 ) ]
100

= 64,088.49mm²

Use 25mm ∅ bars

A st 64,088.49
Number of bars = = π
ast (25)²
4

= 130.56 ≅ 132

Provide 25mm∅ bars132 number reinforcement

5.1.6: Analysis of stress at base section:

(i)Eccentricity:

[ ( )
]
sin 2α π−α mt s π
( t c −t s ) 4
+
2
+
2
E=R
(( t c −t s ) ( sin α + ( π −α ) cos α ) ) +mt s π cos α
Radius of the chimney, R=2550mm;
Thickness of the chimney, t c =300 mm .

t s=¿ equivalent thickness of steel ring

A st π
132× (25)²
= = 4 =4mm.
π dm
π ×5100

α =¿ angle substended by neutral axis at centre varies from 60˚ to 80˚

Assumed value of α till it coincides with actual eccentricity value.

TRAIL 1:

α = 60˚

E=
2550
[ ( 300−4 ) ( sin24( 60) + π −2( 60) )+ 11×24 × π
( ( 300−4 ) ( sin 60+ ( π −60 ) cos 60 ) ) +11 × 4 × π cos 60 ]
≅ 1746mm

Eccentricity coincides with actual eccentricity value

∴ α = 60˚

(ii) Stress calculation in concrete:

W= [ 2 R σc
1+cos α ] [( ( t c −t s ) ( sin α + ( π−α ) cos α ) )+m t s π cos α ]
R= Radius of the chimney;

Thickness of the chimney, tc = 300mm;

Thickness of the steel ring, ts = 4mm;

Therefore,

107168 × 10³ = [ 2 ×2650 × σ c

1+cos 60 ] [( ( 300−4 ) ( sin 60+ ( 180−60 ) cos 60 ) ) + 11× 4 × π × cos 60 ]

Stress in Concrete, σ c = 4.9N/mm²

(iii) Stress calculation in steel:

Using the below formula ,

Stresses in steel in compression zone, σ s=m σ c [ 1−cos α

1+ cos α ]
Stress in concrete , σ c = 4.9N/mm²;

Modular ratio ,m = 11;

α = 60˚

σ s=11 × 4.9
[ 1−cos 60
1+ cos 60 ]
= 17.96N/mm²

Therefore, stresses on steel and concrete are within permissible limits.

5.1.7. Design of roof reinforcement

Provide 0.12% of c/s area

0.12
A stroof = ×[π × d m × ( t c +t s ) ]
100

We have,

Mean diameter of the chimney, d m =5100mm;

Thickness of the chimney, t c = 300mm;

Thickness of the steel ring , t s = 100mm

0.12
A st roof = ( π × 5100 ×(300+100)
100

= 7690.6mm²

P×S
Using 10mm diameter roof at 160mm centre stress in steel = σ s =
1.6 A t dm

We have, P = 4158kN
 S = 160mm

π
At = Area of steel bar = (10) ² = 78.53mm²
4

415.8 ×150
σs =
1.6× 78.53 ×5100

= 97.33 N/mm² ¿ 230 N/mm²

Hence Within permissible limits

5.1.8. TEMPERATURE STRESSES

(a)compression zone (leeward side)

Use relation

σ c [1+ ( m−1 ) P ] E c aT α
ˈ ˈ ˈ
K a−K = [ a−K ]
[ −mp ( )] 1+( )
2 Kˈ Kˈ

Where m = 11

σ c =¿ 4.9 N/mm²

a can be found by relation

Using the below formula,

at c= [t c -effective cover]

a×400 = 400-50

a = 0.875

Es = young modulus of steel;

m= modular ratio;

E s 2× 105
Young modulus of concrete, Ec = = = 18181.81 N/mm²
m 11

Temperature difference between inner and outer shaft of the chimney ,T = 70˚;
Temperature coefficient, α = 12×10−6/˚c

ts 4
P= = = 0.01
t c 100

Substitute all the values

4.9[1+ (11−1 ) 0.01] 18181.8× 0.875× 70 ×12 ×10−6

= kˈ 0.875−k ˈ = 0.875−k
ˈ
−(11 ×0.01)( ) 1+( )
2 kˈ kˈ

Solving for kˈ

kˈ = 0.7

(i)Stresses in concrete due to temperature

Ec αTa
Stresses in concrete, σˈ c = a−kˈ
1+
kˈ

We have,

Young modulus of concrete, Ec =18181.8 N/mm²

Temperature coefficient, α = 12×10−6 /˚C

Temperature difference ,T = 70˚C

a = 0.875

kˈ = 0.7

−6
18181.8× 12× 10 ×70 ×0.875
σ ˈc =
1+
0.875−0.7 = 10.69N/mm²
0.7

The permissible compressive stress for M25 grade concrete where wind load is considered is
1.33σ cbc = 1.33×8.5 = 11.305N/mm²

(ii) Stresses in steel due to temperature:

Stress in steel, σˈ s=m σˈc [ a−kˈ

kˈ ]
Stress in concrete due to temperature, σˈ c = 10.69N/mm²
Modular ratio, m = 11

kˈ = 0.7

σ ˈ s=11 ×10.69
[ 0.875−0.7
0.7 ]
= 29.39 < 230N/mm²

(b) Tension zone: (wind ward side)

[ ]
P.J
p = α T Ec k ˈ
m
[ kˈ ]
a−k ˈ k ˈ
−
2

P= [ ] 4
100
= 0.01

Stresses in steel, σ s = 17.96 N/mm²

Modular ratio,M = 11

a = 0.875

Modulus of elasticity of concrete, Ec =18181.81 N /mm ²

Temperature coefficient, α =12 ×10−6 /˚c

using the above relation

[ ]
0.01 ×17.96
0.01 ×11
kˈ
−
[2 ]
0.875−k ˈ k ˈ = 12 ×10−6 ×75 ×18181.8 × k ˈ

kˈ = 0.315

(ii) Stresses in concrete:

Usin the below relation

σ ˈ c = α T Ec k ˈ

Temperature coefficient, α =12 ×10−6 /˚c

Temperature difference between inner and outer shaft,T = 70˚

Youngs modulus of concrete, Ec =18181.81 N /mm ²

kˈ = 0.315

Sσˈ c = 12 ×10−6 ×18181.81 ×70 ×0.315

= 4.81 N/mm² ¿ 11.33 N/mm²

Hence safe

(iii) Stresses in steel:

Stresses in steel ,σˈ s = mσˈ c [ ]

a−kˈ
kˈ

We have

Modular ratio ,m = 11

Stresses in concrete in tension zone, σˈ c = 4.81 N/mm²

kˈ = 0.315

a = 0.875

σ ˈ s = 11× 4.81
[ 0.875−0.315
0.315 ]
= 33.86 N/mm² ¿ 230 N/mm²

Hence safe

(c)stresses at neutral axis:

Using the below relation,

k = -mp+√ 2 mpa+ p ² m ²

We have

Modular ratio m = 11

4
P=
400
= 0.01

a = 0.875
∴ k = -11×0.01√ 2× 11× 0.01× 0.875+(0.01) ²(11) ²

= 0.342

Stress in concrete:

σ ct =α T Ec k

Where,

Young modulus of concrete, Ec = 18181.81N/mm²

Temperature coefficient α =12 ×10−6 / ˚

k = 0.342

Temperature difference between the inner and the outer shaft, T = 70˚c

Using the above relation,

Stresses in concrete at neutral axis, σ ct =12× 10−6×70×18181.81 ×0.342

= 5.22N/mm²

Stress in steel:

Stresses in steel at the neutral axis, σ st =α T E s (a−k )

Youngs modulus of steel, E s = 2 ×105N/mm²

Temperature coefficient, α =12 ×10−6 / ˚c

Temperature difference between inner and outer shaft of chimney,T = 70˚c

a = 0.875

k = 0.342
−6
σ st =12 ×10 ×70×2 ×105 (0.875−0.342)

= 89.54N/mm² < 230N/mm²

Hence safe
5.1.9 Stresses in hoop steel due to temperature:

A st
Use relation, P=
S tc

S = spacing = 160mm

Thickness of chimney, t c = 400mm

π
A st = (10) ²
4

π
(10)²
P=
4 = 0.0013
160 × 400

Use relation, kˈ = √ 2 mPa+ P2 m2 −Pm

We have, P = 0.0013; m = 11; a = 0.875

kˈ = √ 2× 11× 0.0013× 0.875+0.00132 ×112−0.0013 × 11

= 0.1052

Now use relation, σˈ s = mσˈ c [ ]

a−kˈ
kˈ

m = 11; a = 0.875; kˈ = 0.1052

σ ˈ s = 11×σ ˈ c
[ 0.875−0.1052
0.1052 ]
σ ˈ s = 80.67σ ˈ c

Now use relation, σˈ s +m σˈc =E s α Ta

We have, σˈ s = 80.67σˈ c

m = 11

E s = 2 ×105N/mm²

α =12 ×10−6 / ˚c

T = 70˚c
 a = 0.875

−6
80.67σˈ c +11 σˈ c=12×10 × 70 × 2 ×105 ×0.875

σ ˈ c = 1.60N/mm²

σ ˈ s = 129.36N/mm²

Stress in hoop steel = Stress due to shear + Stress due to temperature difference

= 129.36 + 97.33

= 226.69 < 230N/mm²

5.1.10 Design of foundation

A circular RC slab foundation is designed for the chimney

W M
=
A Z

W = Total vertical load on base + self-weight of footing (assume 10% weight)

= 10716.8 + 10% of 10716.8

= 11788.48 kN

M = bending moment of base

= 18711 kN-m

π
A= (D)²
4

πD ³
Polar modulus,Z =
32

11788.48 18711
=
π πD ³
(D)²
4 32

D = 12.7m

W
Intensity of soil pressure =
A
 11788.48
W=π = 93.11 kN/m²
(12.7)²
4

D= 2a=12.7m;

2b= D1=5.1m;

a=6.35m; b=2.55m;

Maximum bending moment:

W a b 3
Mn = [2log e ( )+1- ( ¿ ² ] wa²
8π b a 16

Total load on chimney, W= 11788.48kN

a = 6.35m

b = 2.55m;

w = 93.11kN/m

11788.48 6.35 2.55 3

Bending moment M n= [2log e ( )+1-( ¿ ² ] × 93.11× 6.35²
8π 2.55 6.35 16

= 1249.926 – 703.95

= 545.97 kN-M

Maximum bending moment, M nmax =

W
8π
a
() b 3
[2log e +1- ( ¿ ² ] ×w× ( a2−b 2 )
b a 16

=
11788.48
8π
[2log e ( )
63.5
2.55
+1- (
2.55
6.35
3
¿ ² ] ×93.11× ( 63.52−2.552 )
16

= 1249.926 – 590.43

= 659.49 kN-m

According to grade of steel and concrete

Effective depth d =
√ M nmax
ab

We have, a = 1.109; b = 1000 ; M nmax = 659.49 kN-m

d=
√ 659.49 × 10⁶
1000 ×1.109

= 771.15mm

Adopting an effective depth = 8000mm

Overall depth = 850mm

Area of reinforcement:

M
A st =
σ st jd

M = 659.49 ×10⁶ N-m

σ st = 230

j = 0.903

d = 800mm

659.49 ×10⁶
Area of steel provided , A st =
230× 0.903 ×800

= 3969.196mm²

Provide 25mm diameter bars at 140mmc/s in both x and y direction of circular slab.