DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

AUDIO – VIDEO SYSTEMS

(2151101)

B.E. SEMESTER – 5

LABORATORY MANUAL
2017

Compiled By, Guided By,

Prof. Pratikgiri R. Goswami Prof. Nitin J. Bathani
Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor,
Shree Swami Atmanand Saraswati Institute Government Engineering College,
of Technology, Surat. Modasa.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Miss __________________________________

Enrollment No. ______________________ of Semester 5 of Electronics

& Communication Engineering has satisfactorily completed his / her

term work in subject Audio-Video Systems.

Date of Submission: ___/___/______

______________________________ ______________________________

Signature of Faculty Signature of Head of Department

 Electronics & communication Department

Name of Student: ________________________________ Enrollment No.______________

INDEX

Date Date
Sr.
Aim of of Grade Sign.
No. Experiment Submission
Experiment

1
Aim:

To study characteristics of microphones.

Apparatus:

 Microphone trainer kit.

 Dynamics Mic, Condenser Mic, Piezo Mic.
 Woofer, Tweeter, Mid-Range.

Theory:

Characteristics of Microphones:
 Sensitivity
 Signal to noise ratio
 Frequency response
 Non-liner distortion
 Directivity
 Output impedance

Sensitivity:
Sensitivity of microphone is defined as output in millivolts for the
sound pressure of 1 Pa at 1 KHz frequency.

Frequency response characteristics of Microphones:

The Frequency response of a microphone is defined by the bandwidth
of audio frequencies in the output of microphone within ±1 dB of the output at
1000 Hz. Although the complete audible frequency range of sound waves is 16
to 20000 Hz, a Microphone which gives flat response within ±1 dB for
frequency 40 to 15000 Hz is considered good for high fidelity audio system.
Lower bandwidth of 80 to 8000 Hz is acceptable for normal programs.

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Types of Microphones:

1. Dynamic Microphone (Moving Coil Microphone)

The Dynamic microphone uses the principle of electromagnetic
induction. When sound pressure variations move a coil placed in a
magnetic field, there is a change of magnetic flux passing through the
coil. An e.m.f. is, therefore, induced in the coil and this e.m.f. forms
output of the microphone.
2. Piezo Microphone (Crystal Microphone)
A piezo or crystal microphone is based on the principal of „Piezo
Electric Effect‟ which is defined as “Difference between the opposite
faces of some crystals is produced when these are subjected to
mechanical pressure”.
When pressure is applied to the crystal, it deforms and
momentary displacement of charge takes place within the crystal
structure. This creates a difference of potential between two surfaces of
the crystal.
3. Condenser (Capacitor) Microphone
The voltage across the capacitor changes when capacitance of a
capacitor changes in accordance with below equation.
Q
V 
C
V = Voltage across the capacitor in volts
Q = Charge in coulombs
C = Capacitance in farads
Diaphragm of the microphone acts as one plate of the condenser.
The other plate is fixed. When sound pressure moves the diaphragm in,
the capacitance increase, and when it moves out, the capacitance
decrease. The change in capacitance results in change in voltage.

Procedure:

 Connect the loudspeaker(Woofer, Mid-range or Tweeter) to the

loudspeaker kit

 Connect the Microphone (Dynamic, Condenser, Piezo) to the

Microphone kit

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  Set amplitude in the mid position.

 Vary the frequency knob, ranging from 10Hz to 20KHz and get
corresponding mV from Microphone kit

 A plot can be made between „frequencies‟ and reproduced sound at the

given mV.

 Follow above procedure for each microphone connecting one by one

and note down the readings in observation table.

Observations:

Sr. Frequency Crystal Dynamic Condenser

No. (Hz) (mV) (mV) (mV)

Conclusion:

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Audio-Video Systems Page 4
Experiment

2
Aim:

To study frequency response of loudspeaker.

Apparatus:

 Microphone trainer kit.

 Dynamics Mic, Condenser Mic, Piezo Mic.
 Woofer, Tweeter, Mid-Range.
 Sound Meter

Theory:

A loudspeaker is a transducer which converts electrical signals of audio frequency

into sound waves of the same frequency. It is also called output transducer or
reverse transducer.

Characteristics of Loudspeaker:
 Efficiency
 Noise
 Frequency Response
 Distortion
 Directivity
 Power
 Impedance

Frequency response characteristics of Loudspeaker:

It indicates the loudspeaker‟s response for the audible frequency range of
sound. Ideally, the response of a loudspeaker should be flat within +-1db for the
frequency range of 16 Hz to 20 kHz. However, due to mass of the diaphragm
assembly, high frequencies are attenuated; and due to series compliance, low
frequencies are attenuated. Moreover, the movable system may have some natural

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resonant frequency within the audible range and the output at that frequency will
be emphasized.

A single loudspeaker cannot have flat response for the whole audio frequency
range from 16 Hz to 20000 Hz, and not even for the practical hi- fi range of 40 Hz to
15000 Hz. Low frequencies are weakened by the back sound waves of reverse phase
in an open- speaker. In a closed box (enclosure), the compliance (capacitive effect) of
the entrapped air comes in series with the compliance of the cone system and hence
increases the resonant frequency of the loudspeaker. The loss at high frequencies is
due to mass (or inductive effect) of the diaphragm (including cone). Thus, a single
speaker cannot produce both, the good solid bass and the smooth crisp treble.

To solve the problem, the audio frequency spectrum is divided into at least 2
and preferably 3 parts. Separate speakers are designed for each part, so that each
speaker has to cover only a small range of frequency. The speakers which cover low
frequencies from 16 Hz to 1000Hz are called woofers. The speakers which cover
higher audio frequencies are called Tweeters. Many a time, a third speaker, called
Squawker is used for mid- frequency range from 500-5000Hz, and in that case
woofer works up to 500 Hz and a tweeter from 5000 Hz onwards.

Procedure:

 Connect the loudspeaker (Woofer, Mid-range or Tweeter) to the

loudspeaker kit

 Set amplitude in the mid position.

 Vary the frequency knob, ranging from 10Hz to 20KHz and get
corresponding intensities using sound meter in dB.

 A plot can be made between „frequencies‟ and intensities in dB.

 Follow above procedure for each loudspeaker connecting one by one

and note down the readings in observation table.

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Observations:

Sr. Frequency Woofer Mid-Range Tweeter

No. (Hz) (dB) (dB) (dB)

Conclusion:

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Audio-Video Systems Page 8
Experiment

3
Aim:

To study directivity of loudspeaker.

Apparatus:

 Microphone trainer kit.

 Dynamics Mic, Condenser Mic, Piezo Mic.
 Woofer, Tweeter, Mid-Range.
 Sound Meter

Theory:

Directional Pattern means that the response of the Loudspeaker in a particular

direction. For the horn type the directivity for half powers is about 90 for low
frequencies. High frequencies concentrate in a narrow cone in the front. The
attachment of a properly shaped horn to a small piston like sound source is
observed to result in a marked increase in its acoustic output at low frequencies.
Such a horn is essentially an acoustic transformer, which enables the loading
impedance of the low-density air to be more effectively matched to that of the
relatively massive vibrating piston. In particular, the low- frequency acoustic
resistance at the throat of the horn is greater than that which would act on the
piston of equal area, vibrating in an infinite baffle, and the output of the horn
loaded source is consequently higher. At high frequencies the effect of the Horn is
almost negligible, for these frequencies are radiated by a piston source as a narrow
beam, and hence the confining effect of the walls of the horn is of limited
significance.

The most important characteristics of the horn are the manner in which its throat
impedance varies with frequency. This throat impedance is also a function of throat
area, of the mouth area, and of the flare, i.e., of the rate of increase of the horn‟s
cross sectional area. When the area at the mouth is very large, its effect on the

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throat impedance is negligible, and the variation of this impedance with frequency
is then primarily determined by the shape of the horn.

The Cone type speaker is the most convenient method of converting the audio signal
into sound. For converting varying audio voltage into sound the output of an audio
amplifier is connected to the voice coil through an impedance matching device. The
varying audio signal through the voice coil generates a magnetic field. When the
generated field aids the existing field in the air gap, the cone moves in reducing the
air pressure in front of the cone. When these two fields oppose each other, the cone
is pushed out compressing the air in front of the cone. In this way, audio signal
current are changed into sound pressure variations.

Consider the characteristics of a typical cone speaker, in comparison with those of

our idealized piston-like speaker. The cone type has basically omni-directional
characteristics, but high frequencies are concentrated in a narrow cone about the
axis of the radiator. The observed decrease in the directionality is more pronounced
for wide-angle cones than for narrower cones since the effective rigidity of their
surface is less. Finally at frequencies above the fundamental resonant frequency of
the cone surface, this lack of rigidity causes the cone to vibrate in oppositely phased
circular zones. Consequently, the effective radius of the cone decreases as the
frequency increases, which will result in a broadening of the radiated sound
pattern. A second effect of this reduction in effective radius of the cone is that of
reducing the radiation resistance, which is the square of this radius.

The Column type Loudspeaker is basically a direct radiating or dynamic

Loudspeaker. A loudspeaker is an electro-mechanical device for converting a
varying audio voltage into corresponding sound. Some loudspeakers are enclosed in
an enclosures or baffles to improve its performance.

Procedure:

 Switch on Audio frequency generator and adjust it for 10 Hz and optimum

amplitude (Say 15 V)
 At a certain distance to Loudspeaker (say 100cm), right in front of it, take the
axis as a reference and note the reading for every 30° phase angle in dB using
the dB meter.
 Plot the graph of dB v/s angle on the polar paper.

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Observations:

Sr. Angle Woofer Mid-Range Tweeter

No. (degree) (dB) (dB) (dB)

Conclusion:

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Audio-Video Systems Page 12
Experiment

4
Aim:

To study performance of Public Address System.

Apparatus:

 PA System kit
 Dynamics Mic
 Woofer
 CRO

Theory:

It is an electro-acoustic system, in which sound is first converted into electrical

signals by a microphone. The electrical audio signals are amplified, processed and
fed to another transducer, loudspeaker, which converts the audio signals into sound
waves. A block diagram of a basic P.A. System is shown in fig. given below. The
function of each block of P.A. System is described below.

1. Microphone: It picks up sound waves and converts them into electrical

variations, called audio signals. Generally, amplifiers have provision of 2 or more
microphones and in addition, an auxiliary input for tape/record player.

2. Mixer: The output of microphone is fed to a mixer stage. The function of the
mixer stage is to effectively isolate different channels from each other before feeding

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to the main amplifier. It can be either a built-in unit or a separate pluggable unit.

There are three types of mixers. The simplest one does not use pre- amplifiers and
amplifiers, but uses only gain controls (also called-faders) and isolating series
resistors. A little more sophisticated one has separate pre- amplifiers, for separate
channels and then after the gain control potentiometers and isolated resistors, there
is a common amplifier and an emitter follower. low impedance of emitter follower
matches the input impedance of the voltage amplifier of the P.A. system. The
function of the separate pre-amplifiers and common amplifier in the mixer stage is
to amplify the weak signals.

3. Voltage Amplifier: It further amplifies the output of the mixer.

4. Processing Circuits: These circuits have „Master gain control‟ and tone-
controls (Bass/treble controls).

5. Driver Amplifier: It gives voltage amplification to the signal to such an extent

that when fed to the next stage (power amplifier stage), the internal resistance of
that stage is reduced. Thus, it drives the power amplifier to give more power.

6. Power Amplifier: It gives desired power amplification to the signal. It uses

push pull type of circuit in general, so that the even harmonics are eliminated from
the output and transformer core is not saturated. The output of the power amplifier
is connected to the loudspeaker through a matching transformer to match the low
impedance of the loudspeaker for maximum transfer of power. In some circuits, the
design is such that a separate matching transformer is not needed.

7. Loudspeaker: It converts electrical audio signals into pressure variations

resulting in sound.

A public address system abbreviated P.A. system is an electronic amplification

system used as a communication system in public areas.

It is an amplification setup with amplifier and loudspeaker used to address a large

number of audiences. Consider a P.A. system being used to live musical show. It
will be driven from a mixer at which the engineer will put together the incoming
microphones and musical instrument signals which will be amplified by the system
& provided to the loudspeaker.

A simple P.A. system consists of one or more loudspeaker. These three components
have a potential for feedback. Feedback occurs when sound from the speaker find it

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way back into the microphone and then re-amplified this generally manifest itself
as a sharp – sudden shrill due to oscillations. This effect can be reduced by proper
use of negative feedback.

Procedure:

 Connect the Microphone to the chaises connector of audio input sections

 Connect patch cord A to A, B to B, C to C, D to D, G to G and G1 to G1 Woofer
 Connect the speaker to the output point
 Switch on the supply of the trainer kit.
 Observe output waveforms on CRO.

Observations*:

*screenshots of output waveforms to be attached

Conclusion:

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Experiment

5
Aim:

To study pattern generator.

Apparatus:

 Pattern generator
 CRO, CRO probes, and multi-meter.
 TV screen

Theory:

*Courtesy: Book „Monochrome and Colour Television (Revised Edition)‟ by R.R.Gulati, New Age International Publishers

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A pattern generator provides video signals, direct and with RF modulation, on the
standard TV channels for alignment, testing and servicing of television receivers.
The output signal is designed to produce simple geometric patterns like vertical and
horizontal bars, chequer-board,cross-hatch, dots etc. These patterns are used for
linearity and video amplifier adjustments. In addition to this, FM sound signal is
also provided in pattern generators for aligning sound section of the receiver.

A simplified functional block diagram of the pattern cum FM sound signal

generator is shown in Figure. The generator employs two stable chains of
multivibrators, dividers and pulse shaping circuits, one below the line frequency to
produce a series of horizontal bars and the other above 15625 Hz to produce vertical
bars. The signals are modified into short duration pulses which when fed to the
video section of the receiver along with the sync pulse train produce fine lines on the
screen.

Multivibrators produce square wave video signal at m times the horizontal

frequency to provide m vertical black and white bars. After every m cycles, the
horizontal blanking pulse triggers the multivibrator for synchronizing the bar
signal on every line. A control on the front panel of the pattern generator enables
variation of multivibrator frequency to change the number of bars.

Similarly square wave pulses derived either from 50 Hz mains or from the master
oscillator are used to trigger another set of multivibrators to generate squarewave
video signal that is n times the vertical frequency. These on feeding the video
amplifier produce horizontal black and white bars. The number of horizontal bars
can also be varied by a potentiometer that controls the switching rate of the
corresponding multivibrator. The bar pattern signal is combined with the sync and
blanking pulses in the video adder to produce composite video signals before feeding
it to the modulator.

Various patterns:

1. Color Bars:

Purpose:

 for testing the overall performance of chroma section.

2. Purity:

Purpose:

 for checking the color purity of red, green and blue color rasters

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  for color agc adjustment.
 to check the interference between sound and the chroma carriers.

3. White test pattern:

Purpose:

 for adjusting the sub-brightness control.

 for testing the functioning of beam current limiter and luminance delay line.

4. Crosshatch test pattern:

Purpose:

 for dynamic convergence adjustments.

 for pincushion correction adjustments.
 for static convergence adjustments. (use center cross lines)

5. Dots test pattern:

Purpose:

 for static convergence adjustments.

 for setting of focus control.

6. Checker board test pattern:

Purpose:

 for testing the overall linearity.

 for adjusting the height, width and linearity controls.
 useful for observing ringing effect in the video amplifier, especially at the
black to white transition of the squares. Excess ringing effect needs
realignment of if amplifier using sweep generator.

7. Rhombus test pattern:

 This is digitally derived pattern with a special feature for boundary

adjustment. The picture can be adjusted for an exact 4:3 aspect ratio
unambiguously. In this respect this pattern is superior to the circle pattern,
in which the diameter is not measurable.

Purpose:

 for centering the picture.

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  for adjusting the overall linearity as well as height and width control for
exact 4:3 ratio.
 to inspect the blooming effect by inserting with different colored backgrounds
(i.e. Different purity patterns).

Procedure:

 Switch on the Pattern Generator and the Television set.

 Connect the RF output of PG (No.15 on rear side) to the RF input of
Television set.
 Tune the TV set to the particular channel get the various patterns on the TV
screen.
 Repeat above steps with connection with CRO.
 Draw the observed patterns and write the conclusions.

Observations*:

*screenshots of outputs to be attached

Conclusion:

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Experiment

6
Aim:

To check various test point and fault finding procedure in RF section in colour TV
trainer 2651.

Apparatus:

 Colour television trainer Scientech 2651.

 Probes, Multi meter

Theory:

The RF-Section is mainly consisting of RF Tuner. This tuner has RF amplifier, a

mixer and a local oscillator.
The antenna receives the radio frequency (RF) waves from the atmosphere and
converts them into corresponding signal variations. These RF variations are fed to
RF tuner. The input impedance of RF Tuner is 75 ohms. The antenna system and
co-axial cable should be properly matched. If a co-axial cable of 75 ohms impedance
is employed, there is no need of any extra matching device between cable and
antenna socket at the receiver. But in case if a feeder wire of 300 ohms is employed
then an impedance matching transformer (300-75ohms) is added between feeder
and antenna socket at the receiver. There is also a need of impedance matching
between output terminals of antenna and co-axial cable or feeder wire. The RF
tuner selects the signal of the desired channel, amplifies it and converts in to
Intermediate frequencies (IF).
The video IF is at 38.9 MHz and sound IF is at 33.4 MHz.
Tuner section has +12V approximately supply voltage at TP14 (MB). This voltage is
used for all the operations. In this section +12V is provided from horizontal output

Audio-Video Systems Page 20

Audio-Video Systems Page 21
section. Transistors QA02, QA03, QA04 (BC558) are used for selecting the desired
band from tuner section. To switch on these transistors approximately 10.8 V is
provided at their base. Output is obtained at IF terminal (TP20). AGC Voltage (2.8V
approximately) is obtained from pin 11 of IC7680 (IC101). This voltage is used for
automatic gain controlling purpose. AFT voltage is provided from pin 13 of IC7680.
It is available at TP16. Tuning pulse output from system control IC is fed in to the
base of transistor Q903 (BC547). Which switches on the transistor and so tuning
voltage of 0-33V approximately is obtained at TV terminal (TP19). Following are the
various terminal of RF tuner, which are provided in the form of Test Points (TP) in
our trainer kit.
UB : The system control IC provides the UHF band selection voltage. This voltage
switches ON the transistor, hence UHF band is selected.
HB : VHF band III selection voltage available from system control IC through
switching transistor at HB pin.
LB : VHF band I selection voltage is available at LB pin from system control IC
through switching transistor.
TU : Channel selection voltage is available at this pin through transistor. It varies
from 0-33V during channel selection.
AGC : Automatic Gain Control voltage is available at this pin from IC7680.
AFT : Automatic Fine Tuning voltage is available at this pin from IC7680.
MB : It is tuner section's Power Supply pin. Here 12 volt (approximately) is
available.
IF : Intermediate frequency output signal from tuner is available at IF pin
Test points:
TP21 Blue:
Tuner section (UB) requires supply of 10.8V approximately if UHF band is selected,
otherwise 0V. On selecting the UHF band of system control IC, 10.8V
approximately is obtained at pin no. 3 (for other band selection, it is 0V)
TP19 Blue:

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Tuner section (TU) selection 0-8V (approximately varying) during channel. Pin 33 of
system control IC provides the tuning pulse output to TV terminal through
transistor Q903 (BC547)
TP18 Blue:
Tuner section (HB) 10.8V approximately, if VHF III band to selected otherwise 0V.
On selecting the VHF III band of system control IC feeds VHF III band to switching
output from pin no. 2 (10V approximately). So 10.8V approximately is obtained here
& (for other band selection it is 0V)
TP20 Blue:
Tuner section 6.8V approximately (AGC) adjustable, this voltage is used for
automatic gain controlling purpose and coming from IC7680.
TP17 Blue:
Tuner section (LB) requires supply of 10.8V (approximately) if VHF I band is
selected otherwise 0V. On selecting VL band System control IC provides at pin 1
(10V approximately). So, 10.8V approximately is obtained & for other band selection
it is 0V.
TP16 Blue:
Tuner section AFT required supply of 5.7V approximately, this voltage is obtained
from pin no. 13 of IC7680 for the purpose of Automatic Fine Tuning.
TP14 Red:
Tuner section (MB) Supply for Tuner section is 11V (approximately). It is obtained
from Horizontal Output Section.
TP15 Red:
Tuner section (IF) Tuner Output signals according to band selection.

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Fault Simulation:
Fault Insertion:
Fault 1: No picture, only low contrast snow on screen.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from 2 & 3 pin and place it between
pin
1 & 2 of jumpers J1
Symptoms: Even antenna is connected but there is no picture only sound is
present with low contrast.
Fault Section: Tuner Section
Procedure:
· Check power supply at TP14 (MB) of tuner section, it should be +12V if not
· Then Check +12V supply at TP13 if it is OK
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between pin 2 & 3 of
jumpers J1.
Result: Now you should get +12V at TP14.
Fault 2: No picture, No transmitting sound.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from 2 & 3 pin and place it between
pin 1 & 2 of jumper J3

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Symptoms: No picture, No sound and tuning is not possible.
Fault Section: Tuner Section.
Procedure:
· Check the voltage at TP4 (33V approximately) if it is not present then,
· Track may be open or components are faulty.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and connect it between 2 & 3 of jumper
J3.
Result: Now you should get picture with OK sound.
Fault 3: No Picture, No transmitting sound.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from 2 & 3 pin and place it between
pin no. 1 & 2 of jumper J4
Symptoms: No picture, there is only snow on & tuning is not possible
Fault Section: Tuner section.
Procedure:
· First check the antenna wire and antenna. If it is properly connected then,
· Select the auto tuning mode. It starts with VL Band
· During VL Band tuning period 12V will be obtained at TP-17,
· During VH Band tuning period 12V will be obtained at TP-18
· During VHF Band tuning period 12V will be obtained at TP-21, if, it is not present
then,
· Check voltage at collector of transistors QA02, QA03, QA04 it should be 12V, if, it
is OK then,
· Check the voltage at Emitter of transistor QA02, QA03 and QA04, it should be
12V if, it is OK then
· Transistor may be faulty or track may be open between TP13 and emitter of
transistor, QA-02, QA-03, and QA-04.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between 2 & 3 of jumper
J4.
Result: Now you should get possible tuning and get picture.
Fault 4: VH Band is not selected

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Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and place it between
pin
1 & 2 of jumper J5
Symptoms: No picture, no transmitting sound, only snow, but signal received from
antenna in VH band is of good quality.
Fault Section: Tuner section.
Procedure:
· First check the voltage at TP13, it should be 12V (approximately), if it is not
present then
· Check the voltage at TP18, if it is not present then
· Check the voltage at transistor QA03, if it is not present then
· Transistor may be faulty or track may be open between emitter of Transistor
QA03 & TP13.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between 2 & 3 of jumper
J5.
Result: Now you will get VH Band selected & good picture too.
Fault 5: Picture tilted to one side. Sound OK.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from 2 & 3 pin and place it between
pin
1 & 2 of jumpers J6
Symptoms: Horizontal shaking is observed in the picture. (AGC preset is at higher
side)
Fault Section: Tuner section
Procedure:
· Vary the preset of AGC. If variation of picture is not found to be OK then.
· Check the voltage variation by keeping the Test Point at TP20 by varying the
preset VR151. If no variation is present, check the preset. If it is proper then.
· Resistance R105 may be faulty, if it is OK then,
· Check the continuity between R105 and TP20, if it is not proper then,

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· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between 2 & 3 of jumper
J6.
Result: Proper picture without any shaking symptoms is observed.

Conclusion:

Audio-Video Systems Page 27

Experiment

7
Aim:

To check various test point and fault finding procedure in VIF section in colour TV
trainer 2651.

Apparatus:

 Colour television trainer Scientech 2651.

 Probes, Multi meter

Theory:

This section includes VIF and SIF sections. This trainer uses IC101 (CD7680) for
VIF and SIF sections. The signals at terminal (TP15) of tuner section are fed at the
base of transistor Q161 (C388A) through coupling capacitor C161 (01mf). This
amplified IF signals are available at collector of this transistor and then fed to Saw
Filter through capacitor C163 (.01mf) collector of pre-amplifies transistor gets
positive supply by resistances R164 (220W) and R165 (470W). Base biasing is given
by resistance R163 (5.6K) and R162 (1K) to base of pre-amplifier and its emitter is
grounded by R166 (27W). Output of saw filter is fed to pin no. 7 and 8 of IC101
(IC7680) by coil L102 (TRF 1452) R101 (820W) and C101 (.01mf) network. Pin no. 7
& 8 are VIF amplifier pins. The signal from this section is fed to video detector after
amplification. Video detector detects line video signal and amplified by video
preamplified section. Composite colour video signals are obtained at pin no. 15. The
signal is shown at TP23.This composite signal also has SIF signal of 5.5 MHz.
Ceramic filter Z106 (5.5 MHz) sets sound IF signals 5.5 MHz through capacitor C7
(68pF). This ceramic filter separates the second IF signal from composite video
signal. The filtered sound IF signals are fed to pin no. 21 of this IC sound. IF

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amplifier section amplifies the sound IF signals and send it to FM detector section
where audio signals are obtained. Audio signals are available at pin no. 3 of this IC
at pin no. 22 and 24 FM detector circuit is connected with FM detectors coil. Pin no.
1 of this IC gets the volume control signal from pin no. 39 of system control IC
through transistor Q901 (BC547). Pin no. 17 and 18 are the pins of video detector
section. Here L151 (1445) video detector coil is used. Resistance R108 (3.9K) video
detector coil and a capacitor parallel to this coil passes the signal to video detector
section for detection. After that the signal reaches to AFT detector section. The
detected signals from AFT section are obtained at pin no. 13 which is AFT output
pin. AFT signals are fed to AFT terminal of Tuner by resistance R171 (2.7K). From
tuner's AFT point this AFT signals are fed to base of buffer transistor Q910A
(BC547) which comes out from its emitter. Then the circuit of C196 (4.7KPF) R925
(4.7K) R924 (470W) and diode D903 (IN4148) passes this signal to pin no. 15 of
system control IC. It is very important to give the signal to system control section
because the channels cannot be locked without this signal. AGC voltage is given to
AGC terminal of tuner from pin no. 11 of this IC through resistance R105 (220W).
There is (15K) R151 variable resistance for AGC adjustment.
The IC 7680 incorporates the following functions.
a. Gain controlled wide band amplifier providing complete IF gain.
b. Video detection.
c. Video pre-amplification.
d. AFC detection output providing.
e. IF AGC and RF AGC
f. Sound IF limitation and amplification.
g. FM detection.
h. Attenuation and providing audio output.
Test points:
Pin 3 of IC VIF section:
Audio output signal from IC7680 fed to sound amplifier 7 VDC.
TP23 Red VIF section:

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Composite video signal (Pin no. 15 of IC7680).

Fault Simulation:
Fault 6: No Sound, No Picture only plane raster on the screen.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from 2 & 3 pin and place it between
pin 1 & 2 of jumper J2
Symptoms: There is no sound nor picture on the screen. Only plane raster is
present.
Fault Section: VIF Section
Procedure:
· Check power supply at pin no. 20 of IC101 (IC7680) If not then,
· Check +12V at TP13 if it is OK
· Then may be track open between TP13 and Pin 20 of IC101
· If not then check the continuity connection between TP13 and TP6.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between pin 2 & 3 of
jumper J2.
Result: Now you should get +12V at pin no. 20 of IC101.& good picture with sound
Fault 7: Plane Raster on the Screen.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and place it between
pin

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1 & 2 of jumper 31
Symptoms: Only plane raster on the screen without any sound.
Fault Section: VIF Section.
Procedure:
· First check the composite colour video signal at pin no15 of IC101. If it is OK then,
· Check the composite colour video signal at pin no. 39 of IC501.
· The components connected between TP23 and pin no. 34 of IC501 may be faulty. If
these are OK then,
· Check the track between TP23 and pin no. 39 of IC501.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and connect it between 2 & 3 of Jumper
31.
Result: Now you should get clear picture with sound.
Fault 8: No Picture. No transmitting sound.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between
pin
2 & 3 of jumper J37
Symptoms: No Picture, there is only snow
Fault Section: VIF Section
Procedure:
· First check the antenna wire and antenna. If it is properly connected then,
· Check the tuner voltage +12V at TP-14. If it is OK then tuner may be faulty.
· Now try to get the picture with the help of Auto tuning/ Fine tuning. If you are not
getting the picture then,
· Check the +33volt at TP4 DA13. If it is OK then,
· During the auto mode, check the voltage variation of 0V to 8V at emitter of TR
Q902. If it is not varying then,
· Track may be track open between DA13 and Q902.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and connected between 1 & 2 Jumper
J37.
Result: Now you should get clear picture with sound.

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Fault 9: Picture with distorted Sound.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between
pin
2 & 3 of jumper J7
Symptoms: There is picture with snow and distorted sound. (In case of improper
antenna plane raster will appear
Fault Section: VIF Section.
Note: To find out this problem take signals from colour pattern generator ST2670
instead of antenna.
Procedure:
· First check the IF signal at TP15, if it is OK then,
· Check the IF Signal at TP22. if it is OK then,
· Check this signal at Base of transistor Q161, If it is OK then,
· Transistor may be faulty. If it is OK then
· Now check the IF signal at the end of capacitor C163 connected to saw filter, if it is
weak then
· Check capacitor C163 is connected with ground or not.
· Remove the shorting of shunt from pin 2 & 3 and connect it between 1 & 2 of
jumper J7.
Result: Now you should get good picture with OK sound.

Conclusion:

Audio-Video Systems Page 32

Experiment

8
Aim:

To check various test point and fault finding procedure in Video and CHROMA
section in colour TV trainer 2651.

Apparatus:

 Colour television trainer Scientech 2651.

 Probes, Multi meter

Theory:

Scientech Colour TV trainer Scientech 2651 uses IC CD7698 (IC501) for video
& chroma section. Vital part of the IC is used for chroma section. For chroma
section pin no. 1-23 and pin no. 38-42 are used, other pins are used for Video
section. For chroma section following are the main sub sections in the IC:
· Chroma amplifier
· Colour oscillator
· Colour killer detector
· Matrix
· Luminance (Y) signal amplifier.
VIF section IC101 (CD7680) pin no. 15 supplies the composite colour video signal to
the inverter pin no. 39 of IC501 (CD7698) by circuit made up of L105 (3.3mH) R958
(330W), Trap5.5 MHz (ceramic filter) and L201 (12mH). In inverter section this
signal is amplified as well as detected, After detection Y signal goes to Y amplifier
which is in built in IC, Remaining amplified composite colour and sink signal are
obtained at pin no. 40 of this IC, then fed to pin no. 5 of this IC through resistance
R501 (820W), C560 (18pF) and C502 (10pF). Pin no. 5 is Band pass amplifier pin.

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Signal goes to band pass amplifier by this pin and amplified here. Amplified signal
is obtained at pin no 8. From pin no. 8 the signal fed to pin no. 19 of this IC by
passing it through chroma trap circuit. This trap circuit consists of VR551 (1K)
C507 (0.01mf), C508 (15Pf), C502 (10mH) X502 (DL701 delay line), L551 (TRF5418)
R510 (470W) and C509 (.01mF). From pin no. 8 this signal is also fed to pin no. 17 of
this IC in the form of colour sink signal by resistance R509 (1.5K), C510 (.01mF) pin
no. 17 is of matrix section. Pin no. 41 is contrast control pin. Pin no. 41 gets the
contrast control signal from pin no. 37 of system control IC through resistance R946
(560W), R945 (1.5K) and R213 (47K). Pin no. 4 of this IC is brightness control pin.
Pin no. 38 of IC901 (system control section) supplies the brightness control signals
at this pin through resistance R941 (1K), R956 A (47K), R212 (10K). Pin no. 7 of
IC501 (CD7698) receives the colour control signals from pin no. 36 of IC901 through
resistance R947 (1K), R942 (12K) and R505 (2.2K). Pin no. 20 of IC501 (CD7698) is
output pin of green colour signal. Green colour output signal from this pin is fed to
base of green colour amplifier transistor. In the same way red colour signal obtained
at pin no. 21 of this IC and then fed to base of red colour output transistor Q507
(C2310). Blue colour signal obtained at pin no. 22 of this IC and then fed to base
blue colour output transistor Q509 (C2310).R-Y signals & B-Y signals. Y signals
from pin no. 42 of this IC are fed to pin no. 3 of the same IC through resistance
R203 (1.5K), R210 (1.5K) arid capacitor C204 (.47mF) circuit network. Luminance
signals are out from pin no. 23 of this IC and fed to base of luminance amplifier
transistor. Q202 (2SA 1015) this transistor amplifies the signal and out the signal
by its emitter, which is then fed to all the three emitters of three colour output
transistors. Pin no. 30 to 37 of IC501 (CD7698) works for horizontal oscillator AFC
and sync separator sections.
Test points:
TP26 Blue Video & Chroma section +12V (approximately)
TP28 Blue Video & Chroma section Colour composite video signal

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TP29 Red Video & Chroma section Inverted Colour composite Video signal

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TP 31 Red Video & Chroma section Luminance Signal.

TP34 Blue Video & Chroma section + 10V (approximately)

TP37 Blue Video & Chroma section 4.43 MHz sub carrier frequency

TP38 Blue Video & Chroma section + 12 V (approximately)

TP39 Red Video & Chroma section for colour adjustment. To observe Colour burst
signal at Pin no. 5 of IC501, connect pattern generator (colour bar pattern) at
antenna socket.

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Fault Simulation:
Fault 10: There is yellow colour on the screen with OK Picture.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and connect it between
2 & 3 of jumper J25.
Symptoms: There is good picture on the screen with yellow shade colour
Fault section: Video & Chroma section
Procedure:
· Check pin no. 22 of IC501 (IC7698) it should be + 7.2V approximately. If it is
not then IC may be faulty.
· We know that if there is yellow shade on the screen it means blue colour is
absent.
· Check circuit of pin no. 22 of IC501 (B-Y output) it should be +7.2V
approximately at B terminal (Berg strip pin), if it is not.
· There may be track open between this B terminal and pin no. 22 of IC501.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and connect it between 1 & 2 of jumper
J25.
Result: Now you should get picture in normal colours.
Fault 11: There is cyan colour on the screen with OK picture.

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Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and connect it between
2 & 3 of jumper J24
Symptoms: Sound and picture OK only screen has cyan colour shade
Fault section: Video & Chroma section
Procedure:
· We know that if there is cyan colour on the screen it means that red. colour is
absent
· Check pin no. 21 of IC501. It should be 7.2V approximately, if not IC may be
faulty
· Check this voltage at R terminal, if it is not then,
There may be track open between pin no. 21 of IC501 & R terminal.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and connect it between 1 & 2 of
jumper J24.
Result: Now you should get picture with normal colours.
Fault 12: There is magenta shade colour on the screen with OK picture.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and connect it between
2 & 3 of jumper J23
Symptoms: Sound and picture OK with magenta shade
Fault Section: Video & Chroma section.
Procedure:
· We know that if there is magenta colour on the screen it means that green
colour is absent
· Check pin no. 20 of IC501 it should be +7.2V approximately (if not then IC
may be faulty) if OK then,
· Check this voltage at G terminal. If it is not then,
There may be track open between pin no. 20 of IC501 & G terminal
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 of and connect it between 1 & 2 of
Jumper J23
Result: Now, you should get picture with normal colours
Fault 13: Dull Coloured Picture

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Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and connect it between
2
& 3 of jumper J19
Symptoms: There is dull picture (Negative type) on the screen with full colours.
Fault Section: Video and Chroma Section
Procedure:
· Check the luminance signal at pin no. 23 of IC501. If it is not then IC may be
faulty, if it is OK then,
· Check this luminance signal at base of Q202 (1015). If it is not here then, there
may be track open between pin no. 23 of IC501 and base of T202.
· Replace the shorting shunt from 2 & 3 and connect it between 1 & 2 of Jumper
J19.
Result: Turn on the instrument, you should get good picture on the screen.
Fault 14: Picture is vertically rolling with OK sound
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and connect it between
2
& 3 of jumper J21
Symptoms: There is OK sound from the trainer kit but picture is vertically rolling.
Fault Section: Video and Chroma Section
Procedure:
· Check vertical sync pulse at pin no. 36 of IC501 (CD7698). If it is OK then,
· Check the pulse at pin no. 28 of IC. If it is not then,
There may be track open between these two pins or R330 (30K) or capacitor,
· Replace the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and connect it between 1 & 2 Jumper
J21.
Result: Now should get clear picture with sound.
Fault 15: No colour variation.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and connect it between
1
& 2 of jumper J27

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Symptoms: There is good picture without colour variation it means black & white
picture.
Fault Section: Video and Chroma section.
Procedure:
· First check the voltage variation of IC501 at pin no. 7, it should be 3.5V to 6.5V
approximately. If it is not then,
· Check the voltage variation at TP52. If it is OK then, check the continuity of track
between TP52 & pin no. 7 of IC501. If no continuity is present, then,
· Remove the shorting shunt from 1 & 2 connect it between 2 & 3 of jumper J27.
Result: Now you should get colour picture with proper variation.
Fault 16: No colour with OK sound.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and connect it between
1
& 2 of jumper J28
Symptoms: Good picture without colour when colour control is set to max.
Fault Section: Video & Chroma section.
Procedure:
We know that if there is B/W picture on the screen it means colour burst is absent.
· So first check signal at R501 (820R), there should be composite video signal, if it is
OK then,
· Check the colour brust signal at pin no. 5 of IC501, if it is not present then,
· There may be track open between IC501 at pin no. 5 and R501 (820R).
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 of jumper J28 and connect between pin
2 & 3.
Result: Now you should get colour picture.
Fault 17: No colour with OK sound.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and connect it between
1
& 2 of jumper J26
Symptoms: Good picture without colour when colour control is set to max

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Fault Section: Video and Chroma section
Procedure:
· First check the sub carrier frequency 4.43 MHz at TP37. If it is not present then,
Crystal may be faulty, if it is OK then,
Check the continuity of track of pin no. 13 & 15 of IC501. If no continuity is present
then,
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 connect it between 2 & 3 of Jumper J26.
Result: Now you should get colour picture.
Fault 18: There is blue shade colour picture with OK Sound
Fault Insertion1: Remove the shorting shunt from pin no. 1 & 2 and connect it
between 2 & 3 of jumper J23
Fault Insertion2: Remove the shorting shunt from pin no. 1 & 2 and connect it
between 2 & 3 of jumper J24
Symptoms: Sound and picture OK only screen has blue colour shade.
Fault Section: Video and Chroma section.
Procedure:
· Check pin no. 21 of IC501 it should be 7.2V approximately, if not present, IC may
be faulty
· Check this voltage at R terminal, if it is not then,
There may be track open between pin no. 21 of IC501 & R terminal.
· Check pin no. 20 of IC501 it should be +7.2V approximately (if not then IC may be
faulty) if OK then,
· Check this voltage at G terminal. If it is not then there may be track open between
pin no. 20 of IC501 & G terminal
Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and connect it between 1 & 2 of jumper
J24 Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and connect it between 1 & 2 of
jumper J23
Result: Now proper picture with sound is observed.
Fault 19: There is green colour picture.

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Fault Insertion1: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and connect it
between
2 & 3 of jumper J25
Fault Insertion2: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and connect it
between
2 & 3 of jumper J24
Symptoms: Sound and picture OK only screen has Green colour shade.
Fault Section: Video and Chroma section.
Procedure:
· Check pin no. 22 of IC501 (IC7698) it should be + 7.2V approximately, if it is not
then IC may be faulty.
· Check circuit of pin no. 22 of IC501 (B-Y output) it should be + 7.2V approximately
at B terminal (Berg strip pin), if it is not then, There may be track open between
this B terminal and pin no. 23 of IC501
· Check pin no. 21 of IC501 it should be 7.2V approximately, if not IC may be faulty
· Check this voltage at R terminal, if it is not then, There may be track open
between pin no. 21 of IC501 & R terminal
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 place it between 1 & 2 jumper J25, if, it
is not proper then,
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3place it between 1 & 2 of jumper J24
Result: Proper picture with sound is observed.
Fault 20: There is red colour shade picture.
Fault Insertion1: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and connect it
between
2 & 3 of jumper J25
Fault Insertion2: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and connect it
between
2 & 3 of jumper J23
Symptoms: Sound and picture OK only screen has red colour shade.
Fault Section: Video and Chroma section.

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Procedure:
· Check pin no. 22 of IC501 (IC7698) it should be + 7.2V approximately, if, it is not
then IC may be faulty.
· Check circuit of pin no. 22 of IC501 (B-Y output) it should be +7.2V approximately
at B terminal (Berg strip pin), if it is not then, There may be track open between
this B terminal and pin no. 22 of IC501.
· Check pin no. 20 of IC501 it should be +7.2V approximately (if not then IC
may be faulty) if OK then, check this voltage at G terminal. If it is not then, There
may be track open between pin no. 20 of IC501 & G terminal.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and place it between 1 & 2 of jumper
J25, if it is not proper.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and place it between 1 & 2 of jumper
J23.
Result: Proper picture with sound is observed.

Conclusion:

Audio-Video Systems Page 43

Experiment

9
Aim:

To check various test point and fault finding procedure in Horizontal oscillator and
horizontal output section in colour TV trainer 2651.

Apparatus:

 Colour television trainer Scientech 2651.

 Probes, Multi meter

Theory:

Horizontal Oscillator:
Pin no. 40 of IC501 (CD7698) supplies the composite sync signal to pin no. 37 (Sync
Separator) of this IC through the circuit of R301 (750W), R302 (560K), capacitor
C301 (1mF), C302 (.01mF), C303 (560PF) R513 (15K) and diode D301 (IN4148).
Sync separator section separates the horizontal sync and vertical sync. Horizontal
sync signals are supplied to AFC section in built in IC from sync separator section.
This horizontal section produces the signal of frequency 15625 Hz. These signals are
fed to burst gate inside the IC and also to phase detector section at pin no. 35. At
pin no. 35 fly back pulses are supplied from pin no. 10 of EHT through resistance
R402 (27K), C402 (.47mF) R403 (3.9K). The phase detector section compares the
phase and frequency of horizontal sync pulses and fly back pulses and difference
control voltage is produced. This control voltage is responsible for constant
frequency 15625 Hz of horizontal oscillator. for controlling the frequency of
horizontal oscillator horizontal hold circuit is used which is made up of R410 (15K),
R406 (150K), C405 (3KPF) and VR451 (10K). This tuned circuit is connected with
pin no.34 of IC7698. On varying the horizontal hold preset the voltage at pin no. 34

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is varying which affects the frequency produced by horizontal oscillator. For
working of horizontal oscillator section positive supply is given at pin no. 33 of
IC7698. Here voltage is supplied from +110V supply by resistance R416 (6K8).
When horizontal output section is working then 12V supply is converted in to DC by
R448 (6R2, 2W), D408 (BY159) and passed through R30 (3K3) and diode D1
(IN4148) and obtained at pin no. 33 of this IC. Pin no. 30 and 31 are the negative
supply pins which are grounded.
Horizontal Driver:
IC501 gives the Horizontal drive signals at pin no. 32. These signals are fed to the
base of Horizontal driver transistor T402 (C2310) through coil L407 (1mH), and
resistance R 411 (33W). At Collector, amplified signals are obtained. It goes to the
primary coil of horizontal driver transformer. From secondary of this transformer
signals are fed to the base of horizontal output transistor Q404 (BU508DF). At one
end of horizontal driver transformer primary coil, + 110V is supplied by resistance
R416A (1.5K) which reach up to the collector of horizontal driver, transistor through
the other end of primary emitter of horizontal driver transistor is directly grounded.
Horizontal Output Section:
This section includes one transistor and EHT transformer. From secondary of
horizontal driver transformer signals are fed to the base of horizontal output
transistor Q404 (BU508DF). Its collector gets the positive supply from primary
winding pin no. 1 and 5 of EHT transformer and R410A (1W, 1W). Its emitter is
directly grounded when Q404 gets the signal of frequency 15,625 Hz then it works
as a switch, when it is ON then current is flowing through Pin no. 1 and 5 of EHT
transformer and for „Off‟ there is no current. In this way this transistor works as a
current supplier for limited time for the time gaps. Because of this time gaps
current pulses are also produced. The frequency of these pulses is also 15,625 Hz.
EHT works on these current pulses. This induced current in primary produces
voltage in secondary coil; this signal is fed to the horizontal yoke coil. The function
of yoke coil is electron beam spreading in left and right direction on picture tube
screen.

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Test points:
TP5 Red Horizontal output section +110V (approximately)
TP6 Red Horizontal output section +12V (approximately) for VIF Section
TP7 Red Horizontal output section +185V (approximately) for R-G-B video output
section (CRT base PCB)
TP8 Red Horizontal output section Filament Voltage 6.3V AC (approximately)
TP27 Red Horizontal Oscillator Ident (Sync) signal part of Video & Chroma IC501

TP30 Red Horizontal Oscillator Horizontal driver signal part of Video & Chroma
IC501.

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TP35 Red Horizontal Oscillator fly back pulse part of Video & Chroma IC501

TP36 Red Horizontal Oscillator Input for Sync. Separator part of Video & Chroma
IC501 (composite colour video signal)
TP40 Blue Horizontal output Horizontal blanking pulse

Audio-Video Systems Page 47

Fault Simulation:
Fault 21: There is no clear picture on the screen and screen is shaking horizontally.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between 2
& 3 of jumper J11.
Symptoms: Clear sound without clear picture. Horizontal shaking is present on the
screen.
Fault section: Horizontal output section
Procedure:
· Check fly back pulse of frequency 15625 Hz at pin no. 35 of IC501 (IC7698) if not
then,
· Check this fly back pulse at resistance R402 (27Kohm) if it is not then, Track may
be open between pin no. 10 of EHT and this resistance.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and place it between 1 & 2 of jumper
J11.
Result: now you should get fly back pulse of frequency 15,625 Hz at pin no. 35 of
IC501 and so good picture with good sound is observed.
Fault 22: Dark Screen, (Neither Raster nor snow) No sound
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between 2
& 3 of jumper J12.

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Symptoms: There is no picture no sound condition even raster or snow are also
absent.
Fault section: Horizontal output section
Procedure:
· First check whether LED for power indication is glowing or not, If it is not then,
· Check AC mains cord and fuse of trainer kit, if LED is glowing then,
· Check +110V at TP5 if it is OK
· If it is not then it may be problem of regulation circuit which should be serviced by
service personal only
· Then check pin no. 33 of IC501 (IC7698) it should be 6.9V approximately
· Check pin no. 32 of IC501 it should be 15625 Hz (Horizontal frequency) if it is
present then,
· If not then IC501 may be faulty or related circuit may be faulty Check the same
signal at R411 (33ohm) it is OK then,
· Check same signal at base of transistor Q402. If it is not then, Track may be open
between base of Q402 and resistance R411.
· Remove the shorting shunt from Pin 2 & 3 and place it between 1 & 2 of jumper
J12.
Result: Now you should get good picture with good sound.
Fault 23: Set Dead i.e. Dark Screen
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between 2
& 3 of jumper J22
Symptoms: There is no picture no sound from trainer kit.
Fault Section: Horizontal Oscillator Section (part of Video& chroma IC501)
Procedure:
· First check whether LED for power indication is glowing or not.
· If it is not then check AC mains cord and fuse of trainer kit. If it is OK then,
· Check +110V at TP5 if not then it may be the problem of regulation circuit which
should be serviced by service personal only
· Check 6.9V approximately at pin no. 33 of (IC7698). If it is OK then,

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· Check horizontal frequency at pin no. 32 of IC501 it is 15625 Hz. If it is OK then,
· If it is not then that may be the fault of IC or related circuitry
· Check this signal at base of Q402, if it is not then,
· Track may be open between pin no. 32 of IC501 and base of Q402.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and place it between 1 & 2 of jumper
J22.
Result: Now you should get picture & sound both from the trainer kit.
Fault 24: Horizontal sync out
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between 2
& 3 of jumper J20
Symptoms: Horizontal sync is not adjustable (Preset VR451)
Fault Section: Horizontal Oscillator
Procedure:
· Check the signal at pin no. 39 of IC501 If it is OK then,
· Check the inverted video signal at pin no. 40 of IC501, If it is OK then if it is not
then IC may be faulty
· Check the video signal at pin no. 37 of IC501. If it is not then IC may be faulty.
· If it is OK then components connected between pin no. 37 and 40 of IC501 are
faulty. If these are OK then,
· Track may be open between pin no. 37 and 40 of IC501.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and connect it between 1 & 2 of Jumper
J20.
Result: You should get clear picture.
Fault 25: Dark Screen & OK Sound
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between 2
&
3 of jumper J15
Symptoms: Power indicators are glowing & all voltages are OK, but No picture
sound. is OK.
Fault Section: Horizontal Output Section.

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Procedure:
· Check the voltage at TP3 & TP5 (110V DC approximately). If it is OK then,
· Check the voltage at TP34 (8V approximately). If it is OK then,
· Check the voltage at TP7 (185V DC approximately).
· If the above mentioned voltages are present, then EHT is working properly.
· Check the filament voltage at TP8 (6.3V AC approximately). If it is present.
· Either CRT may be faulty or the connection between CRT (Pin no. 9) & TP8 is
open.
· Remove the shorting shunt between 2 & 3 & connect it between 1 & 2 of jumper
J15.
Result: Now you should get Raster/snow and sound.
Fault 26: Dark Screen.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between 2
&
3 of jumper J13
Symptoms: Power indicator is glowing, but no picture & no transmitting sound.
Fault Section: Horizontal output section.
Procedure:
· Check the voltage at TP3 it should be 110V DC(approximately) if it is OK then,
· Check the voltage at TP5 it should be 110V (approximately), if it is not there then.
Check the voltage at TP34 8V approximately if it is not present then,
· It means horizontal output section is dead & there may be open track between TP3
& TP5.
· Remove the shorting shunt from 2 & 3 connect it between 1 & 2 of jumper J13.
Result: Now you should get picture & sound.
Fault 27: Negative type picture (dull picture)
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between 2
&
3 of jumper J14
Symptoms: Picture without contrast.

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Fault Section: Horizontal output section.
Procedure:
· Check the voltage at TP7; it should be 180V DC approximately If it is not then,
· Check the voltage at D406, it should be 180V approximately If it is OK then,
· There is no continuity of track between D406 & TP7
· Remove the shorting shunt from 2 & 3 connect it between 1 & 2 of jumper J14.
Result: Now you should get proper picture.
Fault 28: Retrace line on picture.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between 2
& 3 of jumper J16
Symptoms: Picture and sound OK. But retrace line on the picture
Fault Section: Horizontal output section.
Procedure:
· Check the luminance signal at pin no. 23 of IC501it should be 6 Vpp, if it is not
present then,
· Check the vertical blanking pulses at D202. If it is not present then, It means
signal is present without blanking pulses or the components between TP31 and
D202 are faulty or track may be open.
· Remove the shorting shunt from 2 & 3 and connect it between 1 & 2 of jumper J16.
Result: Now you should get picture without retrace.

Conclusion:

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Experiment

10
Aim:

To check various test point and fault finding procedure in Horizontal oscillator and
horizontal output section in colour TV trainer 2651. To check various test point and
fault finding procedure in Vertical oscillator and output section in colour TV trainer
2651.

Apparatus:

 Colour television trainer Scientech 2651.

 Probes, Multi meter

Theory:

Vertical Oscillator:
Vertical oscillator is also built in IC501 (CD7698) & pin no. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 are
its connection pins. As we have already studied that vertical sync signal is present
at pin no. 36 after sync separation. The vertical sync signal from pin no. 36 passes
from circuit network of R304 (10K), R330 (3K), R305 (2.4K) and capacitor C310
(.47mF) and obtained at pin no. 28. Vertical oscillator produces 50 Hz frequency
which is amplified inside the IC and available at pin no. 24 which is vertical driver
pin. This vertical driver signal from pin no. 24 is fed to base of vertical driver
transistor Q303 (C2229) by resistance R325 (330W). Collector of this transistor
provides amplified output which is supplied to vertical output section for
amplification.
Vertical Output:
Vertical driver signal is given to the vertical output section. In vertical output
section two push-pull transistors are used. One is NPN transistor Q306 (C2073) and

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another one is PNP transistor Q307 (A940). Vertical signal from the collector of
vertical driver transistor Q303 (C2229) are fed to the base of both vertical output
transistors Q306 and Q307. Pin no. 8 of EHT transformer provides the positive
supply to vertical output section. There is approximately 36V AC at pin no. 8 of
EHT transformer. It is rectified by R327 (10W, 2W) and diode D302 (BY159) and
supplied to vertical output section by R355 (27R) and R317 (680W). Capacitor C311
(330mF) is filter capacitor of this supply. Amplified signal after amplification is
obtained at common point of both the emitters of both vertical output transistors
Q306 & Q307. This signal is fed to vertical yoke coil by capacitor C316
(330mF).Other end of vertical yoke coil is grounded by resistance R323 (1R8, 1W).
The same end of vertical yoke coil provides the vertical feedback to pin no. 26 of
vertical oscillator section by C317 (4.7mF / 63V) and R321 (1KW)
Vertical Height Control:
At pin no. 27 of IC501 (CD7698) vertical height control is connected. VR225 (47K) is
vertical height adjustment preset and from its centre point vertical linearity preset
is connected which is VR316 (10K).Pin no. 40 of IC50
Test point:
TP11 Red Vertical Output V Yoke
TP12 Red Vertical Output V Yoke
TP32 Red Vertical oscillator Vertical feedback Part of video & Chroma IC

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TP33 Blue Vertical Oscillator Vertical driver Part of Video & Chroma IC

TP41 Red Vertical output section +17 V (approximately)

Fault Simulation:
Fault 29: There is Horizontal Line on the screen.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between 2
& 3 of jumper J18
Symptoms: No picture OK sound. Only Horizontal line is present on the screen.

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Fault Section: Vertical oscillator (part of video & chroma IC501)
Procedure:
· Check vertical frequency of 50 Hz at pin no. 24 of IC501 (IC7698) if it is OK
then,
· If it is not then IC or related circuit may be faulty
· Check this signal at base of transistor Q303, if it is not then
· Faulty R325 or track may be open between pin no. 24 of IC501 and base of Q303.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and place it between 1 & 2 of jumper
J18.
Result: Now you should get picture on the screen.
Fault 30: Bottom fold over the picture on the screen.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and place it between 1
& 2 of jumper J17
Symptoms: The 90% of picture screen is OK only bottom side 10% picture is folded
over on the original picture.
Fault Section: Vertical output Section.
Procedure:
· Check output of the vertical driver pin no. 24 of IC501 It is vertical frequency of 50
Hz. If it is OK then,
· Check output of vertical output section at R333 (1R). It should be amplified signal.
It is not correct then,
· Faulty components in its circuit or ground may be open.
· Check R313 (15K) and its ground connection.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and connect it between 2 & 3 of jumper
J17.
Result: Now you should get clear picture.

Conclusion:

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