Fire alarm system

2-2020
 INTRODUCTION:

The aim of the system is to make an early warning indicating that the building has a fire and to
allow people to be able to vacate the building in a timely manner and give a signal to the
firefighting system to start working.

THE SYSTEM COMPONENT:

1) Detectors
2) Manual call point
3) Bell / alarm devices
4) Fire alarm control panel
5) Other items.

1- DETECTORS:

The function of the sensors is to detect the presence of fire and thus is the main component of the
system.

DETECTORS TYPE:

The function of the sensors is to detect the presence of fire and thus is the main component of the
system. Detector types include:

Smoke detectors:
The smoke detector is responding to smoke particles in the air. And it is the most used type.

Type A: Ionization Smoke detector:

It responds to very small smoke particles. It is most sensitive to hot fast
burning fires. Don’t locate them near cooking areas, or in locations
subject to high air velocity.

Type B: photo-optical smoke detector

It is measure the scattered light from smoke particles. Don’t locate in
area’s subject to steam

Type C: combination smoke detector

In addition to individual ionization and photoelectric detectors,
combination detectors that include both technologies in a single device
are available. It used in important rooms for more protection.

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 Heat detectors:
Heat detectors respond to the temperature.

Type A: Fixed temperature:

he most common fixed temperature point for electrically connected heat
detectors is 58°C (136.4°F).

Type B: Rate-of-Rise
Rate-of-Rise (ROR) heat detectors operate on a rapid rise in element
temperature of 6.7° to 8.3°C (12° to 15°F) increase per minute,
irrespective of the starting temperature.

Type C: Fixed temperature & Rate-of-Rise

Combination detectors that include both technologies in a single device
are available. It used in important rooms for more protection.

Beam smoke detectors

- For high-ceiling buildings

- The linear smoke detector works according to the reflection
principle: It sends infrared light to a reflector, which sends it back
immediately.
- The linear smoke detector provides a flexible monitoring distance
of 5 – 100 m.

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 Flame detectors:

Optical flame detectors:

A flame detector is a sensor designed to detect and respond to the
presence of a flame or fire, allowing flame detection.
Types:
- Ultraviolet detector
- Near IR array
- Infrared
- Infrared thermal Cameras
- UV/IR
- IR/IR flame detection
- IR3 flame detection
- 3IR+UV flame detection
- Visible sensors
- Video
Ionization current flame detection:
Such detectors can be used in large industrial process gas heaters and are
connected to the flame control system. They usually act as both flame
quality monitors and for flame failure detection. They are also common
in a variety of household gas furnaces and boilers.

Thermocouple flame detection:

Thermocouples are used extensively for monitoring flame presence in
combustion heating systems and gas cookers. A common use in these
installations is to cut off the supply of fuel if the flame fails, in order to
prevent unburned fuel from accumulating. These sensors measure heat
and therefore are commonly used to determine the absence of a flame.
This can be used to verify the presence of a Pilot flame.

Very Early Smoke Detection Apparatus (VESDA) /Aspirated smoke detectors (ASD)

- consisting of a central detection unit which draws air through a

network of pipes to detect smoke
- It provides the earliest possible warning of an impending fire hazard.
- ASDs can typically detect smoke before it is visible to the naked eye.

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 Duct detectors:

- Duct smoke detectors, when installed in HVAC systems,

automatically stop their respective fans upon the detection of smoke.
- For HVAC systems with airflows exceeding 2,000 cfm, duct smoke
detectors are required.

Gas detectors:

- This type of equipment is used to detect a gas leak or other

emissions and can interface with a control system so a
process can be automatically shut down.
- CO gas detector at garage
- O2 gas detector at hospital “ At Oxygen cylinder storage”
- And other

There are many shapes and models for each type, depending on the manufacturer

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 DETECTOR TYPE SELECTION:

According to area application

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 According to building height

DETECTOR COVERAGE AREA:

The covered area should be reviewed according to the manufacturer

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 DETECTOR COVERAGE AREA NOTES:

Heat detector spacing distance effective by the Ceiling height

DETECTORS DISTRIBUTION:

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 2- BREAK GLASS FOR MANUAL FIRE CALL POINT:

- A manual call point is a device which enables personnel to raise an alarm in the event of a fire incident by
pressing a frangible element to activate the alarm system.
- A fire alarm call point should be installed at a height of 1.4m above floor level at easily accessible and
conspicuous positions. This includes on exit routes, at the entry floor landing of staircases and at all exits to the
open air.
- A fire alarm call point should also be spaced so that one may always be found within a maximum distance of 30m
apart.

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 3- ALARM ITEMS:

The minimum sound level of a sounder device should be 65dB(A) or 5dB(A) above a background noise (if lasting more
than 30 seconds) and at a frequency between 500Hz and 1000Hz. The maximum sound level should not exceed 120dB(A).

4- FACP fire alarm control panel:

The panel receives information from devices designed to detect and report fires, monitors their operational integrity and
provides for automatic control of equipment, and transmission of information necessary to prepare the facility for fire
based on a predetermined sequence. The panel may also supply electrical energy to operate any associated initiating
device, notification appliance, control, transmitter, or relay. There are four basic types of panels: coded panels,
conventional panels, addressable panels, and multiplex systems.

There are different types of panels:

Conventional type:

Conventional fire alarms are ideal for small buildings, such as

individual offices or retail shops. They go off individually when they
detect smoke or heat and will help everyone escape from your
building safely and quickly.
Conventional fire alarms can be set up in zones, with each zone
hardwired to a control panel or zone expander. Conventional fire
alarm systems are much less expensive and require significantly less
labor to install.

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 Addressable type:

Addressable fire alarms are a necessity for large building

complexes or campuses.
Since they show exactly which devices are going off, it makes
it extremely easy to figure out either where there is a fire or, in
the event of a false alarm, which specific device is having a
problem.
Another benefit of addressable fire alarms is that they require
less cabling than conventional fire alarms. All of the devices
installed as part of an addressable fire alarm system connect to
a single cabling loop that runs through the entire premises,
making it easy to add new devices to the existing system.

5- other items:

Control module It is a device that responsible for sending a signal

from fire alarm panel to other systems such as:

- Electrical panel to shut down at fire case

- HVAC system to shut down at fire case
- Stairs fan to work
- Elevator to down to the floor and stop working
at fire case
- Fire alarm bell
- Access control

Monitor module It is a device that responsible for sending a signal

from other systems to fire alarm panel such as:

- Firefighting valve zones at each floors

- Firefighting pumps

If the fire fighting started to work, fire alarm panel

will receive a signal from monitor module and
starting the alarm

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 Isolation module Module to isolate a fault at the fire alarm loop put
each 20 device of the loop.

There is a detector include isolator module at its

base

MIMIC PANEL A Fire Alarm LED Graphic Annunciator / Mimic

Panel is effective method to quickly convey critical
information to the people who must respond to
alarms.

Placed in public places, especially in high-rise

building, indicating escape paths

Battery for fire Battery to ensure continued work

alarm panel

Battery calculation:
STANDBY TOTAL STANDBY
ALARM CURRENT TOTAL ALARM
DESCRIPTION CURRENT PER QUANTITY CURRENT PER QUANTITY
PER UNIT (AMP) CURRNT PER ITEM
UNIT (AMP) ITEM
FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL 0.4 X 1 = 0.4 0.4 X 1 = 0.4
Fire Alarm Bell 0 X 31 = 0 0.225 X 31 = 6.975
Fire Alarm Horn With Strobe Light 0 X 3 = 0 0.225 X 3 = 0.675
MANUAL CALL POINT 0.0004 X 31 = 0.0124 0.0065 X 31 = 0.2015
SMOKE DETECTOR WITH AUDIBLE BASE 0.0004 X 128 = 0.0512 0.0065 X 128 = 0.832
SMOKE DETECTOR 0.0003 X 243 = 0.0729 0.0065 X 243 = 1.5795
HEAT DETECTOR 0.0003 X 14 = 0.0042 0.0065 X 14 = 0.091
Combined Smoke Heat Detector 0.0003 X 28 = 0.0084 0.0065 X 28 = 0.182
MIMIC 0.03 X 14 = 0.42 0.15 X 14 = 2.1
FAULT ISOLATOR 0.0004 X 31 = 0.0124 0.005 X 31 = 0.155
CONTROL MODULE 0.0004 X 12 = 0.0048 0.007 X 12 = 0.084
MONITOR MODULE 0.0004 X 7 = 0.0028 0.007 X 7 = 0.049

TOTAL SYSTEM STANDBY CURRENT (AMP) 0.9891 TOTAL SYSTEM ALARM CURRENT (AMP) 13.324

STANDBY CURRENT: 24 HOURS

ALARM CURRENT: 30 MINUTES * 1/60 = 0.5

REQUIRED
REQUIRED TOTAL SYSTEM TOTAL SYSTEM REQUIRED ALARM
STANDBY REQUIRED ALARM
STANDBY STADBY CURRENT ALARM CURRENT CAPACITY (AMP-
CAPACITY (AMP- TIME (HRS)
TIME(HRS) (AMP) (AMP) HOURS)
PREPARED FOR: HOURS)
24 X 0.9891 = 23.7384 0.5 X 13.324 = 6.662

REQUIRED
REQUIRED ALARM ADJSTED BATTERY
STANDBY TOTAL CAPACITY TOTAL CAPACITY
CAPACITY (AMP- SAFETY FACTOR CAPACITY (AMP-
CAPACITY (AMP- (AMP-HOURS) (AMP-HOURS)
HOURS) HOURS)
HOURS)
23.7384 + 6.662 = 30.4004 30.4004 X 1.25 = 38.0005

USE: 2X12V, 40 Ah

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 GENERAL NOTES:
Detectors distribution:

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 Call point:

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 Bell:

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 At bedrooms especially at hotels, detector with sounder base used

Sources
 NFPA
 Cooper A guide to fire alarm systems design BS 5839 Part 1:2002
 menvier FIRE SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDE
 PDH Course M219
www.PDHonline.org
Introduction to Fire Alarm & Detection Systems
Course Content
 siemens synova tm product catalog
 global system technology fire alarm datasheet
 Novar GmbH a Honeywell Company

By: Eng: Eman Mohamed

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2-2020

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