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KMG10102
COMMUNICATION & TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
COUNSELLING IN There are 7 types of communication
NURSING 1) Intrapersonal Communication
2) Dyadic Communication
INTERPERSONAL 3) Small Group Communication
COMMUNICATION PROCESS 4) Public Communication Interpersonal
5) Mass Communication communication

6) Formal Communication
7) Informal Communication

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
2) Dyadic/ Interpersonal Communication
1) Intrapersonal Communication
Ø communication that takes place between two or more
Ø communicating with oneself , evaluating oneself people who have a clearly established relationship
Ø listening to that ‘little voice’ that lives in mind (own) Ø allows to learn about others and ownself through
e.g. when trying to overcome anxiety interaction e.g. father and son, nurse and patient,
nurse and doctor.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
3) Small Group Communication
Ø involves the active participation of every person in
the group with the other members to solve problems,
developing new ideas, sharing knowledge and
experiences . e.g. group discussion
Ø affected by the type of leader who is in authority.

INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION

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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

4) Public Communication
Ø occurs when a group becomes too large for all
members to contribute

Ø unequal amount of speaking

Ø one person or several people deliver remarks to the

remaining members (audience)

Ø audience unable to talk in a 2-way conversation.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

5) Mass Communication
Ø consists of messages that are transmitted to large
audiences via broadcast and print media: newspapers,
magazines, television, radio and so on.

Ø Messages aimed at a large audience without any

personal contact between sender and the receiver.

Ø messages are sponsored and controlled by sponsors.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

6) Formal Communication
Ø Communication through officially designated
channels of message flow between organization
positions.
Ø Official information exchange.
Ø Usually found in organizational charts , policy
manuals or hierarchical structures.
1. A person must be sure of the lines of communication !
WHO ARE YOU
COMMUNICATING WITH ?
2. A person must be clear of their message !
WHAT ARE YOU
COMMUNICATING ABOUT ?

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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

7) Informal Communication
Ø Episodes of interaction that do not reflect officially
designated channels of communication.
Ø It is unavoidable and it is in a way a necessary aspect
of organization life.
PRO : It creates a relaxed , comfortable climate
CON: It can be time consuming and sometimes
can turn into grapevine.

INTERPERSONAL PROCESS APPLIED IN

NURSING
• Stresses the importance of nurses’ ability to understand
their own behaviors to help others identify perceived
GRAPEVINE is an informal, difficulties
unofficial and personal
communication channel or • Emphasizes the focus on interpersonal processes &
system that takes place within therapeutic relationship that develops between the nurse &
client
the organization as a result of
rumor and gossip
• 4 phases of nurse- patient relationship are identified;
ØPre interaction phase – professional goals
ØOrientation phase – purpose, nature, time, trust
ØWorking phase – active problem solving
ØTermination phase – achieved goals, ended relationship

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FACTORS THAT AFFECTS THE FACTORS THAT AFFECTS THE

EXCHANGE OF MESSAGES EXCHANGE OF MESSAGES
Ø Environmental factors
ØNonverbal cues
- formality, warmth, privacy, familiarity, freedom or
constraints, climate - facial expressions, eye movements
area
Ø Territory & personal space ØIntrapersonal factors
- crowding, seating arrangements, status - developmental stage, language mastery, differences
in perception, differences in decision-making
Ø Physical appearance & dress processes, differences in values
- race, body smell, gender, age, body shape

TYPES OF NOISE THAT DISRUPTS

TYPES OF NOISE THAT DISRUPTS COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION Physical Noise
vThere are 3 types of noises : Factors outside the communicator that make it difficult
to hear e.g. noise from vehicle
q Physical noise
q Physiological noise
Noise is a Physiological Noise
q Psychological noise
disturbance in
communication Involves biological factors in the communicator that
that distorts the interfere with accurate reception of the message. E.g.
message. illness, fatigue, hearing deficiency

Psychological Noise
Distorts à twist
Occurs when the receiver of the message is thinking of
something & concentrating on the message itself

Identify the
types of
noise?

HEADACHE

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IMPORTANCE OF INTERPERSONAL GUIDELINES FOR COMMUNICATING

COMMUNICATION IN NURSING WITH PATIENTS AND THEIR FAMILIES
• Communication is the vehicle à establishing a i. Convey to the patient and family that they are important
therapeutic relationship and intended to help them
ii. Convey honesty and trustworthiness
• Communication is the means by which people - Not to overwhelm the pt with embarrassing or
influence behavior of others & thus it is critical to personal questions
the successful outcome of nursing intervention - If necessary, to ask personal questions – keep it
short
- Don’t make promise if can’t keep it
• Communication is the relationship itself, because
iii. Communicate with each pt as an individual
without it, a therapeutic nurse-client relationship
- Get to know the pt & listen to them
is impossible
iv. Accept and respect the patient despite the symptoms of
his illness.

TECHNIQUES FOR COMMUNICATING TECHNIQUES FOR COMMUNICATING

WITH PATIENTS WITH PATIENTS
i. Establishing the Setting ii. Verbal communications skills
q Provide a comfortable environment (lighting, q Let the pt do the talking
temperature, furnishings) q Keep questions brief and simple
q Establish relaxed, unhurried setting q Use language that is understandable to the pt. Avoid
q Sit down while speaking to pt medical/nursing jargon of the pt is non-medical
background.
• Although may have dozens of things need to be
done q Ask one question at a time. Give the patient time to
answer.
• Don’t stand at the doorways or sit on the edge of
the seat à preparing to jump and run as soon as q Clarify pt responses to questions à let pt know that the
can get away nurse is listening & understands.
q Face the speaker and maintain eye contact q Avoid leading questions à allow pt to verbalize his/her
feelings, NOT what the nurse wants to hear.
q Provide for privacy
q Avoid interruptions and other distracting influences

TECHNIQUES FOR COMMUNICATING NURSING INTERVENTION WITH PATIENTS

WITH PATIENTS WITH SPECIAL COMMUNICATION NEEDS
ii. Verbal communications skills (cont…)
i. Blind patients
q Avoid closed-ended questions à such require a simple
“yes” or “no” response. q Always speak to the pt when entering the room, so
he/she will know who is there
q Avoid interrupting the pt à if need to ask quesios, wait
until he/she has completed his thought q Speak directly to the pt, do not turn back
q Speak to the pt in a normal tone of voice; he is
blind, not deaf
q Speak to the pt before touching him/her.
q Offer to help with arrangements for patients who
may enjoy hearing tapes or reading Braille literature

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NURSING INTERVENTION WITH PATIENTS NURSING INTERVENTION WITH PATIENTS

WITH SPECIAL COMMUNICATION NEEDS WITH SPECIAL COMMUNICATION NEEDS
ii. Deaf patients iii. Patients speaking a Foreign Language
q Look directly at the pt when speaking with him/her q Obtain a translator if possible
q Do not cover mouth when speaking because the pt q Have a chart with basic phrases in English & the
may read lips foreign language
q If the pt does not lip-read, charts with pictures may q Consider using charts with pictures
be used, or simply writing questions/ comments on a
piece of paper
q Charts with hand signs are available at the local
society for deafness

SUMMARY
REFERENCES
• Riley, J.B. (2008). Communication in Nursing (6th ed.).
St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Elsevier

• Sully, P. & Dallas, J. (2005). Essentials Communication

Skills for Nursing. Retrieved from
https://books.google.com.my/books/about/Essential_Co
mmunication_Skills_for_Nursi.html

• https://youtu.be/Btj94IHVc6I