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Comparative Analysis of Circular and Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Tanks

Based on Economical Design Perspective

Article in American Journal of Applied Scientific Research · January 2017

DOI: 10.11648/j.ajasr.20170302.12

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American Journal of Applied Scientific Research
2017; 3(2): 14-20
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajasr
doi: 10.11648/j.ajasr.20170302.12
ISSN: 2471-9722 (Print); ISSN: 2471-9730 (Online)

Comparative Analysis of Circular and Rectangular

Reinforced Concrete Tanks Based on Economical
Design Perspective
Abba Mas’ud Alfanda1, Abdulwarith Ibrahim Farouk2
1
Civil Engineering Department, Fatih University, Istanbul, Turkey
2
Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

Email address:
[email protected] (A. Mas’ud Alfanda), [email protected] (A. I. Farouk)

To cite this article:

Abba Mas’ud Alfanda, Abdulwarith Ibrahim Farouk. Comparative Analysis of Circular and Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Tanks Based
on Economical Design Perspective. American Journal of Applied Scientific Research. Vol. 3, No. 2, 2017, pp. 14-20.
doi: 10.11648/j.ajasr.20170302.12

Received: March 2, 2017; Accepted: March 22, 2017; Published: October 31, 2017

Abstract: The need for a water tank is as old as civilization, to provide storage of water for use in many applications. Design
and cost estimation of water tanks is a time consuming task, which requires a great deal of expertise. All tanks are designed as
crack free structure to eliminate any leakage. This project therefore studies the efficiency of rectangular or circular tanks,
40,000 liters capacities were used in order to draw reasonable inferences on tanks shape design effectiveness, relative cost
implications of tank types and structural capacities. The basic tanks construction materials include steel reinforcement,
concrete and formwork obtained from the prepared structural drawings. Result of the materials take–off revealed that circular
tank consumed lesser individual materials as compared to rectangular one. This will give circular shaped tanks more favored
selection over the rectangular shaped tank, although some other factors must still be assessed.
Keywords: Reinforced Concrete, Steel Reinforcement, Water Tank, Formwork

1. Introduction
Water is considered as the source living for every creation computer model that can predict the response of tank wall
as it is a crucial element for healthy living. Safe drinking segments is described and calibrated against the test results.
water is one of the basic elements for human to sustain a The proposed design procedure addresses the leakage limit
healthy life. High demand for safe and clean water is rising state directly. It is applicable for fully pre-stressed, fully
day by day as one cannot live without water. Thus, it reinforced and partially pre-stressed concrete water tanks.
becomes necessary to store water, water is stored generally in The conclusions that are drawn are as follows:
concrete water tanks and later on it is pumped to different i. A design method based on limiting the steel stress,
areas to serve community. does not produce consistent crack or compression zone
An extensive literature review reveals that a minimum depths under the application of pre-stressing nor under
amount of research works had been done on this topic, a combination of axial load and moment.
especially in Nigeria. [1] Rationalized the design procedure ii. A design method based on providing a residual
for reinforced and pre-stressed concrete tanks so that an compressive stress in concrete dose not utilizes non-
applicable Canadian design standard could be developed. The pre-stressed reinforcement effectively.
study investigates the concept of partial pre-stressing in iii. Relaxing the residual compressive stress requirement
liquid containing structures. The paper also includes permits a more efficient design. The stresses in non-
experimental and analytical phases of total of eight full scale pre-stressed steel are higher, but remain below yield
specimens, representing segments from typical tank walls, under service load. Therefore, less reinforcement is
subjected to load and leakage tests. In analytical study a required.
 American Journal of Applied Scientific Research 2017; 3(2): 14- 1

iv. Load eccentricity significantly affects the behavior of depends based on the location of tanks. The tanks can be
the pre-stressed concrete sections. The behavior with a made of RCC or even of cylinder for corrosion protection
small load eccentricity, less than about half the and to form an interstitial space.
thickness, the section may be treated as a flexure
member. 1.2. Statement of Problem
v. The ratio of non pre-stressed steel to pre-stressed steel
in partially pre-stressed concrete section has a Reinforced concrete water tanks are used to store and
significant effect on the member serviceability and supply safe drinking water. With the rapid speed of
strength. Choosing the ratio such that both non- pre- urbanization, demand for drinking water has increased by
stressed and pre-stressed steel reach their strength many folds. Also, as demand for water tanks will continue to
simultaneously utilizes both types of steel at the increase in coming years, quick cost prediction of circular
ultimate limit state effectively. rectangular tanks before its design will be helpful in selection
vi. Increasing the wall thickness is very effective in of tanks for real design. Quick cost prediction of tanks of
increasing the capacity of the section and improving its different geometry and capacity is a difficult job and a time
serviceability by increasing the compression zone consuming task especially for less experienced design
depth and reducing the deformations. engineers [18], [17]. Many times it is required to know the
Another Study was done on cost optimization of reinforced cost of a tank of known capacity and geometry before its
concrete circular grain silos based on the BS Code (2002) detailed design [24]. Many researchers such as [16], [14],
[2]. He proved that the minimum cost of the silo increases [11], [9] and [18] have studied the stability and the economic
with increasing angle of internal friction between stored aspects of water tank design.
materials, the coefficient of friction between stored materials 1.3. Significance of the Study
and concrete, and the number of columns supporting hopper.
While [14] studied the economical design of concrete water This research is concern with the comparison between
Tanks by optimization method. He applied the optimization circular and rectangular reinforce concrete tanks. It attempted
technique to the structural design of concrete rectangular and to achieve some measure of the best practical solutions, that
circular water tanks, [20] have brought out the revised is, the optimum design of reinforced concrete water tanks for
version of BS 3370 (part 1 and 2) after a long time from its a specified performance.
1965 version in year 2009. This revised code is mainly
drafted for the liquid storage tank. 1.4. Aim

1.1. Need for Storage Tank The major aim is to reveal the degree of effectiveness of
the geometric shapes for the functional requirement, with the
Reservoir is a common term applied to liquid storage view to achieving adequate strength and economy.
structure and it can be below or above the ground level.
Reservoirs below the ground level are normally built to store 1.5. The Specific Objectives
large quantities of water whereas those of overhead type are
The specific objectives of the study are:
built for direct distribution by gravity flow and are usually of
i. To make the analysis and design of water tank in
smaller capacity.
accordance with BS8007code
Storage reservoirs and water tanks are used to store water,
ii. To compare the economical design of circular and
liquid petroleum, petroleum products and similar liquids. The
rectangular reinforce concrete tank.
force analysis of the reservoirs or tanks is about the same
iii. To estimate the cost of construction of both circular
irrespective of the chemical nature of the product. All tanks
and rectangular tanks and hence to access the possible
are designed as crack free structures to eliminate any leakage.
cost implications of each choice.
Water or raw petroleum retaining slab and walls can be of
reinforced concrete with adequate cover to the reinforcement.
Water and petroleum react with concrete and, therefore, no 2. Methodology
special treatment to the surface is required. Industrial wastes
The design tool for circular and rectangular reinforced
can also be collected and processed in concrete tanks with
concrete water tanks was prompted by the rigorous and
few exceptions.
lengthy manual design of reinforced concrete water tank,
The need for a water tank is as old as civilization, to
fully dimensioned and listed in a schedule of the
provide storage of water for use in many applications. Water
reinforcement which is used on site for the bending and
tanks can be classified as circular, rectangular, conical,
fixing of the bars. Standard bar shapes and a method of
depending on their location. The tanks can be made of steel
scheduling were used as specified in BS8666, The British
or concrete. Tanks resting on ground are normally circular or
code of practice BS8007, which is a modification to BS8110,
rectangular in shape and are used where large quantities of
was also adopted as well. The principal features include:
water need to stored. Water tank parameters include the
i. The use of a factor of safety Uf=1.4 for liquid loads.
general design of the tank, and choice of construction
ii. The use of concrete grade C30 (with a maximum
materials and linings. Reinforced Concrete Water tank design
water/cement ratio of 0.55 and a minimum cement
 1 Abba Mas’ud Alfanda and Abdulwarith Ibrahim Farouk: Comparative Analysis of Circular and
Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Tanks Based on Economical Design Perspective

content of 325kg/m3 that is, durability performance

25mm
comparable to grade C40).
iii. The use of a minimum cover of 25mm owing to ∴ 𝑑𝑝𝑟o𝑣i𝑑e𝑑 = 230 – 625 = 205mm
assumed severe exposure condition on internal and at 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑥 27.038 × 10 = 1010.52𝑚𝑚2
least one of both faces. 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜎𝑠t𝐽𝑑 = 150 ×0.87 ×205
iv. Maximum crack width limited to 0.3mm unless the Spacing of 16mm diameter bar = 201 ×1000
= 198.907 ≈
aesthetic appearance is critical, when 0.1mm is used to 200mmc/c
1010.52

avoid staining of the concrete. Provided #16𝑚𝑚@200mmc/c as vertical reinforcement on

v. Maximum bar spacing of 300mm. water face
vi. For a wall thickness is exceeding 200mm and floor Hoop steel = 𝑇𝑀𝑎𝑥 147.488 × 103
𝐴 = = = 983.25𝑚𝑚2
thickness exceeding 300mm. 𝑠𝑡1 𝜎 𝑠t 150
vii. Anchorage bond stress for straight horizontal bars in Spacing of 12mm diameter bar = 113 ×1000
= 114.92 ≈
sections subjected to direct tension must be reduced to 110mmc/c
983.25

70 per cent of the usual values. Provided #12𝑚𝑚 @110mmc/c as hoop reinforcement on
viii.At least 75mm blinding concrete is required below water face
ground slabs.
Actual area of steel provided = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 113 ×1000 = 1027.3𝑚𝑚
110
2

2.1. Design of Circular Reinforced Concrete Water Tank Step 4: Check for tensile stress

Step 1: Given data 𝑇𝑀𝑎𝑥 147.488 × 103

𝜎𝑐 = 1000𝑡+(𝑚−1)Æ𝑠t= 1000 ×230+(13.33−1 ×1027.3 =
Capacity of the tank = 40,000L
0.61N/𝑚𝑚2
Depth of water (h) = 5.9 – 0.2 = 5.7m
Overall depth (H) = 5.9m Permissible stress = 1.2N/𝑚𝑚2 > 0.61N/𝑚𝑚2 safe
Volume of water (V) = 40,000/1000 = 40 Step 5: Top slab
m3 Concrete cover = 0.25m The thickness of top slab shall be 150 since there is no
Free board = 0.2m load or stresses on it, minimum area of steel is 0.24% of
Concrete grade = Reinforcement Fe415 concrete area should be provided
Step 2: Determination of tank diameter
A = 40 = 7.0175 ≈ 7.018m2
∴𝐴 0.24 0.24 2
5.7
𝑠𝑡 = ×𝑏 ×𝑡 = × 1000 × 150 = 360𝑚𝑚
100 100
4A 4 ×7.018
D=√ = = 3 ≈ 3m Reinforcement for each face = 180𝑚𝑚2
3.143
Spacing of 8mm diameter bar = 50.24 ×1000 = 279mmc/c
180
Step 3: Analysis of hoop tension and bending moment Provide #8𝑚𝑚 @250mmc/c as vertical and horizontal
One meter width of the wall is considered as the thickness distribution steel
of the wall is estimated as: Step 6: Base slab
t = 30H + 50 = 30 × 5.7 + 50 = 221mm The thickness of base shall be 150mm the base rests on
The thickness of the wall is assumed as 230mm firm ground; hence only minimum reinforcement is provided
∴ Maximum hoop tension 𝑇𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 0.575 × w𝐻𝐷 = 0.575 0.24 0.24
2
×
10 ×5.7 ×3 ∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = ×𝑏 ×𝑡= × 1000 × 150 = 360𝑚𝑚2
= 49 KN 100 100
2
Maximum bending moment 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 0.0146 × w𝐻3 = Reinforcement for each face = 180𝑚𝑚2
0.0146 × 10 × 5.73 = 27 KNm Spacing of 8mm diameter bar = 50.24 ×1000 = 279mmc/c
180
Step 3: Design of section
Permissible compressive stress in concrete 𝜎 = 7N/𝑚𝑚2 Provide # 8𝑚𝑚 @250mmc/c as vertical and horizontal
𝑐𝑏𝑐 distribution on the outer face
Permissible compressive stress in steel 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 150mpa
Modular ratio = M = 13.33 2.2. Design of Rectangular Reinforced Concrete
Design constants are: Water Tank

𝑀 ×𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 13.33 ×7
K = 𝑀 × 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐+𝜎𝑠t = 13.33 ×7+150 = 0.39 Step 1: Given data
Capacity = 40,000L = 40m3
𝐾
J = 1 −( ) = 1 −( 0.39
) = 0.87 Depth = 2.0m
3 3
Q = 1 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐JK = 1 × 7 × 0.87 × 0.39 = 1.19 Size = 4m × 5m
2 2 6 Free bore = 0.2m
Effective depth = d√ = 𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑥 = √27.038 × 10 = Concrete = M20
150.73 ≈ Reinforcement = Fe415
Q𝑏 1.19 ×1000
Step 2: Permissible stresses
151mm
𝜎𝑐𝑏 = 7N/𝑚𝑚2
Let the overall thickness be 230mm with effective cover of
 American Journal of Applied Scientific Research 2017; 3(2): 14- 1

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 100N/𝑚𝑚2 (on faces near water face) 1

Maximum bending moment = 𝐵. 𝑀 = × 31 w𝐻 =
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 125N/𝑚𝑚2 (on faces away from water) 1 1
2

M = 13, Q = 1.41, J = 0.84 × × 10 × 2.0 = 3.333KNm

2 3
Step 3: Dimension of the tank Effective depth using 10mm diameter = d = (160 – 25 – 10
Length = L = 5m – 5) = 120mm
Width = B = 4m 6
Ratio = 𝐿 = 5 = 1.25 ∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 3.333 × 10
= 396.785 ≈ 397𝑚𝑚2
100 ×0.84 ×120
𝐵 4
Step 4: designs of long walls and short walls But 0.3% of gross area = ( 0.3 × 160 × 1000) =
Long walls are designed as vertical cantilevers and short 100
walls are spanning horizontally between long walls 480𝑚𝑚2
1000 × 79
Maximum bending moment at base of long wall Spacing of 10mm diameter bar = 480 = 164.58mm

𝑀𝐿 = 10 × 2.23 Provide #10𝑚𝑚 @200mm c/c both faces in the vertical

w𝐻3 = 17.75KNm direction
6 = 6
Step 6: Base slab
𝑀𝐿 17.75 × 106
Effective depth = d = √ =√ = 112.2 ≈ 120mm The thickness of base slab shall be 150mm the base rests
Q𝑏 1.41 ×1000 on firm ground; hence only minimum reinforcement is
Using 16mm diameter bars and 25mm clear concrete provided
cover Effective depth = 120mm
Overall depth = 160mm ∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = (0.24
100
× 150 × 1000) = 360𝑚𝑚2

𝐴 = 𝑀𝐿 = Reinforcement for each face = 180𝑚𝑚2

𝐵𝐽𝑑 17.75 × 106
𝑠𝑡 = 186.99 ≈ 176𝑚𝑚2 Spacing of 10mm diameter bar = 1000 × 79 = 438mm
1000 ×0.84 ×120 180

Spacing of 16mm diameter bar = 100 × 201

= 114.2 ≈ Provide #10𝑚𝑚 @400mm c/c as vertical and horizontal
176
120mm c/c distribution on the outer face.
Provide #16𝑚𝑚@120mm c/c toward the top
Intensity pressure 1m above the top = P = w(𝐻 − ℎ) = 3. Result Presentation
10(2.2 – 1) = 12KN/𝑚2
Direct tension in long walls = 𝑇𝐿 = (12 2×2) = 12KN The summary for both circular and rectangular reinforced
concrete tanks reinforcement is given in Table 1 and Table 2
respectively.
3
𝐴𝑠𝑡1 = 12 × 10
= 120𝑚𝑚2
100 Table 1. Bar schedules for reinforced rectangular concrete tank.

But minimum area = 0.3% = ( 0.3 Bar Diameter Length Total number
Bar shape
100 reference (mm) (mm) of bar
× 160 × 1000) =
#16𝑚𝑚 Straight 16 2716 198
420𝑚𝑚2
#16𝑚𝑚 − 𝐴 Straight 10 2560 89
Spacing of 10mm diameter bar = 1000 × 79
420 = 188mm #16𝑚𝑚 − 𝐵 Straight 10 5210 48
Provided #10𝑚𝑚@200mm c/c on both faces
#16𝑚𝑚 − 𝐶 U – shaped 10 660 54
Design for short walls:
Intensity pressure 1m above the top = P = w(𝐻 − ℎ) = #16𝑚𝑚 − 𝐷 Straight 10 4210 108
10(2.2 – 1) = 12KN/𝑚2 #16𝑚𝑚 − 𝐸 Straight 10 2410 12
Effective span of horizontally spanning slab = (4 + 0.16) = #16𝑚𝑚 − 𝐹 Straight 10 4210 25
4.16m
2 #16𝑚𝑚 − 𝐼 Straight 10 5210 20
Bending moment (corner section) = 𝑀𝑆 = (𝑃𝐿 ) =
2 12
(12 × 4.16 ) = 17.31KNm
12 Table 2. Bar schedules for reinforced concrete circular tank.
Tension transferred per meter height of short wall = 𝑇𝑆 =
(12 × 1) = 12KN Diameter Number Length
Reference Bar-shape
(mm) of bar (mm)
∴𝐴 𝑀𝑆−𝑇X 𝑇𝑆 17.31 × 106−12 × 103(113−100) 12 × 103 # Circular/Hoop 12 55 27930
𝑠𝑡 𝜎= ×𝐽 ×𝑑 + 𝜎𝑠t
=
100×0.84×113
+ 100 # Straight 16 298 5590
𝑠t
#-A U-shape 8 37 9050
= 1927.21 ≈ 1928𝑚𝑚2 #-B U-shape 8 39 9350
Spacing of 10mm diameter bar = 1000 × 79 = 40.98mm
Provide #
1928 The taking – off, abstract, bill of quantity and detailed
bars at 40mm c/c at mid-span section the
16𝑚𝑚
calculations are shown in the appendices while the summary
bending moment is 𝑃𝐿2/24 and hence #10𝑚𝑚 diameter bars at
80mm c/c away from water face. is shown in Table 3.
Step 5: Design of cantilevering effect of short walls
 1 Abba Mas’ud Alfanda and Abdulwarith Ibrahim Farouk: Comparative Analysis of Circular and
Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Tanks Based on Economical Design Perspective

Table 3. Bill of Quantities Summary.

Items Circular tank Rectangular tank
General clearance of top soil 0.0144ha ₦7200.00k 0.003ha ₦150.00k
Excavation for foundation 21.60𝑚3 ₦172800.00k 5.698𝑚3 ₦45584.00k
Provision of concrete 58.99𝑚3 ₦782240.00k 12.141𝑚3 ₦161211.00k
Placing of concrete 58.99𝑚3 ₦294950.00k 12.141𝑚3 ₦60705.00k
Form work 126.95𝑚2 ₦334960.00k 163.2𝑚2 ₦42615.00k
Reinforcement 0.32204t ₦111137.00k 0.1277t ₦90299.00k
Total ₦1703287.00k ₦400564.00k

Based on Figure 2, a circular tank is greater than

4. Discussion rectangular tank with respect to their quantities of
reinforcement. Both circular and rectangular water tanks
Table 2 indicates that the quantities of materials need for have the same capacities but from the result design, the
the circular water tank were constantly more than those amount of reinforcement tonnage in circular tanks is greater
needed for the rectangular water tank at each varied capacity. than that of rectangular tank.
Assessing the relative reduction in the amounts of
materials for the rectangular tanks, it was seen that the
formwork would be significantly more challenged in the
construction of the circular tanks, their presumed material
quantity advantage could be given up for a selection of
circular tank (through with potential increase in material
requirement). This could be considered if the said reduction
in materials is relatively small or variable. But, the final
choice would depend on the client’s desire and the advice of
the professional taking off the job.

Figure 3. Formwork distribution chart.

According to Figure 3, both circular and rectangular water

tanks have the same capacities however from the design
output, the amount of formwork in meter square in
rectangular tanks is greater than that of circular tank. In
conclusion, circular tank has the higher quantities and
amount in terms of concrete and reinforcement than that of
rectangular tank. But rectangular tank is greater than circular
tank in term of formwork. Moreover from the overall cost,
Figure 1. Concrete volume distribution chart.
the circular tank is greater than rectangular tank.
From the Figure 1, although, both circular and rectangular 4.1. Conclusion
water tanks have the same capacities but from the result, the
amount of concrete in circular tank is greater than that of Generally, the construction material outputs for all water
rectangular tank. Therefore it is advisable to use the tanks shape would be based on the choice of the design
rectangular tank in terms of cost but in case of resistance to considerations, with the size of their structural elements.
all pressure exerted in the tank circular is better. Hence, there exists the possibility of having an equal capacity
and similar geometrically shaped water tank but with some
measurable difference in material requirement, for instance, a
tank wall designed as a cantilever would come up with a
relatively difference material quantity when compared with
its material requirements. If designed as a two-way spanning
wall (as for rectangular tank) or ring (or hoop) wall, (as for
circular tank).
It can be clearly seen that materials needed for the
construction of rectangular water tank is comparatively more
than those required for circular one but ease of construction,
is more difficult in circular water tank as compared to that of
Figure 2. Reinforcement distribution chart. rectangular water tank. Hence it could be deduced that the
 American Journal of Applied Scientific Research 2017; 3(2): 14- 1

outcome of tank design and the possible cost implication of Engineering Research, Vol 1, Issue 2, Pp 418-424.
its material requirements coupled with the relative ease of
construction would be considered for the proposed water tank [2] Al-Badri (2005) “Application Evolutionary Global
of any capacity although some other factors must still be Optimization Techniques in the Design of RC Water Tanks”
Engineering Structures, Pp 332-334.
assessed.
[3] Anchor, R. D. (1981) “Design of Liquid Retaining Concrete
4.2. Recommendation Structure”. London Surrey university press.
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rectangular reinforced concrete tanks based economical Structure”. Second edition London.
design point of view. For future research, the following
[5] BS 8007 (1987) code of practice for design of concrete
investigations are recommended: structure for retaining aqueous liquids.
i. Examination the response of reinforced concrete tanks
under the effect of Hydrodynamic pressure resulting [6] BS 8110 part 1 (1997) code of practice for design and
from earthquake loading. construction structural use of concrete.
ii. Failures of tanks should be investigated by using a [7] BS 8110 part 1 (2002) code of practice for design and
computer program that considers cracking and construction structural use of concrete.
nonlinearity.
[8] BS 8110 part 1 (2007) code of practice for design and
iii. Additional experimental study of wall specimens construction structural use or concrete.
subjected to both axial tensions and combined axial
compression is needed. [9] Charles, J. (2007) “Longtime Emblems of City Roofs, Still
Going Strong” The New York Times.

List of Symbols [10] Durgesh, C. R. (2001) “Design of Differences Type of

Tanks”. Department of Civil Engineering, London Institute of
H: Overall depth Technology, London.
h: Depth of water
V: Volume [11] Elliott, D. (2006) “Wondering About Water Towers” New
York Times.
Fe: Reinforcement grade
A: Area [12] Gray, W. S. and Manning, G. P. (1964) “Water Towers,
D: Diameter Bunkers, Silos and Other Elevated Structures”. London.
t: Wall thickness Concrete Publications Limited.
𝑇𝑀𝑎𝑥: Maximum hoop tension [13] H. J. Mohammed (2011), “Economical Design of Water
𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑥: Maximum bending moment Concrete Tanks”, European journal of scientific research vol. 49.
w: Weight of water
𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐: Permissible compressive stress in concrete [14] Hassan Jasim Mohammed, “Economical Design of Water
Concrete Tanks” Europeans Journal Publication, Vol 49 No. 4
𝜎𝑠𝑡: Permissible compressive stress in steel
(2011), Pp 510-520.
M: Modular ratio
K, J, Q: Design constants [15] Ludwig, A. (2008) “Tanks, Cisterns, Aquifers, and Ponds. For
d: Effective depth Domestic Supply, Fire and Emergency Use-Includes How to
𝐴𝑠𝑡: Area of steel Make Ferro cement Water Tanks”. www.oasisdesign.net
#: Steel type [16] Manning, G. P. (1967) “Reservoirs and Tanks‟. London.
≈: Approximation Concrete Publications Limited.
𝜎𝑐: Tensile stress
b: width [17] Pall, A. and Pall, R. T. (2004) “Performance-Based Design
𝑀𝐿: Bending moment for long walls Using Pall Friction Dampers- An Economical Design
Solution”. Paper No. 1955. 13th World Conference on
𝑇𝐿: Direct tension for long walls Earthquake Engineering. Canada.
P: Intensity pressure
𝑀𝑠: Bending moment for short walls [18] Patentscope (1998) “Construction of Liquid Retaining
𝑇𝑠: Tension transferred for short walls Structures”. www.wipo.int/patentscope/en/
B. M: Maximum bending moment [19] Pathak & Agarwal, (2003) and Pall, (2004), “Cost Prediction
@: at of Overhead Water Tanks Using Artificial Neural Networks”,
c/c: Center to center IE (I) Journal, Vol. 84, pp. 153 – 158.
[20] R. K. Prasad & Akshaya B. Kamdi (2012) “Recent
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