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INTRODUCTION TO
DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY

GUIDEBOOK
EDITION 2.1
 Defence Aviation Authority
Military aviation is a unique undertaking with hazards and
risks that cannot be reasonably and practicably treated by
following the statutory Work Health and Safety requirements
alone. To meet its moral and legal obligation, Defence issues
additional policy and regulations, which provides amplification
for the Defence aviation context, achieved primarily through
the establishment of the Defence Aviation Safety Framework.

The Defence Aviation Safety Framework is developed cognisant of the

unique nature of military operations as well as the imperative to balance
operational objectives and safety outcomes within resource constraints.
The framework supports Commanders to make informed judgements that
enable capability generation while managing aviation safety risks.

Defence cannot afford to manage aviation hazards and risks in isolation.

A guiding principle for the ongoing development of the framework is,
where practical, the adoption or adaption to the military environment
of contemporary global aviation safety management conventions. The
Defence Aviation Safety Authority maintains close links with the Australian
Civil Aviation Safety Authority while monitoring global developments in
aviation safety.

To support the acquisition, maintenance and operation of Defence aviation

capabilities, Defence maintains relationships with foreign military and civil
aviation authorities, including the International Civil Aviation Organisation.
The adoption of global conventions and the establishment of relationships
with other authorities provide Defence with efficient access to global
supply chains, maintenance vendors, and the opportunity to exploit
blended workforce options.

The military aviation environment is both complex and continually evolving.

Note to readers
The Defence Aviation Safety Framework will continue to evolve to ensure
This booklet is an update to the Introduction to Defence Aviation Safety it remains a contemporary aviation safety system. For Defence to attain
Guidebook released in March 2018.
excellence in aviation safety it is essential that those involved in the
delivery of Military aviation capabilities possess a sound understanding
Every effort has been made to ensure the information in this booklet of Defence’s strategy for aviation safety. I welcome the update to this
was accurate at the time of printing. However, this document is a guide guidebook, and commend it you as a handy reference to the Defence
and readers are reminded that the Defence Aviation Safety Assurance Aviation Safety Framework.
Manual (DASAMAN) and the Defence Aviation Safety Regulations
(DASR) remain the authoritative documents for the management and
regulation of aviation safety in the Defence. Reserved sections within
the DASR are not discussed in this guidebook.

The DASAMAN and DASR are on a six monthly update cycle with a
major update released 30 September and minor update released
30 March annually. In exceptional circumstances, an update to either GN Davies, AO CSC
publication maybe released out-of-cycle. Updates to the DASAMAN and Air Marshal
DASR may cause elements of this guidebook to become out of date. Defence Aviation Authority
February 2019 February 2019

INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY 3

 Foreword by the Defence Aviation Authority............................................................................................. 3
Defence Aviation Safety − Why?
CONTENTS Defence Aviation Safety − Why?........................................................................................................................... 5
Global Aviation Safety Environment................................................................................................................... 6
Australian Aviation Safety Environment........................................................................................................ 6
Defence Aviation Safety Framework (DASF).............................................................................................. 7
Defence Aviation Authority (Defence AA).................................................………............................................ 7
Defence Aviation Safety Council (DASC).................................................………............................................. 8
Defence has a moral and legal obligation to
identify hazards and risks in military aviation
to ensure they are eliminated So Far As
Reasonably Practicable (SFARP) and, if it is
than four per year. Figure 1 shows the aircraft
hull losses and associated fatalities from
1980 to 2018. In 1991, new safety policy and
regulations was progressively introduced;
not reasonably practicable to eliminate, to and these policies and regulation have
Airworthiness Board (AwB)............................................................................………............................................... 8
minimise those hazards and risks SFARP. continued to evolve with a strong focus on
Aviation Safety and Command........................................................................................................…................... 8
the importance of a just and generative safety
Defence Aviation Safety Authority...................................................................................................................... 9 Prior to 1991, and extending back to the culture in Defence aviation.
Executive Director − Flight Operations....................................................……….............................................. 9
beginning of military aviation, there was a
Executive Director − Flight Safety...........................................……….................................................................. 9
cultural acceptance in Defence that military Unlike civil aviation in Australia, Defence does
Executive Director − Initial and Continuing Airworthiness..............………............................................ 9
Delegates of the Safety Authority (DoSA)...........................................……….............................................. 10 flying operations were inherently risky and not have dedicated aviation safety legislation.
The ‘Authority’...........................................………......................................................................................................... 10 that accidents and fatalities were inevitable. Rather, Defence establishes organisations
Defence Aviation Safety Policy.............................................................................….......................................... 11 This came to a head in the decade between and accountabilities, and prescribes policy
Defence Aviation Safety Assurance Manual (DASAMAN)......................…………............................. 11 1981 and 1991 when the Australian Defence and regulation, under the Defence Act 1903
Airworthiness Nomenclature....................................................................…………………………..................... 13 Force (ADF) suffered an aircraft loss rate of to amplify obligations in the Work Health and
Operational Airworthiness..................................................................................………..........….......................... 13 more than five per year and fatalities of more Safety Act 2011 for military aviation.
Initial Airworthiness..................................................................……………………………….........…..................... 13
Continuing Airworthiness..................................…………………………..............................……….…............... 13
Operation outside the approved configuration,
role and environment, limitations or conditions….……............................................................................. 14
Defence Aviation Accidents (Fatalities & Hull Losses) 1980 – present
Defence Aviation Safety Regulation.......................................................................................….................... 14 10 Safety oversight
Initial Airworthiness ...................................................................………………………………................................ 16 Operator Independent
Continuing Airworthiness ..........................................................…………………………..................................... 16 9
SAFETY CULTURE
Operations Personnel ...........................................................……………………………….................................... 17
6
Air Operations (AO)....................................................................……………………………………......................... 18 8 AIRWORTHINESS BOARDS
Standard Rules of the Air (SRoA)...........................................……………………………................................20 P3, Hornet,
Air Navigation Services Providers (ANSP)....................……………………………….................................20 Porter, PC-9,
B707, TECHNICAL REGULATIONS
7
Aerodromes (ADR)..................................................................……………………………………............................20 Nomad

Aviation Safety Management System (ASMS)..............................……………………..............................21 5 2 3 4 15

6 OPERATIONAL REGULATIONS
Defence Registration and Instruments........................................................................................................22

AIRCRAFT
Defence Registration....................................................................…………………………………..........................22 3 4
Military Air Operator Certificate (MAOC)........................………………………............................................22 5 ADF AVRM POLICY
Macchi
Military Type Certificate (MTC)..................................................………………………………..........................23
3
Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS).................................................…………………………….....................23 4 DEFENCE ASMS/DASM
Military Supplemental Type Certificate (MSTC).......................……………………..................................23
Airworthiness Directive (AD).............................................................……………………………........................23 4 PC-9
3 (Sale) DASP DASA
Certificate of Airworthiness (CoA) and Black Hawk x 2
(HRTA)
Sea King
(Nias)
Chinook (Afghanistan)
PC-9 (Sale)
Airworthiness Review Certificate (ARC)..........................................................................................................23 2 18 9 1
Military Permit To Fly (MPTF)..........................................................……………………………….....................24 2 F-111G
DASR
Black Black Hawk
(Pulau Aur) (Kanimbla)
Unmanned Aircraft System Operating Permit (UASOP)............…………………................................24 Hawk
(Mt Walker) Caribou Chinook Growler
2 2 (Efogi, PNG) (Afghanistan) (USA)
Flight Simulation Training Device Installation Operating Permit (FSTD IOP).............................24 1
Approval to Operate (ATO)..................................................................…………………………………................24
Air Navigation Service Provider Certificate (ANSPC)................………………......................................24
0

2011
1991
Defence AA Directive (DAAD).................................................................………………………….....................25

2008
2009
2010

2012
2013
2014
2015
1980
1981

1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990

1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007

2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
1982

Advisory Circular (AC)...............................................................................………………………………................25

83 Deaths
NMAA/NAA Recognition Certificate.................................................………………………………...............25 Non-fatal Fatal 90 Aircraft
= Number killed

More information............................................................................................................................................................26
Figure 1. Defence Aviation Accidents 1980 − present
Acronyms........................................................................................................................................................ Inside over

4 INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY 5

 DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY FRAMEWORK
Global Aviation Australian Aviation
Safety Environment Safety Environment PROGRAM LEVEL Defence Aviation Authority
The Second World War was the catalyst Australia is a signatory to the Convention on Assure aviation safety Chief of Air Force
for significant developments in aviation that International Civil Aviation, also known as the
Airworthiness Board Panel Defence Aviation Safety Council
allowed for increased networks and capacity Chicago Convention. Article 3 of the Chicago
for the movement of passengers and freight Convention states that the convention applies
around the world. In 1944, the United States to civil aviation and does not apply to state Defence Aviation Safety Authority

OVERSIGHT AND ENFORCEMENT

invited 55 nations to attend an International aircraft. The Civil Aviation Act of 1988 defines EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS
Civil Aviation Conference in Chicago. Building for Australia that a state aircraft is one that

SAFETY INVESTIGATION
Flight Initial & Continuing Flight
on the work of the International Commission is owned and/or operated by any part of the Operations Airworthiness Safety
for Air Navigation that was established in Defence Force or an aircraft commanded by a
Paris in 1919 and other pre-war conferences, member of the Defence Force in the course of
committees and conventions, the International their duties. The Act also defines aircraft used
Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) was in the military, customs or police services of Higher command
ratified in 1947. The core ICAO mandate, a foreign country as state aircraft. While the
which remains unchanged, is to help States Chicago Convention excludes state aircraft, MILITARY AIR OPERATOR
to achieve the highest possible degree Article 3 requires that contracting States
of uniformity in civil aviation regulations, undertake, when issuing regulations for their Aerodrome Air Navigation Initial Airworthiness Continuing Airworthiness
Operators Service Providers Organisations Organisations
standards, procedures, and organisation. state aircraft, that they will have due regard for
Since its formation, ICAO has remained the safety of navigation of civil aircraft.
Ensure aviation safety
contemporary, increasing the number of
In 1999, ICAO issued annex 19 to the COMMAND RESPONSIBLITY
annexes and issuing more than 12,000
international standards and recommended Chicago Convention that requires contracting
Figure 2. The Defence Aviation Safety Framework
practices (SARPs), which have been agreed states to develop a State Safety Program
by consensus by ICAO’s 192 Member States. (SSP). Australia’s Aviation SSP aims to
conform to the requirements of annex 19, with
compliance assessed by ICAO. The Defence
Defence Aviation Safety Defence Aviation Authority
Aviation Safety Program (DASP) has been Framework The Chief of Air Force (CAF) has been
developed cognisant of, and broadly aligned appointed as the Defence Aviation Authority
The framework of organisations and
with, the ICAO SSP requirements. (Defence AA) and is accountable to CDF and
accountabilities, and prescribed policy and
the Secretary to:
regulation, that contextualise and amplify
Australian Government agencies have
statutory WH&S obligations for military
agreed to pursue an integrated approach to • Establish an appropriately resourced safety
aviation is called the Defence Aviation
management of Australia’s civil SSP and the organisation called the Defence Aviation
Safety Framework (DASF). The framework
DASP, strengthening interagency agreements Safety Authority (DASA);
and pursuing common initiatives to promote is established by the Chief of Defence Force
(CDF) and Secretary of Defence through their • Implement the DASP in line with
the improvement of aviation safety in Australia.
Joint Directive (JD) 24/2016 Defence Aviation contemporary international conventions;
Closer engagement between the DASP and
the civil SSP offers Australia the opportunity Safety Framework. Figure 2 provides an • Prescribe effective Defence Aviation Safety
for better engagement with ICAO in the future, illustration of the DASF. JD 04/2018 extended Regulation (DASR) in line with contemporary
an inexpensive and highly valued vehicle for the period of operation of JD 24/2016. international regulation;
international engagement in the Asia-Pacific • Monitor, advise and report on aviation safety
region, and reduced overheads for Australian The DASF has been established in
accordance with global developments in performance in Defence; and
industry with increased harmonisation and
civil and military airworthiness to optimise • Establish an independent agency for the
recognition of the respective regulation in
Defence and civil aviation. mutual recognition and interoperability with investigation of aviation safety incidents and
international partner nations. accidents.

6 INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY 7

 Defence Aviation Safety These Executive Directors have direct access
to the Defence AA on any matter regarding
Authority safe air operations, initial and continuing
airworthiness, and air safety investigation
Defence Aviation Safety Authority respectively; and each is required to attend
The DASA is an organisation in Defence that and make regular reports to the DASC.
operates independently of the Command
Chain to enhance and promote safety of Executive Director – Flight Operations
military air operations and the airworthiness Director Airworthiness Coordination and
of State aircraft in Defence. This objective is Policy Agency (DACPA) is appointed as the
primarily achieved through implementation Executive Director – Flight Operations and is
of the DASP that supports compliance with the principal representative for the Defence
Defence Aviation Safety Council Aviation Safety statutory safety obligations and assures the
effective management of aviation safety risks.
AA on matters concerning safe air operations,
The Defence AA has established the and Command including the broader remit of Operational
Airworthiness. This includes the formulation
Defence Aviation Safety Council (DASC) The DASA is administered by the Director
While the DASF is a structured framework and interpretation of policy and regulations,
to provide oversight of the DASP. The General DASA (DGDASA) and comprises
to assure the credibility and defensibility of approval of Operations Specifications and
DASC is also responsible for considering seven functional directorates, each led by
aviation safety within Defence, responsibility maintaining the Defence Register of aircraft.
the views of all significant Defence aviation a senior military or senior Australian Public
to ensure the safety of military air operations DACPA provides administrative support to
stakeholders when aviation safety initiatives Service (APS) officer as follows:
and the airworthiness of aircraft rests with the Defence AA, including maintaining the
are proposed, and that the approach to
the Command Chain. The well-known adage Defence AA registry and providing secretariat
aviation safety adopted by the DASA is • Director of the Airworthiness
remains true, ‘Aviation safety is a Command support to AwBs and the DASC.
aligned, where appropriate, with that taken Coordination and Policy Agency (ACPA)
responsibility’.
by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) – Military aviation operator
and the Australian Transport Safety Bureau Executive Director – Flight Safety
Commanders and managers are therefore • Director of Initial Airworthiness
(ATSB). The DASC is chaired by a two-star – APS engineer Director Defence Flight Safety Bureau
accountable for ensuring aviation systems
officer appointed by the Defence AA. (DDFSB) is appointed as the Executive
under their command or control are designed, • Director of Continuing Airworthiness –
Director – Flight Safety and is the principal
constructed, maintained and operated Military engineer
representative for the Defence AA on matters
to approved standards and limitations by
Independent review of aviation safety • Director of Policy, Engagement, concerning aviation safety investigations,
competent and authorised personnel acting
management – Airworthiness Board Promotion and Safety safety event reporting, cultural surveys,
as members of an approved organisation.
Joint Directive 24/2016 also directs that the – APS engineer safety education, promotion and training
Defence AA will establish mechanisms to and provides specialist advice to aviation
The nature of military aviation is unique and • Director of Aviation
enable independent review of the aviation commanders. DFSB provides an independent
complex, and the need for commanders Engineering – Military engineer
safety management within Defence. The aviation safety function to the Defence AA
to balance operational objectives and • Chief of Staff and commanders. The Director of DFSB is
Defence AA maintains a panel of Reserve safety outcomes is well understood. The – APS Engineer the point of contact for Confidential Incident
officers of one or two star rank, with an DASR contains flexibility provisions to
• Director of the Defence Flight Reports (CONFIR).
operational aircrew or aviation engineer assist commanders faced with compelling
background, to be members of an Safety Bureau (DFSB)
operational imperatives to make informed
Airworthiness Board (AwB). At the direction – Military aviation operator Executive Director – Initial and
judgements regarding compliance with
of the Defence AA, an AwB consisting of safety obligations. Such judgements must While these directors are responsible for Continuing Airworthiness
an operational and a technical member be made at the appropriate command level the smooth operation of the DASP on a DGDASA is appointed as the Executive
may be convened to review any aspect of and must ensure that aviation safety hazards day-to-day basis, and have clear leadership Director – Initial and Continuing Airworthiness
the DASF and, most importantly, AwB’s and risks are eliminated SFARP, and if it functions within the DASA, the Defence AA and is the principal representative for
are routinely convened to review the safety is not reasonably practicable to eliminate has appointed three Executive Directors via the Defence AA on matters of initial and
performance of military air operations hazards and risks to health and safety, then to personal charter letters to make key decisions continuing airworthiness. This includes
and the airworthiness of State aircraft. minimise those hazards and risks SFARP. and issue key instruments on his behalf. the issue of airworthiness standards, the

8 INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY 9

 certification of State aircraft, and the issue at the aircraft platform level in Capability
Joint Directive 24/2016
of organisational approvals and licences. Acquisition and Sustainment Group (CASG) to
Mandates Defence Aviation Safety Framework
DGDASA has also been delegated the progress initial and continuing airworthiness (extended by Joint Directive 04/2018)
authority to prescribe regulations and establish matters, and in the ADF to progress flight test
delegates of the safety Authority. and licencing matters.

Delegate of the Safety Authority The ‘Authority’ Defence Aviation Safety Defence Aviation Safety Regulation
Assurance Manual Basic Regulation
To assist in the smooth administration of the The term ‘Authority’ is often used in regulation Articulate activities to Implementing Regulation
DASA, and to enable routine matters to be and training material without specific reference assure aviation safety
Glossary
quickly progressed in support of day-to-day to the either the Defence AA, DASA, the
operations, the DASA appoints agents – Executive Directors or an individual DoSA.
Figure 3. Hierarchy of the Defence Aviation Safety Policy
known as Delegates of the Safety Authority This is a natural by-product of adopting
(DoSA) – to perform specific DASA functions. global conventions in aviation safety and
airworthiness, and then exploiting the globally
The DoSA is a personal appointment based available training and education material. Defence Aviation that common safety initiatives can be pursued
on the skills, knowledge and experience as a matter of policy for the promotion of
a person holds in aviation safety; and the In nearly every case, the use of the term Safety Program aviation safety in Australia.
level, scope and limitations of the agency ‘Authority’ is intended to refer to the DASA, The DASP was introduced in 2011, well ahead
arrangement are contained in written letter of and the regulated community should not of the DASA’s formation and issuance of new Defence aviation safety arrangements are
delegation. DoSAs are typically established engage directly with the Defence AA. DASR in 2016. In all respects the DASP has prescribed in Government policy, legislation,
been developed in cognisance of, and broadly the Joint Directive, the DASP Policy Statement
aligns with, ICAO’s requirements in Annex issued by the Defence AA, the Defence Aviation
19. The DASP focusses significant effort for Safety Assurance Manual, and the DASR.
Defence aviation safety around the four pillars
of: Figure 3 illustrates this hierarchy of the
• Policy and regulation Defence Aviation safety policy which provides
• Education and promotion the framework, authority, obligations and
• Initial certification and approval (based on accountabilities necessary to implement and
the management of risk) operate an effective aviation safety program.

• Oversight and Enforcement (as the key

aspects of compliance assurance) Defence Aviation Safety
In the same manner that ICAO uses SARPs Assurance Manual
to benchmark the performance of civil The Defence Aviation Safety Assurance Manual
SSPs around the world, the performance (DASAMAN) is used by DASA to provide policies
of Australia’s DASP is benchmarked under and procedures to support implementation
mutual recognition arrangements by other of the DASF and articulate activities to assure
National Military Aviation Authorities (NMAA). effective management of aviation safety.
This benchmarking activity uses the globally
agreed Military Authorities Recognition Key objectives of the manual are to:
Questionset (MARQs), which are a military • Articulate authoritative aviation safety policy
derivative of ICAO’s SARPs. objectives and requirements.
• Provide supporting detail and guidance on the
The similarity between Australia’s SSP for civil
aviation and Australia’s DASP for Defence DASF.
aviation, provides the framework for improved • Amplify and contextualise requirements
engagement across Government agencies so detailed in DASR.

10 INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY 11

 necessary framework of culture and controls
Airworthiness Nomenclature
so that aviation commanders can routinely
The DASR brings revised language operate State aircraft in satisfaction of their
and concepts to the Defence Aviation obligations under the Defence Act 1903, while
environment. While retaining the still satisfying their obligations for safety risk
fundamental tenets of the previous management under the WHS Act 2011. The
system, DASR aims to align the DASF description of Operational Airworthiness is:
with contemporary aviation safety
conventions, including ICAO standards and The operation of aircraft, including
recommended practices, and European unmanned aircraft, and interfacing or
Military Airworthiness Requirements (EMAR). supporting systems, in approved roles,
with correct mission equipment, by
Under the ICAO framework, the term
qualified and authorised individuals,
Airworthiness (encompassing Initial
in accordance with approved orders,
Airworthiness and Continuing Airworthiness)
instructions and publications, under a
is associated with design, production and
safety framework that recognises and
maintenance of aircraft.
supports compliance with statutory safety
obligations, enabling appropriate flexibility
The ADF’s ‘Operational Airworthiness’ term
provisions to support risk based command
has been retained under DASR as a key
decisions in delivering capability.
concept that uniquely addresses the ADF’s
means of striving for high professional
standards and a zero-accident rate.
Initial Airworthiness
Initial Airworthiness covers the design,
Operational Airworthiness production and certification aspects of
Operational Airworthiness extends beyond an aircraft. This includes, ‘Continued
the scope of flight operations regulation Airworthiness’, which defines ongoing
and provides a framework of controls and obligations necessary to ensure the continued
underpins the learned safety culture required validity of a design. Initial airworthiness
to enable commanders to eliminate risks to establishes the criteria for certification of
aviation safety SFARP and, if not able to be military aircraft and related products as well as
eliminated, then minimise SFARP. design and production organisations.

This is particularly relevant in situations

where commanders are routinely Continuing Airworthiness
expected to operate Defence aircraft Continuing Airworthiness covers all processes
outside of their certification basis or that ensure an aircraft continues to comply
certificate of airworthiness, often at with initial airworthiness requirements and
higher levels of risk than civil aviation, to supports the ongoing validity of the aircraft’s
maintain key capabilities at high levels of Certificate of Airworthiness (CoA).
operational readiness and to undertake
non-discretionary activities in support of The language, Continued and Continuing
Australia’s national interests. While the Airworthiness can be confused. To describe
Australian military concept of Operational this in a simple way: Continued Airworthiness
Airworthiness is not a feature of global is a ‘Design’ function and Continuing
aviation conventions, it will remain within Airworthiness is a ‘Maintenance’ and
the ADF’s nomenclature to provide the ‘Configuration Management’ function.

12 INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY 13

 Operations outside of the approved Defence Aviation
configuration, role, environment,
limitations or conditions
Safety Regulation
In the circumstance in which a military The DASR was issued on 30 September 2016,
commander needs to operate a Defence introducing for the first time in Defence, a suite of
aircraft for a non-discretionary activity integrated aviation safety regulations that represent
contemporary practice in global aviation regulation.
outside the approved configuration, role,
The introduction of DASR aligns Defence’s
environment or a prescribed limitation or
Initial and Continuing Airworthiness regulations
condition, an approved Military Permit
with a contemporary European-based aviation
to Fly (MPTF) or Command Clearance is
safety convention. In parallel, the introduction
required to supplement the approved CoA.
of the Military Air Operator (MAO) has clarified
responsibilities within Defence aviation safety
While an MPTF is a recognised instrument
management and is consistent with Defence’s two-
in the emerging global convention of military
decade drive for excellence in aviation safety.
airworthiness, Command Clearances
are unique to the Australian DASR and
permit a commander to deviate from the The Regulations – Where are they?
authorised configuration, role, environment With the introduction of the DASR, all are now and a justification will be required to the
limitation or condition to achieve mission Regulation Structure Authority if it is not followed. When proposing
contained in one regulation set. The regulations are
requirements in accordance with statutory not issued as a hard copy and can be found both Basic Regulation an alternative means of compliance to the
safety obligations to eliminate risks to on the Defence intranet and on the DASA internet Authority, the burden of proof that a regulation
Basic Regulation (BR) is a credible and defen-
aviation safety SFARP and, if not able to site. Figure 5 outlines the hierarchal relationship of is satisfied rests entirely with a regulated
sible level of military aviation safety should be
be eliminated, then minimised SFARP. the DASR. entity. The nature of aviation safety regulation
assured at all times via the adoption of com-
means that some AMC can be restrictive,
mon safety rules and measures. The Defence
and the Authority is unlikely to consider
AA achieves this through releasing BR, which
DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY REGULATION (DASR) alternative means, while other regulation can
establishes the framework for the definition
easily accommodate an alternative means
BASIC REGULATION and implementation of common safety re-
of compliance. Early engagement with the
Implementing Regulations (IR) quirements and administrative procedures in
Authority is recommended if an alternative
the field of military aviation.
means of compliance is sought.
Initial Continuing Operations Air Standard Rules Air Navigation Aerodromes Aviation Safety
Airworthiness Airworthiness Personnel Operations of the Air Services Mgt Sys Implementing Regulation
DASR 21 DASR M DASR OP.Gen DASR AO.Gen DASR SRoA.Gen DASR ANSP DASR 139 DASR SMS Guidance Material
(Aircraft Design, (Continuing Aw (Air Navigation (Aerodromes) (Safety
The DASA is empowered to develop and
DASR Aircrew DASR RoA
Production and Management) DASR ARO Service Providers) Management maintain Implementing Regulations (IR) Guidance Material (GM) is non-binding
certification) DASR RP (Authority Req Systems)
DASR 145 (Remote for AO) that gives effect to the requirements of the explanatory and interpretation material. GM
(Requirements
for Maintenance
Pilot)
DASR ORO BR. By nature IR are outcome based and may provide a background and/or history of
Organisations) DASR MED (Org Req for AO)
(Medical) contain sufficient flexibility for addressing the regulation to assist understanding of the
DASR 66 DASR NDR
(Military Aircraft DASR FSTD (Non−Defence special circumstances such as urgent requirements or include examples intended to
Maintenance (Flight Reg A/C) assist the user on complying with regulation.
Licensing) Simulation safety measures and compelling operational
Training DASR SPA
DASR 147 Devices) (Specific Approvals) imperatives or emergencies.
(Aircraft
Maintenance DASR SPO Derogation
Training (Special Operations) Acceptable Mean of Compliance A derogation is a partial or full approval within
Organisations)
DASR UAS (Unmanned
A/C Sys) Acceptable Mean of Compliance (AMC) is a a regulation that may provide an organisation
DASR FT means a regulated entity may use to show or applicant relief from a requirement to comply
(Flight Test) compliance with an Implementing Regulation with the regulation or another method of
DASR ACD (IR). AMC is a strongly recommended practice compliance.
(Air Cargo Delivery) Figure 4: Defence Aviation Safety Regulation

14 INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY 15

 issue and continuation of its validity. The issue
of a licence is not an authority to conduct
maintenance; this authority resides with the
person responsible for the quality system within
the DASR 145 entity.

DASR 147 – Maintenance Training

Organisations
DASR 66 requires the implementation of DASR
147 – Maintenance Training Organisations (MTO).
The purpose of DASR 147 is to establish the
requirements to be met by the MTO in order to
conduct training and examination as specified in
DASR 66.

Operations Personnel
Operations Personnel groups the regulations for
the training and qualifications of all personnel
involved in military flight operations.

DASR Aircrew
The purpose of DASR Aircrew series of
regulations is to assure that Defence aircrew are
adequately trained and proficient for employment
in a specific role. This includes regulation for
the personnel and training aspects of Flying
Instruction, Airborne Emergency Training, Crew
Resource Management, Aviation Safety Training
Initial Airworthiness Continuing Airworthiness DASR 145 – Maintenance Organisations and Flying Logbooks.

The purpose of DASR 145 – Maintenance

DASR 21 – Aircraft Design, DASR M − Continuing Airworthiness Organisations series of regulations assures DASR Medical
Production and Certification Management The DASR Medical (MED) is a series of
that an organisation meets the requirements to
The purpose of DASR 21 − Aircraft The purpose of DASR M − Continuing qualify for the issue or continued approval for regulations that assure personnel conducting
Design, Production and Certification series Airworthiness Management (CAM) series the maintenance of aircraft and components. flying related duties are aware and appropriately
of regulations assures the certification of regulations assures that airworthiness is The Maintenance Organisation Exposition trained in aviation medicine before commencing
maintained and specifies those conditions that (MOE) specifies the requested scope of work flying activity, meet prescribed medical standards
of military aircraft and related products,
are to be satisfied by those organisations involved and how the maintenance organisation intends and remain medically fit for flying duties through
parts and appliances, including the
in continuing airworthiness management. For to comply with DASR 145. effective health management.
regulation for design and production
example, while not directly responsible for actual
organisations, throughout the entire aircraft maintenance, the DASR M organisation
lifecycle of the platform. DASR 21 is only is responsible for engaging approved DASR DASR 66 – Military Aircraft DASR Flight Simulation Training Devices
applicable to aircraft on the Defence 145 organisations to conduct maintenance. The Maintenance Licensing The purpose of this regulation is to assure
register; non-Defence (civil) registered Continuing Airworthiness Management Exposition The purpose of DASR 66 – Military Aircraft aviation operations augmented by a Flight
aircraft will continue to be managed (CAME) specifies the manner in which the DASR M Maintenance Licensing (MAML) series of Simulation Training Device (FSTD) are adequately
under the regulation of the applicable civil organisations (and individuals) meet their continuing regulations is to define the MAML and to controlled and managed. Approval of a FSTD is
airworthiness authority. airworthiness responsibilities. establish the requirements for application, via an Installation Operating Permit (IOP).

16 INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY 17

 Air Operations DASR Specific Approval
The purpose of this regulation is to regulate The purpose of DASR Specific Approval (SPA)
safe conduct of flying activities for Defence series of regulations is to assure that non-
aircraft (including Unmanned Aircraft Systems routine operational roles requiring Defence to
(UAS)) or aircraft operated on behalf of operate outside of an aircraft system’s normal
Defence. Configuration, Role and Environment (CRE)
are conducted safely. This includes Command
DASR Air Operations General Clearances, Low Flying, Flying Displays and
Long Range Operations.
DASR Air Operations (AO) General is
applicable to all areas of DASR AO and
includes Orders, Instructions and Publications DASR Special Purpose Operations
(OIP) specific to air operations. The purpose of DASR Special Purpose
Operations (SPO) series of regulations is
to assure that routine operational roles are
DASR Authority Required
managed to the specified standards and level
for Air Operations
of safety. DASR SPO includes Joint Personnel
DASR Authority Required for Air Operations Recovery and Aeromedical Evacuation
(ARO) is a series of regulations that address a regulation.
range of AO matters, including the following:

• Statement of Operating Intent and Usage DASR Unmanned Aircraft System

(SOIU) to inform decisions on whether an The purpose of DASR UAS series of regulations
aircraft design remains safe for operations. is to assure the safe operation of UAS.

• Cessation of Flight Operations that provides

a mechanism for command to cease DASR Flight Test
flight operations to allow time to address The purpose of DASR Flight Test (FT) series
emergent risks. of regulations is to assure that a MAO only
undertakes those flight test activities it is
• Defence Register, to identify aircraft subject
• Aeronautical Life Support Equipment capable of safely conducting, and that the
to Defence imposed safety requirements, DASR Organisation Requirements
• Aircraft Crewing (including Captaincy) tests are conducted under appropriate
conditions and limitations. for Air Operations airworthiness controls using suitable personnel,
The purpose of DASR Organisation • Oxygen Management (including Flight Crew
• Independent review (such as AwB) to assure processes and data. Flight test is a subset
Requirements for Air Operations (ORO) series and Supplemental Oxygen)
independent oversight of aviation safety. of Defence Test and Evaluation (T&E). Flight
of regulations is to assure Defence aircraft are • Authorised Electronic Equipment test activities involve, to varying extents, the
• Establishment of the MAO. operated with adequate controls to ensure • Carriage of Personnel on Defence Aircraft operation of an aircraft other than within its
A MAO is the regulated organisation safety of flight. They include the following: currently established type certification basis. A
approved by the Defence AA to conduct air • Use of Role Equipment
MAO requires a specific privilege to be able to
activities. The senior member of a MAO is the • Flight Operations - ensuring aircraft are • Flight Recorder(s) and Locating Equipment conduct flight test activities of this nature.
Accountable Manager (AM), which is usually operated in approved roles, with correct
a Force Element Group (FEG) commander or mission equipment, to approved procedures DASR Non-Defence Registered Aircraft
equivalent. and instructions DASR Air Cargo Delivery
This regulation assures that operation of The purpose of DASR Air Cargo Delivery (ACD)
• Flying Management Systems
The majority of Defence flight operations non-Defence registered aircraft (NDRA) by or series of regulations is to assure suitability for
• Appointment of Key Staff on behalf of Defence is conducted under the
are conducted under a Military Air Operator flight is not compromised when aircraft are
Certificate (MAOC) issued to a MAO, usually a • Aircrew Competency System airworthiness oversight of Defence recognised loaded or unloaded with cargo, either on the
FEG or equivalent. • Flight Authorisation System national or military airworthiness authorities. ground or in the air.

18 INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY 19

 Standard Rules DASR Air Navigation Services Provider
DASR 139 (Aerodromes)
DASR ASMS requires all organisations
holding an organisational approval under
of the Air The purpose of the DASR Air Navigation
The purpose of DASR 139 Aerodrome DASR to exercise an ICAO Annex -19
regulation is to describe the organisational, compliant ASMS. This includes organisations
The purpose of Standard Rules of the Air Services Provider (ANSP) regulation is to
operational and technical requirements for in Defence and Defence Industry involved in
(SRoA) series of regulations is to assure describe the organisational, operational and
Defence certified aerodromes. The aerodrome initial and continuing airworthiness, military
that, as they apply to Defence Aviation, the technical requirements for an ANSP. Like
operator is a DASA approved organisation. air operations, air navigation and aerodrome
rules stipulated within Defence Aeronautical the MAO, the ANSP is a DASA approved
This regulation applies to Defence certified operations. Importantly, the risk management
Information Publication (AIP) are harmonised organisation with an AM, which is usually
aerodromes, including shipborne heliports. element of DASR ASMS is a direct adoption of
with ICAO and national civil practice a FEG commander or equivalent. This
regulation applies to Air Traffic Control, the statutory obligations for risk management
wherever practical, with the intent that
in Australia’s WHS Act 2011, allowing Defence
Defence Aviation will have due regard for the Aeronautical Information and Defence
provided Meteorological services.
Aviation Safety aviation to exploit the global convention in
safety of navigation of civil aircraft.
Management System ASMS while remaining compliant with uniquely
Australian legislation.
Air Navigation Services Aerodromes An Aviation Safety Management System
(ASMS) is a systematic approach by an
This regulation addresses matters The Defence ASMS
Providers pertaining to the design, certification and
organisation to manage aviation safety
In compliance with DASR, the Command
hazards and risks as close as possible to
This series of regulations addresses those operational requirements for Defence
where they arise; and includes the necessary Chain in Defence has mandated the use of
systems and services that support flight Certified Aerodromes. DASR 139 (ADR)
organisational structures, accountabilities, a standardised Defence ASMS for MAOs in
operations including their CRE, system reflects the Defence commitment to align
policies, procedures and plans. Building on Navy, Army and Air Force. Standardisation
modifications, review and oversight, with civil standards and practices where
the compliant processes in an organisation, allows for improved coordination between
compliance requirements, interoperability practical to do so, for certification of Defence
aviation safety performance is enhanced when respective MAOs, use of common tools and
arrangements and assurance activities. Aerodromes, including shipborne heliports.
the ASMS couples the positive attitudes, systems, and the collection and analysis of
beliefs, values and practices of the personnel safety intelligence by the Command Chain and
within an organisation. the Authority to improve and promote aviation
safety performance respectively. The Defence
ASMS may be extended by the Command
Chain to cover other aviation organisations in
the future, such as design organisations.

20 INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY 21

 Defence Registration There may be exceptions by prior agreement operations as defined in the accompanying Compliance Statement. A MAO will submit
Operations Specifications (OpSpec) and in
and Instruments with CASA for a civil registered aircraft being
operated by Defence, to be subject to specified accordance with DASR. A MAOC itself is
a compliance statement seeking initial issue
and to request an update to the MAOC
sections of the DASR. All flight operations of always accompanied by: and OpSpec. The compliance statement
Defence Registration
Defence registered aircraft conducted in (or demonstrates how compliance with DASR is
An aircraft should be Defence registered OpSpec. An OpSpec (DASR Form 139)
over) a foreign country require a diplomatic achieved and includes MAO AM attestation
when the operation of an aircraft will be is approved by the Authority, as delegated
clearance. These aircraft are operated under that appropriate arrangements are in place
predominantly in a military configuration, by the Defence AA Charter Letter, and
DASR flight instruments and approvals. to support the scope of flight operations
role or environment. A civil registered includes aircraft (Defence registered and
contained in the OpSpec.
aircraft commanded by a member of the NDRA, including UAS) types that the MAO
Defence Force in the course of their duties, Military Air Operator Certificate is authorised to operate or sponsor. The
causes that aircraft to be a State aircraft. A MAOC is the principal authorisation granted OpSpec may include operating provisions, Military Type Certificate
Registration determines which Australian by the Defence AA to conduct military air both general and flight test privileges. Annexes A Military Type Certificate (MTC) is issued by
legislation and regulation applies to the activities. A MAOC is a single page certificate for each aircraft will reference the SOIU (if the Authority and certifies that the aircraft
design, construction, maintenance and (DASR Form 138) to authorise the MAO, usually applicable), specific approvals, and any type design complies with the applicable Type
operation of Australia’s State aircraft. a FEG or equivalent, to perform military air limitations or conditions. Certification Basis when operated within the
conditions and limitations specified on the
associated Type Certificate Data Sheet.

Type Certificate Data Sheet

A Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS) is
a companion document to the MTC and
describes the type certification basis, details
technical characteristics and operating
limitations, and includes details of each aircraft
added to the TCDS.

Military Supplemental Type Certificate

A Military Supplemental Type Certificate
(MSTC) is issued by the Authority and certifies
a major change to the type design by any
eligible design organisation.

Airworthiness Directive
An Airworthiness Directive (AD) is issued by
the Authority to mandate action on an aircraft
to restore safety, when evidence shows that
the airworthiness of this aircraft may otherwise
be compromised.

Certificate of Airworthiness and

Airworthiness Review Certificate
A non-expiring CoA is issued by the Authority
to attest that an individual aircraft conforms
to, and is ‘airworthy’ against, the MTC. An

22 INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY 23

 individual aircraft remains ‘airworthy’ if the Operating Permit (FSTD IOP) is issued by
CoA is validated annually by issuance of an Commander Australian Fleet, Commander
Airworthiness Review Certificate (ARC). Under Forces Command or Air Commander
DASR, the ARC may be extended, or a new Australia, to authorise operation of a FSTD
ARC issued. The ARC review is a routine in accordance with stated limitations and
functional and physical configuration audit, conditions.
by suitably qualified personnel, to ensure an
aircraft tail number be operated safely by the
MAO. Approval to Operate
An Approval to Operate (ATO) is issued
Military Permit To Fly to authorise operation, by or on behalf of
Defence, of an aircraft that is not Defence
A MPTF is issued by the Authority to permit the
registered and not operated under a MAOC.
flight of an aircraft that does not meet, or has
This is authorised and issued by the Sponsor
not yet met, it’s airworthiness requirements.
that purchases, wet leases, dry leases, or
In the application to the Authority, the MAO is
charters the aircraft. The Defence AA retains
required to document the specified purpose,
the right to issue the ATO.
conditions and limitations that ensure the
aircraft can be operated safely; that is, that
all hazards and risks have been eliminated Air Navigation Service Provider
SFARP, or if not eliminated, then minimised Certificate:
SFARP in the circumstance. The DoSA In Defence, an Air Navigation Service
Flight Test assists MAO in the development Provider Certificate (ANSPC) is the principal
of conditions and limitations for flight test authorisation granted by the Defence AA to
activities, and issues MPTFs for complex flight provide Air Navigation Services (ANS). An
test on behalf of the DASA. ANSPC is a single page certificate to authorise
the ANSP, usually a FEG or equivalent to
Unmanned Aircraft System provide ANS as defined in the accompanying
Operating Permit Service Provision Conditions (SPC). An ANSPC
An Unmanned Aircraft System Operating itself is always accompanied by:
Permit (UASOP) is issued by the Authority to
permit the flight of a UAS that has not been Service Provision Conditions. The Authority
issued an MTC or CoA, does not meet the approves the SPC as delegated by the
Defence AA Charter Letter. The SPC defines airworthiness matters, information that
Open UAS category, and cannot be authorised Defence AA Directive
the types of ANS provided and any limitations enhances compliance understanding for
to fly under a specific scenario in the DASR. A Defence Aviation Authority Directive (DAAD) existing regulation, or policy guidance
or conditions. In some circumstances, this may
In the application to the Authority, the MAO is is issued by the Defence AA to promulgate for aviation issues not yet regulated that
include specific systems or sub-systems such
required to document the specified purpose, immediate and binding requirements to require further understanding.
as Navigation Aids.
conditions and limitations that ensure the UAS authorise or restrict a course of action in
can be operated safely; that is, that all hazards relation to an Aviation System.
Compliance statement. An ANSP will submit
and risks have been eliminated SFARP, or if NMAA/NAA Recognition Certificate
a compliance statement seeking initial issue
not eliminated, then minimised SFARP in the Advisory Circular
and to request an update to the ANSPC A Recognition Certificate is issued by the
circumstance.
and the SPC. The compliance statement While not technically an Instrument, an Authority to detail the scope, conditions
demonstrates how compliance with DASR is Advisory Circular (AC) is issued by the and caveats that must be considered
Flight Simulation Training Device achieved and includes ANSP AM attestation Authority to promulgate important information before the recognition of a foreign NMAA
Installation Operating Permit that appropriate arrangements are in place to to the Defence Aviation community but does or civil National Aviation Authority (NAA)
This is not an Authority instrument, rather a support the scope of services described in the not mandate any action. Examples include can be exploited. Recognition Certificates
Flight Simulation Training Device Installation SPC. information regarding aviation safety or are promulgated on the DASA internet site.

24 INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY 25

 More information ACRONYMS

AC Advisory Circular DGDASA Director General Defence Aviation Safety Authority

ACD Air Cargo Delivery DoSA Delegate of the Safety Authority
ACPA Airworthiness Coordination Policy Agency EMAR European Military Airworthiness Requirements
AD Airworthiness Directive FEG Force Element Group
ADF Australian Defence Force FSTD Flight Simulation Training Device
ADR Aerodromes FSTD IOP Flight Simulation Training Device Installation Operating Permit
AIP Aeronautical Information Publication
FT Flight Test
AM Accountable Manager GM Guidance Material
AMC Acceptable Mean of Compliance
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation
ANS Air Navigation Service
IOP Installation Operating Permit
ANSP Air Navigation Service Provider
IR Implementing Regulation
ANSPC Air Navigation Service Provider Certificate
JD Joint Directive
AO Air Operations
MAML Military Aircraft Maintenance Licensing
APS Australian Public Service
MAO Military Air Operator
ARC Airworthiness Review Certificate
MAOC Military Air Operator Certificate
ARO Authority Requirements for Air Operations
MARQ Military Authorities Recognition Questionset
ASMS Aviation Safety Management Systems
MED Medical
ATO Approval to Operate
MOE Maintenance Organisation Exposition
ATSB Australian Transport Safety Bureau
MPTF Military Permit to Fly
AwB Airworthiness Board
MSTC Military Supplemental Type Certificate
BR Basic Regulation
MTC Military Type Certificate
CAF Chief of Air Force
MTO Maintenance Training Organisations
CAM Continuing Airworthiness Management
NAA National Aviation Authority
CAME Continuing Airworthiness Management Exposition
NDRA Non-Defence Registered Aircraft
CASA Civil Aviation Safety Authority
NMAA National Military Aviation Authority
CASG Capability Acquisition and Sustainment Group
Defence Aviation Safety Authority Contacts Confidential Safety Report
OIP Orders, Instructions and Publications
All CONFIR are to be submitted direct to CDF Chief of Defence Force
Correspondence to the Defence AA – all correspondence
OpSpec Operations Specifications
to the Defence AA should be through ACPA Registry for the Director of DFSB in writing, by email or CoA Certificate of Airworthiness
ORO Organisation Requirements for Air Operations
staffing and administrative processing. telephone. Contact details for the Director CONFIR Confidential Incident Reports
DASA Intranet: http://drnet/dasa/Pages/default.aspx are available on the DASA web site or the CRE Configuration, Role and Environment SARP Standards and Recommended Practices

DASA Internet: http://www.defence.gov.au/DASP/ Defence Corporate Directory. The Defence DAAD Defence Aviation Authority Directive SFARP So Far As Reasonably Practicable
Aviation Safety Manual (DASM) contains DACPA Director Airworthiness Coordination and Policy Agency SOIU Statement of Operating Intent and Usage
Email: further details. SPA Specific Approval
DASAMAN Defence Aviation Safety Assurance Manual
General enquiries: [email protected]
Aviation Safety Reporting Help Desk DASA Defence Aviation Safety Authority SPC Service Provision Conditions
Regulatory enquiries: [email protected] Email: [email protected] SPO Special Purpose Operations
DASC Defence Aviation Safety Council
Newsbreak subscription: [email protected] Telephone: (02) 6128 7476 DASF Defence Aviation Safety Framework SRoA Standard Rules of the Air
Feedback: [email protected]
DASP Defence Aviation Safety Program SSP State Safety Program
Flight Safety Reporting Contacts: DASR Defence Aviation Safety Regulations TCDS Type Certificate Data Sheet
DFSB Duty Officer: (02) 6144 9199 DDFSB Director Defence Flight Safety Bureau T&E Test and Evaluation
Air Transport Safety Bureau Duty Officer: 1800 011 034 Defence AA Defence Aviation Authority UAS Unmanned Aircraft Systems
WHS Notifiable events: 1300 366 979 DFSB Defence Flight Safety Bureau UASOP Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operating Permit

26 INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY INTRODUCTION TO DEFENCE AVIATION SAFETY 27

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