MASTER YOUR MIND (MYM) SEM 1 SESSION 2021/2022

CHAPTER 4 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

PART A : STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

1. FIGURE 1 below shows the comb shape of the chickens. The rose
comb is controlled by the dominant allele R while the pea comb is
controlled by recessive allele r. A cross is made between a homozygous
rose comb male and a homozygous pea comb female.

FIGURE 1

a) What are the genotypes of both parents in the cross? [2 marks]

Rose comb : RR Pea comb : rr

b) Determine the gametes from both parents. [2 marks]

Male : R Female : r

c) What are the genotypes of the progenies in F1 generation? [1 mark]

All Rr

d) (i) If the F1 generation is self-crossed, state the genotypic and [2 marks]

phenotypic ratio for F2 generation?
Genotypic ratio : 1RR : 2Rr : 1rr
Phenotypic ratio : 3 rose comb : 1 pea comb

(ii) Draw a genetic diagram to verify your answer in d)(i). [3 marks]

1
Max: 3

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2. In the Mendel’s experiment, the yellow seed colour is controlled by
the dominant allele Y while the recessive allele y produce green seed.
All of the offspring from the crosses between these two pure strains of
plants had yellow seed.

a) State the Mendel’s Law above. [1 mark]

Mendel’s First Law / Law of Segregation 1

b) Define the following terms: [2 marks]

(i) Allele
An alternative form of a gene that controls the 1
characteristics of an organism.

(ii) Dominant allele

Allele that able to express its characteristic and masks the 1
expression of another allele’s characteristic

c) State another TWO characteristics of Mendel’s pea plant other than [2 marks]
the seed colour.

● Flower colour (purple or white) Any two

● Flower position (axial or terminal)
● Seed shape (round or wrinkled)
● Pod shape (inflated or constricted)
● Pod colour (green or yellow)
● Stem length / height (tall or dwarf)

d) (i) Draw a genetic diagram if the F1 generation is test cross. [3 marks]

1
1
Max: 3

(ii) State the genotypes and phenotypes together with their ratios [2 marks]
for the cross in b)(i).
Genotypic ratio : 1Yy : 1yy 1
Phenotypic ratio : 1 yellow : 1 green 1

3. In fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), the gene for grey body (G) and
short bristles (B) are dominant over the genes for black body and long
bristles. Pure breeding strains of the dominant and recessive were

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crossed and produced F1 generation. A test cross of the F1 generation
produced the following results:

No. of individuals Phenotypes

63 grey body, short bristles
58 grey body, long bristles
60 black body, short bristles
58 black body, long bristles

a) Does the above result follow the Mendelian ratio? Explain. [3 marks]
Yes 1
Because it follows the ratio of (dihybrid test cross) 1:1:1:1. 1
The genes of body colour and type of fur are not linked// The gene 1
of body colour and type of fur are located on different
chromosome

b) Draw the test cross of F1 generation and state the phenotypes of [4 marks]
offspring produced.

c) Grey body and short bristle of F1 was backcrossed with recessive [3 marks]
parents and produced 240 total progeny of F2. Give the phenotypic
ratio of F2 and how many progeny that have grey body and long
bristle? Show your calculation.

Phenotypic ratio : 1:1:1:1 1

Total progeny of F2 :240 1
No. of progenies for grey body and long bristle : ¼ x 240 = 60 1

4. a) The alleles governing the MN blood group system in man are

codominants and represented by the symbols LM and LN as in
TABLE 1.

Genotype Blood group

(phenotype)
LMLM M
LMLN MN

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LNLN N
TABLE 1
(i) Using a genetic diagram, show the cross between two [3 marks]
heterozygous individuals.
1

1
Max: 3

(ii) What is the expected phenotypic ratio for the F1 generation. [1 mark]
Phenotypic ratio: 1M : 2MN : 1N 1
no
(iii) State ONE difference between complete dominance and [1 mark]
codominance.
In complete dominance, one allele completely dominates 1
over the other allele while for codominance both alleles are
equally dominant.

b) The ABO blood group system in human is an example of interaction

of alleles illustrated by multiple alleles.

(i) What is meant by multiple alleles? [2 marks]

A condition when a characteristic is determined by more 1
than two alleles. This may result in the formation of more
genotypes and phenotypes than that predicted by Mendel.

(ii) The Table 2 below shows three couples with their respective [3 marks]
blood groups and their percentage of the number of children
produced in accordance with blood groups. State the parent’s
genotype.

Couple Parent’s Percentage of number Parent’s

blood of children in genotype
accordance with blood
group
A B AB O
First O X A 50 - - 50 ii x IAi 1
Second B X A 25 25 25 25 IBi x IAi 1
Third A X AB 50 25 25 - IAi x 1
IAIB
Table 2

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5. a) The cotyledon colour is controlled by a pair of different alleles. The
genotype CGCG produces dark green cotyledons, the heterozygous
genotype CGCY produces light green cotyledons and the homozygous
genotype CYCY produces yellow cotyledons.

(i) What type of inheritance is shown by the cotyledon colours? [1 mark]

Incomplete dominant 1

(ii) A plant having dark green cotyledon is crossed with another plant [4 marks]
having yellow cotyledon. Draw a genetic diagram to show the
parent genotypes, gametes, F1 genotypes and F1 phenotypes.

b) (i) Define polygenic inheritance. [1 mark]

Polygenes are situation whereby two or more genes 1
controlling the one characteristic.

(ii) Complete the table below to show the difference between [3 marks]
multiple alleles and polygenes.

Multiple alleles Polygenes

One characteristic is One characteristic is
controlled by 1 gene with controlled by many genes 1
many alleles with two alleles of each
genes
All alleles are located on All alleles are located on
the same locus the different locus 1
Only two alleles determine All alleles are contributing
the phenotype of an in determining the 1
individual phenotype of individual

(ii) Suggest ONE factor that can influence polygenic inheritance [1 mark]
other than genetic.
Environmental factor. 1

6. The dominant Aedes aegypti exists as a spotted or a spotless form on a grey

or yellow body. The dominant allele is spotless, S, and the recessive allele
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is spotted, s. The allele for grey body, G, is dominant to the allele for yellow
body, g. A cross was made between homozygous spotless, grey bodied
mosquitoes and spotted, yellow bodied mosquitoes. The F1 progenies were
then crossed with the double recessive strain and the numbers of the
resulting phenotypes were counted. The results are shown below:

Phenotype Number
Spotless, grey body 445
Spotted, yellow body 455
Spotless, yellow body 53
Spotted, grey body 47
a) Determine whether this cross follow the Mendelian inheritance or not. [2 marks]
Give your reason.
No 1
The ratio of testcross in F2 generation does not obtain 1:1:1: 1 1
ratio.

b) Using a genetic diagram, explain fully the results shown in the table [4 marks]
starting from testcross.

1
445 455 47 53

c) Calculate the distance between the genes that control body pattern and [2 marks]
body colour of the mosquitoes.

COV = Total number of recombinant offspring X 100 1

Total number of parental offspring

= 47 + 53 X 100
445 + 455 + 47 + 53

= 10 %
1% COV = 1 map unit
Distance between body pattern and the body colour of the 1
mosquitoes = 10 map unit/ cM / centi Morgan

d) Predict the number of F2 progenies for each phenotype if this cross [2 marks]
obey the Mendelian dihybrid ratio.
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445 + 455 + 53 + 47 = 1000 1
1000 /4 =250 (progenies for each phenotype) 1

7. a) John is an individual with red-green colour blindness. His wife Lisa has
a normal eyesight with homozygous genotype. They have 3 daughter
and 2 sons. John’s daughter, Lily marries Jackson who has normal
eyesight. They have 1 daughter and 2 sons. XB is for normal allele and
Xb for colour blindness allele.

(i) State whether John and Lisa will have colour blind son or not. [1 mark]
No (they will have normal son). 1

(ii) Give your reason for (i) above. [1 mark]

Their son receive allele Y from John and normal allele XB 1
from Lisa.

(iii) With the aid of genetic diagram, explain the cross between Lily [4 marks]
and her husband.

1
1

(iv) According to (iii), state the probability of their sons are colour [1 mark]
blindness.
1/2 1

(v) What is the percentage of their kids being a carrier? [1 mark]

¼ x 100 = 25% 1

b) The following chart shows the crossover frequencies for some genes
on an autosome of organism Z.

Gene Combinations Recombination Frequency

A/B 2.5%
A/C 3.0%
B/C 5.5%
B/S 5.5%
A/S 8.0%
C/S 11.0%

(i) [2 marks]

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By using the information in the table, construct a genetic
mapping to show the sequence of genes on the chromosome.

Gene sequence: C, A, B, S 1

PART B : ESSAY QUESTION

1. a) State the Law of Segregation. Under what conditions are these laws [5 marks]
applicable?

● A pair of allele segregate during gamete formation (meiosis) 1

● Only one of each pair of allele can present in a single gamete 1

Conditions:
● The characteristics must be determined by a pair of allele
● It is not applicable if more than two alleles or genes are 1
involved (e.g polygenes and multiple alleles) 1
● The characteristics can be either dominant or recessive allele
● It does not apply to characteristics that are codominant or 1
incomplete dominant
● The pair of alleles must also not be on the same chromosome 1
// It does not apply to linked genes
1

b) In Mendel’s experiment, pure breed pea plants with spherical seeds

were crossed with pure breed plants with dented seeds. Mendel
collected the seeds from F1 generation plants and let them self-
pollinate to form a second generation.

i. Suggest symbols for the seed shape and draw a genetic diagram [9 marks]
to explain the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratio of F2
generation.

D = Dominant allele for spherical seed

d = Recessive allele for dented seed

P : DD x dd 1

G :
1
D d

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1
F1 genotype: Dd 1
F1 phenotype: All spherical seeds
1
Selfcross:
F1 x F1 : Dd x Dd
1

D d D d
1
G

F2 : DD Dd Dd dd 1

F2 phenotype: Spherical seeds Dented seed 1

1
Genotypic ratio : 1 DD : 2 Dd : 1 dd
Phenotypic ratio : 3 spherical seeds : 1 dented seed

ii State the type of cross between the F1 generation and the [6 marks]
homozygous recessive. Using a genetic diagram, show how this
cross can occur and state the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of
the progeny.

● Test cross

F1 x homozygous : Dd x dd 1

recessive

G : d
D d
1

F2 genotype : Dd 1
dd
1
F2 phenotype : Spherical seed Dented
seed
1
Genotypic ratio : 1 Dd : 1 dd 1
Phenotypic ratio : 1 spherical seed : 1 dented seed

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c) In a rose plant, red flower is the dominant trait while white flower is [7 marks]
the recessive trait. Explain how to determine the genotype of the red
flower rose plant.

carry out test cross 1

the red plant was crossed with the white plant / homozygous 1
recessive
to determine the (unknown) genotype of the dominant phenotype 1
as it can be homozygous or heterozygous 1
if the cross produced all red flower progeny 1
the genotype of the red flower is homozygous dominant 1
if the cross produced white and red progeny 1
the genotype of red flower is heterozygous 1

2. Explain sex-linked inheritance when a female which has normal vision but [8 marks]
is a carrier for colour blindness married a male with colour blindness.

XB represent the X chromosome with the allele for normal vision 1

Xb represent the X chromosome with the allele for colour blindness 1
Y represent the Y chromosome with neither allele 1
The genotype for female is XBXb and male is XbY 1
Gametes that produced by female are XB and Xb while 1
gametes for male are Xb and Y 1
Fertilization between gametes XB and Xb will produced a 1
female/daughter which is carrier for color blindness (X BXb)
Fertilization between gametes XB and Y will produced a male/son with 1
normal vision (XBY)
Fertilization between gametes Xb and Xb will produced a 1
female/daughter with color blindness (XbXb)
Fertilization between gametes Xb and Y will produced a male/son with 1
colour blind (XbY)

3. Define genetic mapping and explain how genetic distance between gene [5 marks]
can be obtained.

Is a chromosome map that show the relative position and sequence of 1

genes on a chromosome.
(Can only be carried out) if two genes are linked and crossing over 1
occurs.
crossing over frequency is directly proportional to the distance 1
between the two genes.
Crossing over value (COV) / recombinant frequency can be obtained 1
by dividing the total number of recombinant offspring with total
number of offspring and multiply with 100.
COV unit is in percentage 1
Distance between gene is in map unit/m.u/cM/centiMorgan 1

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