College of Engineering

civil Eng. Dept.

Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Strength of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of
solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. The solid bodies include axially-loaded bars,
shafts, beams, and columns. The objective of analysis will be the determination of the stresses,
strains, and deformations produced by the loads.
Simple Stress ():
If a cylindrical bar is subjected to a direct pull or push along its axis, then it is said to
be subjected to tension or compression.

P P P P

Tension Compression

In SI systems of units load is measured in Newton (N) or KiloNewton (KN) or

Meganewton (MN).

Normal stress () : is the intensity of normal force per unit area

Load
Stress =
Area

P
 
A

stress may thus be compressive or tensile depending on the nature of the load and will be
measured in units of Newton per square meter (N/m2). This unit, called Pascal

1 Pa=1 N/m2
1 KPa=1000 Pa=103 Pa
1 MPa=106 Pa
1 GPa=109 Pa

In the U.S. customary or foot-pound-second system of units, express stress in pounds

per square inch (Psi) or kilopound per square inch (Ksi)

1
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Normal Strain ():

If a bar is subjected to a direct load, and hence a stress, the bar will change in length. If
the bar has an original length (L) and changes in length by an amount (L), the strain produced
is defined as follows:

changein length
Strain()=
originallength

L

L

P P

L L

Strain is thus a measure of the deformation of the material and is non-dimensional, i.e.
it has no units. Tensile stresses and strains are considered positive sense. Compressive stresses
and strains are considered negative in sense.
Shear Stress () and Bearing Stress (b ):
Shearing stress differs from both tensile and compressive stress in that it is caused by
forces acting along or parallel to the area resisting the forces, whereas tensile and compressive
stresses are caused by forces perpendicular to the areas on which they act. For this reason,
tensile and compressive stresses are called normal stresses, whereas a shearing stress may be
called a tangential stress.
A shearing stress is produced whenever the applied loads cause one section of a body
to tend to slide past its adjacent section.

Shearload
Shear stress=
Area resistingshear

Q Q
Q
Q

A
2
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Area resisting shear is the shaded area as shown above.

P P

P A
P

Single shear stress 

P
A

P P

P/2
P
A

P/2
P/2
Double shear stress 
A

Bearing stress is a normal stress that is produced by the compression of one surface
against another. The bearing area is defined as the projected area of the curved bearing surface.

B
P/2 1
P P 2 P
A C
P/2 3

3
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Fb
b 
Ab
Consider the bolted connection shown above, this connection consists of a flat bar A, a
clevis C, and a bolt B that passes through holes in the bar and clevis. Consider the bearing
stresses labeled 1, the projected area Ab on which they act is rectangle having a height equal to
the thickness of the clevis and a width equal to the diameter of the bolt, the bearing force F b
represented by the stresses labeled 1 is equal to P/2. The same area and the same force apply to
the stresses labeled 3. For the bearing stresses labeled 2, the bearing area A b is a rectangle with
height equal to the thickness of the flat bar and width equal to the bolt diameter. The
corresponding bearing force Fb is equal to the load P.

Shear Strain (  ):
Shear strain is a measure of the distortion of the element due to shear. Shear strain is
measured in radians and hence is non-dimensional, i.e. it has no units.


Elastic Materials-Hook's Law:

A material is said to be elastic if it returns to its original, when load is removed.
In elastic material, stress is proportional to strain. Hook's law therefore states that:
Stress ( )  strain (  )
stress
 constant
strain
Within the elastic limit, i.e. within the limits in which Hook's law applies, it has been
shown that:


E

This constant is given the symbol E and termed the modulus of elasticity or Young's
modulus.

4
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

The Stress-Strain Diagram:

Elastic Partially Plastic

E
C
B
Load or Stress

A F
D

Extansion or Strain

Point A is termed to limit proportionality. Point B is termed to elastic limit. Beyond the
elastic limit plastic deformation occurs and strains are not totally recoverable. The point C
termed the upper yield point and D the lower yield point, relatively rapid increase in strain
occur without correspondingly high increase in load or stress.
Beyond the yield point some increase in load is required to take the strain to point E on
the graph. Between D and E the material is said to be in elastic-plastic state, some of the section
remaining elastic and hence contributing to recovery of the original dimensions if load is
removed, the reminder being plastic. Beyond E the cross sectional area of the bar beings to
reduce rapidly over a relatively small length of the bar and the bar is said to neck. This necking
takes place whilst the load reduces and fracture of the bar finally occurs at point F.
The nominal stress at failure, termed the maximum or ultimate tensile stress, is given
by the load at E divided by the original cross-sectional area of the bar.

Poisson's Ratio ( ):
Consider the rectangular bar shown below subjected to a tensile load. Under the
action of this load the bar will increase in length by an amount L giving a longitudinal strain in
the bar of:

5
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

L
L 
L
The bar will also exhibit a reduction in dimensions laterally i.e. its breadth and depth
will both reduce.

b b
P 2 P
d
d
2

The associated lateral strains will both be equal, will be of opposite sense to the
longitudinal strain, and will be given by:
d b
 lat   
d b
Poisson's ratio is the ratio of the lateral and longitudinal strains and always constant
Lateral Strain
Poisson's ratio=
Longitudinal Strain
d / d
 
L / L


Longitudinal Strain=
E


Lateral Strain= 
E
Modulus of Rigidity ( G ):
For materials within the elastic range the shear strain is proportional to the shear
stress producing it.
 

Shear Stress
=Constant
Shear Strain

=G

The constant G is termed the modulus of rigidity.
6
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 1:A 25 mm square cross-section bar of length 300 mm carries an axial compressive
load of 50 KN. Determine the stress set up in the bar and its change of length when the load is
applied. For the bar material E=200 GN/m 2.

50 KN 25 mm

300 mm

Cross-section area of the bar(A)=25×10-3×25×10-3=625×10-6 m2

P
 
A

50  103
= 6
=80000000 N/m2
625  10

=80 MN/ m2



E

80  106
= =0.0004
200  109

L  L

L=0.0004×300×10-3=0.12×10-3m

L=0.12 mm

7
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 2: Two circular bars, one of brass and the other of steel, are to be loaded by a shear
load of 30 KN. Determine the necessary diameter of the bars a) in single shear b) in double
shear, if the shear stress in the two materials must not exceed 50 MN/m2 and 100 MN/m2
respectively.
a) Single Shear

F F
 A
A 

 For brass material

30  103
A= =0.0006 m2
50  10 6

A 0.0006
A=r2 r r
 
-3
r=13.8197×10 m
the diameter of the bar (d)=27.639×10-3 m
 For steel material
30  103
A= =0.0003 m2
100  10 6

0.0003 -3
r =9.772×10 m

the diameter of the bar (d)=19.544×10-3 m

b) Double Shear
F F
  A
2A 2
 For brass material
30  103
A= =0.0003 m2
2  50  10 6

0.0003 -3
r =9.772×10 m

the diameter of the bar (d)=19.544×10-3 m
 For steel material
30  103
A= =0.00015 m2
2  100  10 6

0.00015
r =6.909×10-3 m

the diameter of the bar (d)=13.819×10-3 m
8
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 3: The 80 kg lamp is supported by two rods AB and BC as shown. If AB has a

diameter of 10 mm and BC has a diameter of 8 mm, determine the average normal stress in each
rod.

A C
 Fx  0
4 5
FBC   FBA  cos 60  0 3
5 60 B 4

FBC=0.625FBA ……………..(1) FBA

FBC

F y 0
3
FBC   FBA  sin 60  784.8  0
5

FBC=1308-1.44337FBA ……….(2)
80  9.81  784.8 N
1308-1.44337FBA=0.625FBA

FBA=632.38 N

FBC=395.2375 N

FBA 632.38
 BA  =
ABA  (5  10 3 ) 2

BA=8.051877×106 Pa
BA=8.051877 MPa

FBC 395.2375
 BC  =
ABC  ( 4  10 3 ) 2

BC=7.863149×106 Pa
BC=7.863149 MPa

9
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 4: Shafts and pulleys are usually fastened together by means of a key, as shown.
Consider a pulley subjected to a turning moment T of 1 KN.m keyed by a 10 mm×10 mm×75
mm key to the shaft. The shaft is 50 mm in diameter. Determine the shear stress on a horizontal
plane through the key.
1 KN T
10 mm

F
10 mm

50 mm
M o 0
1  103  F  0.025  0 75 mm
F=40000 N
F=40 KN
F
 F
A
F
A is the shaded area
40  103
=
10  103  75  103
=53.333×106 N/m2
=53.333 MN/m2

Example 5: Consider a steel bolt 10 mm in diameter and subjected to an axial tensile load of 10
KN as shown. Determine the average shearing stress in the bolt head, assuming shearing on a
cylindrical surface of the same diameter as the bolt.
A=dt
A=×10×10-3×8×10-3=0.000251327 m2
10 mm 10 KN
F

A
10  103
=
0.000251327
=39.7888×106 N/m2 8 mm
=39.7888 MN/m2
10
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 6: The bar shown has a square cross section for which the depth and thickness are 40
mm. If an axial force of 800 N is applied along the centroidal axis of the bar's cross sectional
area, determine the average normal stress and average shear stress acting on the material along
a) section plane a-a and b) section plane b-b.

a) section plane a-a

P
 
A a b
800 N
800
= 60 

40  10  40  103
3

a b
=500 KN/m2

F
 800 N 800 N
A

F=0
=0

b) section plane b-b

F1
40 d
d= =46.188 mm 60 800 N
sin 60 800 N

F F2
 2
A

800sin 60
= 3 3
=375 KN/m2
46.188  10  40  10

F1

A
800 cos 60
= 3 3
=216.50645 KN/m2
46.188  10  40  10

11
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 7: Determine the total increase of length of a bar of constant cross section hanging
vertically and subject to its own weight as the only load. The bar is initially straight.

: is the specific weight ( weight/unit volume )

A: is the cross-sectional area

Aydy
d 
AE
L dy L dy
   d
0
y
L
Aydy
= 
0
AE
A L
yA
AE 
= ydy
0

A 1
L
2
= y
AE 2 0

A
= L2
2 AE

AL.L
=
2 AE

W=AL

W .L
=
2 AE

12
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 8: A member is made from a material that has a specific weight  and modulus of
elasticity E. If its formed into a cone having the dimensions shown, determine how far its end is
displaced due to gravity when its suspended in the vertical position.

x y r
=
r L P( y)

y x
x  r L
L
 y
v= x 2 y y
3


w(y)=v= x 2 y
3
 r y2
2 w( y )
=   2 y
3 L

 r
2

w(y)= y3
3 L2
From equilibrium P(y)=w(y)

 r
2

P(y)= 2
y3
3 L
2
r
A(y)=x =   2 y 2
2
L
 r 3
2

 2 y dy
P( y )dy 3 L
d=  2
A( y ) E r 2
 2 y E
L

d= ydy
3E
L L
ydy
   d  
0 0
3E
L2

6E
13
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 9: A solid truncated conical bar of circular cross section tapers uniformly from a
diameter d at its small end to D at the large end. The length of the bar is L. Determine the
elongation due to an axial force P applied at each end as shown.

d
r y
2

D d
 d D
y 2 2 P P

x L
D d x
y(  )
2 2 L
d D d x L
r  (  )
2 2 2 L D d
2 y 
A(x)=r 2 2
r
P P

A(x)=    (  ) 
d D d x
2 2 2 L x dx
Pdx Pdx
d= = 2
A( x) E d D d x
 (  )  E
2 2 2 L
L
Pdx
=  2
d D d x
0
 (  )  E
2 2 2 L
1 L
P d D d x
=  (  ) 
 D d 2
E (  )
2 2 L 0
L 2 2
L
PL PL PL
= = 
D d d D d x D d d D d  D d d
E (  )   (  )  0 E (  )     E (  )
2 2 2 2 2 L 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
PL PL 4 PL  1 1 
=  =   2  2 
D 2
dD Dd d 2
E  D  dD Dd  d 
E (  ) E (  )
4 4 4 4
4 PL
=
dDE

14
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 10: Determine the smallest dimensions of the circular shaft and circular end cop if the
load it is required to support is 150 KN. The allowable tensile stress, bearing stress, and shear
stress is (t)allow=175 MPa, is (b)allow=275 MPa, and allow=115 MPa.

Fb
(b)allow=
Ab
150 103 P  150 KN
275×106=
Ab
Ab=0.0005454 m2

Ab= d 22 d2
4
4 Ab 4  0.0005454
d2= 
 
d2=0.026353 m=26.353 mm
P
(t)allow=
A
150 103
175×106=
A t
A=0.0008571 m2 30 mm
 3 2
A= [d  (30  10 ) ] =0.0008571
1
2

4
d1=0.04462 m=44.62 mm d1
F
allow=
A
150 103
115×106=
A
A=0.0013043 m2
1. A=td
0.0013043= t××30×10-3
t=0.013839 m=13.839 mm
2. A=td2
0.0013043= t××26.353×10-3
t=0.01575 m=15.75 mm

15
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Statically Indeterminate Members:

If the values of all the external forces which act on a body can be determined by
the equations of static equilibrium alone, then the force system is statically determinate.

P2
P P1

R1

R2 R3 R1

R2 R3

In many cases the forces acting on a body cannot be determined by the equations of static
alone because there are more unknown forces than the equations of equilibrium. In such case
the force system is said to be statically indeterminate.

P P
M1
R1 R4 R4
R1

R2 R3 R2 R3

16
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 11: A square bar 50 mm on a side is held rigidly between the walls and loaded by an
axial force of 150 KN as shown. Determine the reactions at the end of the bar and the extension
of the right portion. Take E=200 GPa.

150 KN 150 KN

R1 R2
100 mm 150 mm

R1+R2=150×103 ………………(1)
1=2

R1  100  103 R2  150  103


50  103  50  103  200  109 50  103  50  103  200  109

0.1R1=0.15R2

R1=1.5R2 …………………..(2)

From equations (1) and (2)

1.5R2 + R2=150×103

R2 =60000 N
R1=90000 N

R2  150  103 60000 150  103

2= 
50  103  50  103  200  109 50  103  50  103  200  109

2=0.000018 m
2=0.018 mm

17
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 12: A steel bar of cross section 500 mm 2 is acted upon by the forces shown.
Determine the total elongation of the bar. For steel, E=200 GPa.

A B C D
50 KN 45 KN
15 KN 10 KN

500 mm 1m 1 .5 m

A B B C
50 KN 50 KN 50 KN 35 KN
15 KN

C D
45 KN 45 KN

 For portion AB

PL 50  103  500  10 3
1= = =0.00025 m=0.25 mm
AE 500  10 6  200  109

 For portion BC

PL 35  103  1
2= = =0.00035 m=0.35 mm
AE 500  10 6  200  109

 For portion CD

PL 45  103  1.5
3= = =0.000675 m=0.675 mm
AE 500  10 6  200  109

T=1+2+3
T=0.25+0.35+0.675=1.275 mm

18
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 13: Member AC shown is subjected to a vertical force of 3 KN. Determine the
position x of this force so that the average compressive stress at C is equal to the average tensile
stress in the tie rod AB. The rod has a cross-sectional area of 400 mm 2 and the contact area at C
is 650 mm 2.

FAB
B
3 KN 3 KN
x x

A A

C C
200 mm 200 mm

FC
F y 0
FAB+FC-3000=0
FAB+FC=3000 ………………………(1)

AB=C

FAB FC

AAB AC
FAB FC
6

400  10 650  106

FAB=0.6153 FC …………………….(2)

From equations (1) and (2)

FC=1857.24 N
FAB=1142.759 N

M A 0

FC×200×10-3-3000×x=0
1857.24  0.2
x =0.123816 m=123.816 mm
3000
19
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 14: The bar AB is considered to be absolutely rigid and is horizontal before the load
of 200 KN is applied. The connection at A is a pin, and AB is supported by the steel rod EB and
the copper rod CD. The length of CD is 1m, of EB is 2 m. The cross sectional area of CD is 500
mm2, the area of EB is 250 mm 2. Determine the stress in each of the vertical rods and the
elongation of the steel rod. Neglect the weight of AB. For copper E=120 GPa, for steel E=200
GPa.

E
M A 0 C
A D B
FCo×1+Fs×2-200×103×1.5=0

FCo=300×103-2 Fs …………..(1) 500 mm 500 mm

1m
s  Co
 FCo 200 KN Fs
2 1
s=2Co
Ax
 Fs  L  F L
   2 Co 
 As E  s  ACo E  Co
Ay
F s 2 FCo  1
6
 2 200 KN
250  10  200  10 9
500  106  120  109

FCo=1.2 Fs …………………….(2) E
C
From equations (1) and (2) A D B

Fs=93750 N  Co
s
FCo=112500 N
Fs 93750
s  = =375000000 Pa
As 250  10 6
s=375 MPa
FCo 112500
 Co  = =225000000 Pa
ACo 500  10 6
Co=225 MPa
sL
375  106  2
s  = =0.00375 m=3.75 mm
E 200  109

20
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Thermal Stresses:
Achange in temperature can cause a material to change its dimensions. If the
temperature increases, generally a material expands, whereas if the temperature decreases the
material will contract.
The deformation of a member having a length L can be calculated using the formula:
T=×T×L
FL
T= =×T×L
AE
T=E××T

: Linear coefficient of thermal expansion. The units measure strain per degree of temperature.
They are (1/ºF) in the foot-pound-second system and (1/ºC) or (1/ºK) in SI system.
T: Change in temperature of the member.
L: The original length of the member.
T: The change in length of the member.

Example 15: The A-36 steel bar shown is constrained to just fit between two fixed supports
when T1=60º F. If the temperature is raised to T2=120º F determine the average normal thermal
stress developed in the bar. For steel =6.6×10-6 1/ºF, E=29×103 Ksi.

0.5 in

FA 0.5 in
T F
A
F y 0
FA-FB=F
T-F=0
20 in
T=×T×L
T=E××T
=29×103 ×6.6×10-6 ×(120-60)
=11.484 Ksi B

FB

21
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 16: A 2014-T6 aluminum tube having a cross sectional area of 600 mm 2 is used as a
sleeve for an A-36 steel bolt having a cross sectional area of 400 mm 2. When the temperature is
T1=15º C, the nut hold the assembly in a snug position such that the axial force in the bolt is
negligible. If the temperature increases T2=80º C, determine the average normal stress in the
bolt and sleeve. For aluminum =23×10-6 1/ºC, E=73.1 GPa, for steel =12×10-6 1/ºC, E=200
GPa.

150 mm
F y 0
Fsl-Fb=0 Fb Fsl
Fsl=Fb=F
Initial Position
  ( b ) T  ( b ) F  ( sl ) T  ( sl ) F ( b ) T

( sl ) T 
FL FL ( b ) F
[×T×L+ ]b=[×T×L- ]sl Final Position
AE AE
( sl ) F

F  0.15 F  0.15
23×10-6×0.15×(80-15)- 6
=12×10-6×0.15×(80-15)+
600  10  73.1  10 9
400  10 6  200  109

0.0052949×10-6F=0.00010725

F=20255 N
F 20255
b= =
Ab 400  10 6

b=50.637655 MPa

F 20255
sl= =
Asl 600  10 6
sl=33.758436 MPa

22
 College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 17: The rigid bar shown is fixed to the top of the three posts made of A-36 steel and
2014-T6 aluminum. The posts each have a length of 250 mm when no load is applied to the bar,
and the temperature is T1=20ºC. Determine the force supported by each posts if the bar is
subjected to a uniform distributed load of 150 KN/m and the temperature is raised to T2=80ºC.
For steel =12×10-6 1/ºC, E=200 GPa , for aluminum =23×10-6 1/ºC, E=73.1 GPa.

300 mm 300 mm

( al )T ( ) 150 KN / m
al F
Initial Position ( st ) T
( st ) F


Final Position 60 mm
250 mm
40 mm 40 mm

Steel Aluminum Steel

F y 0 150  0.6  90 KN

2Fst+Fal=90000 …………….(1)
=(st)T-(st)F=(al)T-(al)F

Fst Fal Fst

Fst L F L
[×T×L- ]st=[×T×L- al ]al
AE AE
Fst  0.25 Fal  0.25
12×10-6×0.25×(80-20)-  =23×10 -6
×0.25×(80-20)- 
(40  103 ) 2  200 109 (60  103 ) 2  73.1 109
4 4

1.20956×10-9Fal-0.994718×10-9Fst=0.000165 ………………..(2)

From equations (1) and (2)

Fst=-16444.7 N

Fal=122888.8 N

23
 College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 18: The rigid bar AD is pinned at A and attached to the bars BC and ED as shown.
The entire system is initially stress-free and the weights of all bars are negligible. The
temperature of bar BC is lowered 25ºK and that of the bar ED is raised 25ºK. Neglecting any
possibility of lateral buckling, find the normal stresses in bars BC and ED. For BC, which is
brass, assume E=90 GPa, =20×10-6 1/ºK and for ED, which is steel, take =12×10-6 1/ºK,
E=200 GPa. The cross-sectional area of BC is 500 mm 2, of ED is 250 mm 2.
E
M A 0
250 mm
A B
Pst×600×10-3-Pbr×250×10-3=0 D

300 mm
250 mm 350 mm
C
Pst=0.41666 Pbr ………..(1) Pst

 br  st Ax

250 600

Pbr  L Pst  L
  L  T    L  T  Ay
Pbr
Abr Ebr Ast E st

250 600
 br ( st )T

( st ) F
 st
( br )T
( br ) F

6 Pbr  300  103

3 6 3 Pst  250  103
20  10  300  10  25  12  10  250  10  25 
500  106  90  109  250  106  200  109
250 600
8.333×10-12 Pst+26.666×10-12 Pbr=475×10-9 …………..(2)

From equations (1) and (2)

Pbr=15760.5 N , Pst=6566.77 N
15760.5
br=  31.521MPa
500  10 6
6566.77
st=  26.267 MPa
250  10 6

24
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Thin Walled Cylinder, Thin Walled Pressure Vessels:

Cylindrical or spherical vessels are commonly used in industry to serve as boilers or
tanks. When under pressure, the material of which they are made is subjected to a loading from
all directions. In general "thin wall" refers to a vessel having an inner radius to wall thickness
ratio of 10 or more (r/t  10)
1. Cylindrical Vessels:
Consider the cylindrical vessel having a wall thickness t and inner radius r as shown below.
A pressure p is developed within the vessel by a containing gas or fluid, which is assumed to
have negligible weight.

The stresses set up in the walls are:

a. Circumferential or hoop stress

2[1(tdy)]-p(2rdy)=0
pr
1 
t

b. Longitudinal or axial stress

2(2rt)-p(r2)=0

pr
2 
2t

25
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

c. Circumferential or hoop strain

1
1  ( 1   2 )
E
d. Longitudinal strain
1
2  ( 2   1 )
E

e. Change in length
The change in length of the cylinder may be determined from the longitudinal strain.
Change in length=longitudinal strain×original length
1
L=ε2L= ( 2   1 ) L
E
pr
L= (1  2 ) L
2tE

f. Change in diameter
The change in diameter may be found from the circumferential change.
Change in diameter=diametral strain×original diameter
Diametral strain=circumferential strain
1
d= ε1d= ( 1   2 ) d
E
pr
d= (2   ) d
2tE

g. Change in internal volume

Volumetric strain=longitudinal strain+2diametral strain
1 1
εv= ε2+2 ε1= ( 2   1 ) +2 ( 1   2 ) diametral strain
E E

1
εv= ( 2   1  2 1  2 2 ) longitudinal strain
E
1 pr pr pr pr
= (   2  ) diametral strain
E 2t t t t
pr
εv= (5  4 )
2tE
change in internal volume=volumetric strain×original volume
v= εvv
pr
v= (5  4 ) v
2tE
26
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

2. Spherical Vessels:
Because of the symmetry of the sphere the stresses set up owing to internal pressure will
be two mutually perpendicular hoop or circumferential stress of equal value and a radial stress.

1(2rt)-p(r2)=0

pr
1 
2t

pr
2=  1 
2t

Change in internal volume

change in internal volume=volumetric strain×original volume

volumetric strain=3hoop strain

1 3 1 3 pr
εv= ε1=3 ( 1   2 ) = (1   ) = (1   )
E E 2tE

v= εvv
3 pr
v = (1   ) v
2tE

27
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Cylindrical Vessels with Hemispherical Ends:

r=d/2

a) For the cylindrical portion

Pr
1  hoop stress
tc
Pr
2  longitudinal stress
2t c

1 1 Pr Pr
1  ( 1   2 ) = (   )
E E tc 2t c
pr
ε1= (2   ) hoop strain
2t c E

b) For the spherical ends

Pr
1  hoop stress
2t s
1 
1  ( 1   2 ) = 1 (1   )
E E
pr
ε1= (1   ) hoop strain
2t s E

Thus equating the two strains in order that there shall be no distortion of the junction.

pr pr
(1   ) = (2   )
2t s E 2t c E

ts 1 

tc 2  

28
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 30: A thin cylinder 75 mm internal diameter, 250 mm long with walls 2.5 mm thick is
subjected to an internal pressure of 7 MN/m2. Determine the change in internal diameter and the
change in length. If in addition to the internal pressure, the cylinder is subjected to a torque of
200 N.m find the magnitude and nature of the stresses set up in the cylinder.E=200 GN/m 2,
υ=0.3.

pr
d= (2   ) d
2tE
75
7  106  103
d= 3
2 [2  0.3]  75  103
2  2.5  10  200  10 9

d=33.468×10-6 m=33.468 μm

pr
L= (1  2 ) L
2tE
75
7  106   103
L= 3
2 [1  2  0.3]  250  103
2  2.5  10  200  10 9

L=26.25×10-6 m=26.25 μm

75
7  106   103
pr 2
1  =
t 2.5  103
1=105×106 N/m2=105 MN/m2

75
7  106   103
pr 2
2  =
2t 2  2.5  103

2=52.5×106 N/m2=52.5 MN/m2

Tr Tr 200  40  103
 = =
J  4 
[ro  ri 4 ] [( 40  10 3 ) 4  (37.5  10 3 ) 4 ]
2 2

=8.743862 MN/m2

29
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 31: A cylinder has an internal diameter of 230 mm, has walls 5 mm thick and is 1 m
long. It is found to change in internal volume by 12×10-6 m3 when filled with a liquid at a
pressure p. If E=200 GN/m 2 and υ=0.25, and assuming rigid end plates, determine a) the values
of hoop and longitudinal stresses b) the necessary change in pressure p to produce a further
increase in internal volume of 15%.

pr
a) v= (5  4 ) v
2tE
230
p  10 3
-6 2 230
12×10 = 3
[5  4  0.25]    (  10 3 ) 2  1
2  5  10  200  10 9
2
p=1.255763 MN/m2

230
1.255763 106   103
pr 2
1  =
t 5  103

1=28.882549 MN/m2

230
1.255763 106   103
pr 2
2  =
2t 2  5  103

2=14.4412745 MN/m2

b) v=1.15×12×10-6=13.8×10-6 m3

pr
v= (5  4 ) v
2tE
230
p  10 3
2 230
13.8×10-6= 3
[5  4  0.25]    (  10 3 ) 2  1
2  5  10  200  10 9
2
p=1.444128 MN/m2

Necessary increase=1.444128-1.255763=0.188365 MN/m2

30
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Vessels Subjected to Fluid Pressure:

If a fluid is used as the pressurization medium the fluid itself will change in volume as
pressure is increased and this must be taken into account when calculating the amount of fluid
which must be pumped into the cylinder in order to raise the pressure by a specific amount.
The bulk modulus of a fluid is defined as:
Volumetricstress
bulk modulus k=
Volumetricstrain
volumetric stress=pressure p
changein volume v
volumetric strain= =
originalvolume v
p pv
k= =
v v
v
pv
change in volume of fluid under pressure=
k
extra fluid required to raise cylinder pressure by p

pr pv
= (5  4 ) v+
2tE k

extra fluid required to raise sphere pressure by p

3 pr pv
= (1   ) v+
2tE k

31
College of Engineering
civil Eng. Dept.
Subject: Strength of Materials
Second Class Lecturer: Dr. Ali Al Asadi

Example 32: a) A sphere 1m internal diameter and 6 mm wall thickness is to be pressure tested
for safety purposes with water as the pressure medium. Assuming that the sphere is initially
filled with water at atmospheric pressure, what extra volume of water is required to be pumped
in to produce a pressure of 3 MN/m 2 gauge? For water k=2.1 GN/m2 b) The sphere is
now placed in service and filled with gas until there is a volume change of 72×10-6 m3.
Determine the pressure exerted by the gas on the walls of the sphere. c) To what value can the
gas pressure be increased before failure occurs according to the maximum principal stress
theory of elastic failure? E=200 GPa, υ=0.3 and the yield stress is simple tension=280 MPa.

3 pr pv
a) extra volume of water= (1   ) v+
2tE k

4
3  106   (0.5) 3
3  3  106  0.5 4 3
= 3
(1  0.3)   (0.5) 3 
2  6  10  200  10 9
3 2.1  109
=0.001435221 m3

3 pr
b) v= (1   ) v
2tE

3 p  0.5 4
72×10-6= 3
(1  0.3)   (0.5) 3
2  6  10  200  10 9
3
p=0.31430827 MN/m2

pr
1  1=yield stress for maximum principal stress theory
2t

p  0 .5
280×106=
2  6  10 3

p=6.72 MN/m2

32