NOT

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Mathematics
Quarter II - Module 7:
Reasoning
 Department of Education ● Republic of the Philipp

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 What I Need to Know

In this module, you will go through the following lessons:

Lesson 1 – If-Then Statements

Lesson 2 – Inverse, Converse, and Contrapositive

In this lessons, you will learn to:

Lesson 1  Determines the relationship between hypothesis and the
conclusion of an if-then statement. M8GE-IIf-1
 Transforms a statement into an equivalent if-then statement.
M8GE-IIf-2
Lesson 2  Determines the inverse, converse, and contrapositive of an if-then
statement. M8GE-IIg-1

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
1. Carefully read all the lessons.
2. Take your time on going thru each lesson.
3. Answer the pretest honestly, the purpose of the pretest is for you to determine your
prior knowledge before going thru the lessons and activities.
4. If you have a hard time understanding the lessons and activities, please do take a
break. Having breaks between lessons and activities will give you some space where
you can absorb the lesson well.
5. You can use the internet if you need more information about the les

What I Know (Pre Assessment)

Multiple Choice: (Based from Pre-Assessment of Mathematics 8 Learners Material Page 317)
Directions: Read and answer the questions below. Select the letter of the best answer from
the given choices.

1. The converse of the statement: “If you are in love, then you are inspired,” is
a. If you are not in love, then you are not inspired.
b. If you are inspired, then you are in love.
c. If you are not inspired, then you are not in love.
d. If you are not in love, you are not inspired.
2. The If-then form of the statement “Parallel lines never intersect,” is:
a. If two lines intersect, then they are parallel.
b. If two lines are parallel, then they never intersect.
c. If two lines are not parallel, then they intersect.
d. If two lines intersect, then they are not parallel.
3. If garbages are disposed properly, the dengue diseases will be prevented. What do
you call the underlined portion in this conditional statement?
a. Conclusion
b. Hypothesis
c. Argument
d. The converse
4. Which of the following statements is true?
a. If ∠1 has a measure of 90o, then ∠1 is obtuse.
b. If ∠1 has a measure of 140o, then ∠1 is acute.
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 c. If ∠1 has a measure of 35o, then ∠1 is acute.
d. If ∠1 has a measure of 180o, then ∠1 is right.
5. Rewrite the statement “A quadrilateral is a figure with four sides.” In the If-then form.
a. A figure has four sides if and only if it is a quadrilateral.
b. If a figure is a quadrilateral, then it has four sides.
c. If a figure has four sides, then it is a quadrilateral.
d. A figure is a quadrilateral if and only if it has four sides.

Lesson If – then Statements

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What’s In

Description: This activity is intended to elicit your prior knowledge regarding the lesson.
Direction: Answer the question below and write your answer in the space provided IN THE
BOX.

Activity No. 1: I have a BOX!

What conclusions can you give why some students decided not to go to school?

IN THE BOX

You gave your initial ideas on how to make conclusions based on given
situations. If you move further, the things that you will learn will enable you to
do the final project which involves mathematical investigation.

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Description: Many statements that we encounter are logically constructed but NOT valid or
acceptable. This activity deals with determining which statement is valid or not.

Activity No. 2: Let’s Validate!

Direction: Tell whether the second statement is a valid consequence of the first statement.

1. Students who are good in mathematics are smart.

Rusty is smart, then he is good in mathematics.
2. Young actresses, are health conscious.
Camille is a young actress then she is health conscious.
3. If it rains, then the sports fest will be cancelled.
It rains therefore the sports fest is cancelled.
4. If the lines are parallel, they do not intersect.
Line x and line y do not intersect; therefore, they are parallel.
5. If two angles are right angles, then they are congruent.
∠A and ∠B are congruent, then they are right angles.
For item 6, complete the statement and justify the answer

6. Miss Earth candidates are environmentalists.

Miss Sheri Love is a candidate to the Miss Earth search,
therefore___________________________________________________.

Questions:

a. What have you noticed about the preceding

statements?
b. Take one statements and tell something about it.
c. What is common to all the statements.

You have just encountered conditional statements or the if-then statements.

The given are logically constructed but only 1, 3 and 5 are considered VALID
and Acceptable.
No. 1What
because Is itItis accepted that when a student is smart probably, he is also
good in Math.
No. 3 because it’s a fact that the sports fest could be cancelled when it rains
An because
If-then statement
its hard toisplay
composed of twoitclauses:
games when rains. the if-clause and then-clause. We
can denote No. 5 because if two angles are right angles then and
a letter for each clause, p for the if-clause q for the then-clause.
it is considered as congruentThe
statement based
is in the
from form, “If pcongruent
the past then q.” Conditional
theorem. statements are formed by joining two
statements p and q using the words if and then. The p statement is called the hypothesis
that tells us what is given or what is assumed. The q statement is called the conclusion that
tells us what to follow from the assumption.

What’s More

Conditional Statement: If a car is in good condition, then it is safe for driving.

Hypothesis: A car is in good condition
Conclusion: It is safe for driving.

The above conditional statement may also be written in the following form:

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 A car is safe for driving if it is in a good condition.

In this form, the conditional statement is written without words “if” and “then”.
Here are other examples:
Congruent segments have equal lengths.
A prime number has only two factors.

These conditional statements can be formed to the if-then form as follows:

If two segments are congruent, then they have equal lengths.
If a number is prime, then it has only two factors.

A simple flow of reasoning from the if-clause to the then-clause is called simple
implication.

What I have learned

A simple flow of reasoning from the if-clause to the then-clause is called simple
implication.

Activity No. 3: What If!

Direction: Write each conditional statement in the “if-then” form. Then give the hypothesis
and the conclusion of each conditional statement.
1. Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health.
If-then form _______________________________
Hypothesis _______________________________
Conclusion _______________________________
2. It is more fun in the Philippines.
If-then form _______________________________
Hypothesis _______________________________
Conclusion _______________________________
3. A segment has exactly one midpoint.
If-then form _______________________________
Hypothesis _______________________________
Conclusion _______________________________
4. Angles in a linear pair are supplementary.
If-then form _______________________________
Hypothesis _______________________________
Conclusion _______________________________
5. Vertical angles are congruent.
If-then form _______________________________
Hypothesis _______________________________
Conclusion _____________________________

Now that you know what conditional statements are, and can identify the hypothesis
and the conclusion, have more practice by answering the exercise below.
P q p⟶q

T T T
What Is It
The T F F implication p ⟶ q
is always true except in the case
that p is true and q is false. See the
F T T
truth table for the implications below.

F F T
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Definition: A conditional statement, symbolized by p q, is an if-then statement in which
p is a hypothesis and q is a conclusion. The logical connector in a conditional statement is
denoted by the symbol  . The conditional is defined to be true unless a true hypothesis
leads to a false conclusion.

What’s More
Example 1:
Given: (p) I do my homework.
(q) I get my allowance
Problem: What does p ⟶ q represent?

Solution: 
The sentence, "I do my homework" is the hypothesis and the sentence, "I get my
allowance" is the conclusion. Thus, the conditional p q represents the hypothetical
proposition, "If I do my homework, then I get an allowance." However, as you can see from
the truth table above, doing your homework does not guarantee that you will get an
allowance! In other words, there is not always a cause-and-effect relationship between the
hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement.
Example 2:
Given: (p) 8 is an odd number. false
(q) 9 is composite. true
Problem: What does p ⟶ q represent?

Solution: Since hypothesis p is false and conclusion q is true, the conditional p ⟶ q is true.

Example 3:
Given: (p) 8 is an odd number. true
(q) 9 is composite. false
Problem: What does p ⟶ q represent?
Solution: Since hypothesis p is true and conclusion q is false, the conditional p ⟶ q is false

What I have learned

Activity No. 4: Then What?
Direction: Write each conditional statement in the “if-then” form. Then give the hypothesis
and the conclusion of each conditional statement.

1. Good citizens obey rules and regulations.

If-then form _______________________________
Hypothesis _______________________________
Conclusion _______________________________
2. Filipinos are God-fearing people.
If-then form _______________________________
Hypothesis _______________________________
Conclusion _______________________________
3. The sum of the measures of complementary angles is 90o.
If-then form _______________________________
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 Hypothesis _______________________________
Conclusion _______________________________
4. Opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel.
If-then form _______________________________
Hypothesis _______________________________
Conclusion _______________________________
5. A triangle is a polygon with three sides.
If-then form _______________________________
Hypothesis _______________________________
Conclusion _______________________________
6. A quadrilateral has four sides.
If-then form _______________________________
Hypothesis _______________________________
Conclusion _______________________________
7. Two points determine a line.
If-then form _______________________________
Hypothesis _______________________________
Conclusion _______________________________
8. The intersection of two lines is a point
If-then form _______________________________
Hypothesis _______________________________
Conclusion _______________________________
9. Two intersecting lines lie in one plane.
If-then form _______________________________
Hypothesis _______________________________
Conclusion _______________________________
10. The sum of angles forming a linear pair is 180o.
If-then form _______________________________
Hypothesis _______________________________
Conclusion _______________________________

Now that you are well-versed in converting conditional statements to if-then form and
can easily identify the hypothesis and the conclusion, when do you say that the
implication is true or false?

Inverse, Converse, and

Lesson
Contrapositive
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What’s In
Description: This activity is intended to elicit your prior knowledge regarding the lesson.
Direction: Choose between the 3 If-then statements that you prefer then explain how is it
related to your life as a student.

Activity No. 1: Let’s Begin!

1. If you don’t finish what you started, then your success rate will always be zero.

2. If you never try something new, then your life’s story will be boring.
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 3. If you don’t learn from your mistakes, then you probably aren’t learning much at all.

In your life you may encounter what if? And Then? Questions. If-then
statements are important in reaching a better decision. Because you are thinking the
consequence of your every action.
If you move further in this lesson, the things that you will learn will enable you to
do cross investigations on hypothesis and conclusion.

What I need to know

At the end of this lesson you will learn to:

 Determines the inverse, converse, and contrapositive of an if-then statement. M8GE-

IIg-1

What’s New
A conditional statement is a statement that is stated in "if-then" format. This kind of
statement is something that is often used to write a hypothesis in science. The hypothesis
can be created before a test is ever imagined, and the test is then designed to test the
hypothesis. On the other hand, the test might be known, and the conditional statement
(hypothesis) is then used to predict the outcome of the experiment.

In Facebook you may have seen this famous quote:

If you believe “money can’t buy happiness,” then you’re not spending it correctly.

This conditional statement then led to a great experiment by the Grade 7 LEO in San Luis
National High School. In this test students are given 50 pesos and asked them to spend it on
either themselves or someone else by the end of the day. The thinking is that how a person
spends the money will directly contribute to his or her happiness. From that initial setup,
some conditional statements can be made.

If a student spends the money on himself, he will be happier at the end of the day.

The negative converse would then be:

If a student doesn't spend the money on himself, then he will be happier at the end of the
day.

Interestingly, the experiment supports the second statement. The Grade 7 LEO students
discovered that the student that gave their money away were happier, but those who spent it
on themselves felt the same.

What is it

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 Inverse, Converse, and Contrapositives Inverses:
Generally, the conditional if p then q is the connective most often used in reasoning.
However; with some changes in words in the original statement, additional conditionals can
be formed. These new conditionals are called the inverse, the converse, and the
contrapositive.
If a student spends the money on himself, he will be happier at the end of the day.

The negative converse would then be:

If a student doesn't spend the money on himself, then he will be happier at the end of the
day.
Interestingly, the experiment supports the second statement. The Grade 7 LEO
students discovered that the student that gave their money away were happier, but those
who spent it on themselves felt the same.

What is it

Inverse, Converse, and Contrapositives Inverses:

Generally, the conditional if p then q is the connective most often used in reasoning.
However; with some changes in words in the original statement, additional conditionals can
be formed. These new conditionals are called the inverse, the converse, and the
contrapositive.
Inverse is a statement formed by negating the hypothesis and conclusion of the original
conditional. Symbolically, the inverse is written as (~p ⇒~q). The symbols for the inverse
may be read as: not p, implies not q OR if not p, then not q. E.g.
Right angle is defined as an angle whose measure is 90 degrees.
If you are to write it as inverse statement, it can be done like:
If an angle is not a right angle, then it does not measure 90.
Converse is a statement formed by interchanging the hypothesis and the conclusion i.e.
original conditional (p ⇒q) is written as (q ⇒p). Notice that the symbols for converse may be
read as ‘q implies p’ or ‘if q, then p’. E.g.
If you are to write the converse of:
"If two lines don't intersect, then they are parallel",
it can be written as
"If two lines are parallel, then they don't intersect."
It may be noted that the converse of a definition, must always be true. If this is not the case,
then the definition is not valid. The converse is; therefore, can be taken as a helping tool in
determining the validity of a definition. Remember: a conditional (p ⇒q) and its converse (q
⇒p) may or may not be true. It is important that the truth value of each converse is judged
on its own merits.
Contrapositive is a statement formed by negating both the hypothesis and conclusion (p ⇒
q) and also then interchanging these negations (~ q ⇒~p). The symbols for contrapositive
may be read as ‘not q implies not p’ or ‘if not q, then not p’. The contrapositive of a
conditional statement always has the same truth value as the original statement. Therefore,
the contrapositive of a definition is always true. E.g.
‘A triangle is a three-sided polygon’ is true; its contrapositive,

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‘A polygon with greater or less than three sides is not a triangle’ is true too.
Remember: a conditional (p ⇒q) and its contrapositive (~ q ⇒~p) must have the same truth
value. When a conditional is true, it's contrapositive is also true and when a conditional is
false, it's contrapositive is also false.

What’s More

Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive

Given an if-then statement "if p then q ," we can create three related statements:
A conditional statement consists of two parts, a hypothesis in the “if” clause and a
conclusion in the “then” clause. 

For instance, “If it rains, then they cancel school.” 

  "It rains" is the hypothesis.
  "They cancel school" is the conclusion.

To form the converse of the conditional statement, interchange the hypothesis and the
conclusion.
 The converse of "If it rains, then they cancel school" is "If they cancel school, then it rains."

To form the inverse of the conditional statement, take the negation of both the hypothesis
and the conclusion.
The inverse of “If it rains, then they cancel school” is “If it does not rain, then they do not
cancel school.”

To form the contrapositive of the conditional statement, interchange the hypothesis and
the conclusion of the inverse statement. 
      The contrapositive of "If it rains, then they cancel school" is "If they do not cancel school,
then it does not rain."

We can summarize how to convert the statement in terms of p and q. Study the table below.

Conditional Statement if p then q

Converse if q then p

Inverse If not p then not q

Contrapositive If not q then not p

1. Statement: If two angles are congruent, then they have the same measure.
Converse: If two angles have the same measure, then they are congruent.
Inverse: If two angles are not congruent, then they do not have the same measure.
Contrapositive: If two angles do not have the same measure, then they are not
congruent.
2. Statement: If a quadrilateral is a rectangle, then it has two pairs of parallel sides.
Converse: If a quadrilateral has two pairs of parallel sides, then it is a rectangle.
Inverse: If a quadrilateral is not a rectangle, then it does not have two pairs of
parallel sides.
Contrapositive: If a quadrilateral does not have two pairs of parallel sides, then it is
not a rectangle.

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 What I have learned

Activity 2: Con-In-Con!
Direction: Write each conditional statement in a converse, Inverse and Contrapositive
format.
1. Statement: If you attend classes regularly, then you learn a lot.
Converse: ___________________________________________________
Inverse: _____________________________________________________
Contrapositive: _______________________________________________
2. Statement: If two lines intersect at right angle, then they are perpendicular.
Converse: ___________________________________________________
Inverse: _____________________________________________________
Contrapositive: _______________________________________________
3. If David will go to the party, then Marie will stay at home.
Converse: ___________________________________________________
Inverse: _____________________________________________________
Contrapositive: _______________________________________________
4. Brandon will win the race if he attends rigid training.
Converse: ___________________________________________________
Inverse: _____________________________________________________
Contrapositive: _______________________________________________
5. If the air is polluted, then the plants will die.
Converse: ___________________________________________________
Inverse: _____________________________________________________
Contrapositive: _______________________________________________
6. If two numbers are odd, their product is odd.
Converse: ___________________________________________________
Inverse: _____________________________________________________
Contrapositive: _______________________________________________
7. If It is a leap year, then February has 29 days.
Converse: ___________________________________________________
Inverse: _____________________________________________________
Contrapositive: _______________________________________________
8. If a number is an integer, then it is rational.
Converse: ___________________________________________________
Inverse: _____________________________________________________
Contrapositive: _______________________________________________
9. If a figure is quadrilateral, then it is a polygon.
Converse: ___________________________________________________
Inverse: _____________________________________________________
Contrapositive: _______________________________________________
10. If you brush your teeth regularly, then you will avoid tooth decay.
Converse: ___________________________________________________
Inverse: _____________________________________________________
Contrapositive: _______________________________________________

What I can Do
Activity No. 3: Sort it OUT!

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Direction: In each box, you are given two statements. The first is a conditional statement,
and the second could be its converse, inverse, or contrapositive. Color the boxes BLUE if it
belongs to converse group, RED if an inverse group, and YELLOW if in contrapositive group.

If two angles are congruent, then they have the same measure.
If two angles have the same measure, then they are congruent.
If it snows, then school will be cancelled.
If it does not snow, then school will not be cancelled.
If you add two even numbers, then the sum will also be even.
If the sum of two numbers is not even, then the two numbers you added were not even.
If a polygon has six sides, then it is a hexagon.
If a polygon is not a hexagon, then it does not have six sides.
If a student has his driver’s license, then he is at least 16 years old.
If a student is at least 16 years old, then he has his driver’s license.
If the sum of two angle measures is 90°, then they are complementary.
If the sum of two angle measures is not 90°, then they are not complementary.
If an animal has hair, then it is a mammal.
If an animal does not have hair, then it is not a mammal.
If the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a polygon is 180°, then the polygon is
a triangle.
If a polygon is not a triangle, then the sum of the measures of its interior angles is not
180°.
If you brush your teeth, then you will not get cavities.
If you do not get cavities, then you brush your teeth.
If you lift weights, then you are strong.
If you are strong, then you lift weights.
If a fruit is yellow, then it is a banana.
If a fruit is not yellow, then it is not a banana.
If you smoke cigarettes, your breath will stink.
If your breath does not stink, then you do not smoke cigarettes.

SUMMARY
 An If-then statement is composed of two clauses: the if-clause and then-clause. We
can denote a letter for each clause, p for the if-clause and q for the then-clause.
 The statement is in the form, “If p then q.”
 Conditional statements are formed by joining two statements p and q using the
words if and then.
 The p statement is called the hypothesis that tells us what is given or what is
assumed. The q statement is called the conclusion that tells us what to follow from
the assumption.
 The implication p ⟶ q is always true except in the case that p is true and q is false.
See the truth table for the
P q p⟶q implications

T T T

 A con ditional statement,

T F F
symbolized by p q,
is an if-then statement in
which F T T p is a hypothesis and
q is a conclusion.
F F T
 The logical connector in a
conditional statement
is denoted by the symbol  .
 The conditional is defined to be true unless a true hypothesis leads to a false
conclusion.
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  Given an if-then statement "if p then q ," we can create three related statements.
 A conditional statement consists of two parts, a hypothesis in the “if” clause and a
conclusion in the “then” clause.  For instance, “If it rains, then they cancel school.” 
 Inverse is a statement formed by negating the hypothesis and conclusion of the
original conditional. Symbolically, the inverse is written as (~p ⇒~q)
 Converse is a statement formed by interchanging the hypothesis and the conclusion
i.e. original conditional (p ⇒q) is written as (q ⇒p).
 Contrapositive is a statement formed by negating both the hypothesis and
conclusion (p ⇒q) and also then interchanging these negations (~ q ⇒~p).
 To form the converse of the conditional statement, interchange the hypothesis and
the conclusion.
 To form the inverse of the conditional statement, take the negation of both the
hypothesis and the conclusion.
 To form the contrapositive of the conditional statement, interchange the hypothesis
and the conclusion of the inverse statement.

Conditional Statement if p then q

Converse if q then p

Inverse If not p then not q

Contrapositive If not q then not p

ASSESSMENT (Post-Test)
1. If m∠R + m∠M = 90o, then
a. ∠R ≅ ∠M
b. ∠R and ∠M are right angles
c. ∠R and ∠M are complementary
d. ∠R and ∠M are supplementary
2. If only people will follow the governments order, the COVID will be prevented. What
do you call the underlined portion in this conditional statement?
a. Conclusion
b. Hypothesis
c. Argument
d. The converse
3. Which of the following statements is true?
a. If ∠1 has a measure of 90o, then ∠1 is obtuse.
b. If ∠1 has a measure of 140o, then ∠1 is acute.
c. If ∠1 has a measure of 35o, then ∠1 is acute.
d. If ∠1 has a measure of 180o, then ∠1 is right.
4. Rewrite the statement “A Triangle is a figure with three sides.” In the If-then form.
a. A figure has three sides if and only if it is a triangle.
b. If a figure is a triangle, then it has three sides.
c. If a figure has three sides, then it is a triangle.
d. A figure is a triangle if and only if it has three sides.

5. What is the inverse of the statement “If the number is divisible by 2 and 3, then it is
divisible by 6.”
a. If the number is divisible by 6, then it is divisible by 2 and 3.
b. If the number is not divisible by 2 and 3, then it is not divisible by 6.
c. If the number is not divisible by 6, then it is not divisible by 2 and 3.
d. If the number is divisible by 2 and 3, then it is not divisible by 6.

Lesson 1

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(LESSON 2)

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