Scribd
Upload
48 views

Dr. Ashutosh Pandey Chemistry Department MNNIT Allahabad

This document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and magnetic properties of magnetic nanoparticles. It discusses how magnetism arises from the motion of electrons in a material. The magnetic behavior becomes size-dependent at the nanoscale. Below 10 nm, a ferromagnetic material becomes a single magnetic domain rather than being divided into multiple domains. Common techniques to characterize magnetic nanoparticles include SQUID magnetometry measurements of hysteresis loops, which provide information about saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization, and coercivity.

Uploaded by

botiwa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
48 views

Dr. Ashutosh Pandey Chemistry Department MNNIT Allahabad

This document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and magnetic properties of magnetic nanoparticles. It discusses how magnetism arises from the motion of electrons in a material. The magnetic behavior becomes size-dependent at the nanoscale. Below 10 nm, a ferromagnetic material becomes a single magnetic domain rather than being divided into multiple domains. Common techniques to characterize magnetic nanoparticles include SQUID magnetometry measurements of hysteresis loops, which provide information about saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization, and coercivity.

Uploaded by

botiwa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Synthesis,

Characteriza0on and Proper0es of magne0c


nano crystals

Dr. Ashutosh pandey


Chemistry Department
MNNIT Allahabad
•  Magnetism is a result of moving charges. Additionally, elementary
particles, e.g., electron, have an intrinsic magnetic moment
(spin),which determine their quantum state. The magnetic properties
of materials arise mainly from the motion of electrons: the orbital
motion and the spin motion. Other contributions such as that from
nuclear magnetic effects are usually much smaller than that from the
electron. The electronic structure of a nanometer-sized metal particle
is strongly size dependent, resulting in size-depended magnetic
behaviour. Many physical phenomena (magnetic domain size,
exchange coupling effects, etc.), which determine experimentally
observable magnetic properties of materials, have natural length
scales lying in the nano- and micrometer size range.
•  What happens if the size of a ferromagnetic material is shrunk
below 10 nm?
•  All materials interact with a magne=c field, and this interac=on can be either
a@rac=ve towards a magne=c pole (ferro- and paramagne=sm) or repulsive
(diamagne=sm). The applica=on of a magne=c field (H) results in magne=sa=on
(M) of a sample, which can be measured by, e.g., a super conduc=ve quantum
interference device (SQUID), one of the most popular and sensi=ve methods of
inves=ga=ng magne=c proper=es. When a ferromagne=c material is magne=zed
by an increasing applied field and then the field is decreased, the magne=za=on
does not follow the ini=al magne=sa=on curve obtained during the increase. This
irreversibility is called hysteresis. A typical hysteresis loop arises from measuring
the magne=za=on of the material as a func=on of magne=c field applied in
posi=ve and nega=ve direc=ons, i.e., the response of the material follows two
dis=nct paths on magne=za=on and demagne=za=on. At large fields, the
magne=za=on approaches the maximum value, called the satura=on
magne=za=on (Ms). Magne=c materials in a ferromagne=c state have a residual
magne=za=on at zero external fields, called the remanent magne=za=on (Mr).
Coercivity (Hc) characterizes the reveres field strength needed to reduce the
magne=za=on to zero. Thus, hysteresis measurement allowed us to obtain
informa=on about coercivity, remanent magne=za=on and satura=on
magne=za=on of a given material.
•  To minimize their energy, macroscopic ferromagne=c
materials are divided up into domains of parallel magne=c
moments. Within a domain, the magne=c moments orient in
one direc=on, while the alignment of spins in neighbouring
domains is usually an=parallel. The oppositely aligned
magne=c domains are separated from each other by a
domain wall (Bloch wall). As the par=cle size decreases below
some cri=cal value, the forma=on of domain walls become
energe=cally unfavourable and the ferromagne=c par=cle can
support only a single domain. This cri=cal size depends on the
material and is usually on the order of tens of nanometers,
varying from ~ 14 nm for Fe up to ~ 170 nm for γ- Fe2O3. One
can see that magne=c par=cles of nanometer size are usually
a single domain.

You might also like