TITLE PAGE

DESIGN OF INTERLOCKING CONCRETE PAVER BY DETERMINIG

ITS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH USING DESTRUCTIVE METHOD

ND PROJECT REPORT

BY

XXXX

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

XXXX

SEPTEMBER, 2016
 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to God Almighty and my family and friends for their
support throughout my programme. May God bless you all.
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project has been conducted solely by me under the
guidance and supervision of XXX of the department of Civil engineering XXXX,
and I have neither copied someone work nor has someone done it for me.

XXXX ________________________

XXXX Sign/Date
 APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that, this project is an authentic work under taking by has been
written in accordance to regulation governing preparation of project in XXXX.

Engr. xxxx ____________________

Supervisor Sign/Date

Engr.XXXX ____________________

Head of department Sign/Date

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I give thanks to Almighty God for giving us the previlledge to
complete this programme and report writing successfully.

Equally important is my immeasureable depth of appreciation to my family and

friends.

My acknowledgement goes to my project supervisor Engr. XXXX and my project

collegue. Thanks goes to all the 2013 – 2016 set of ND2’ student most especially
XXXX and others, long life to you all.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page i

Approval page ii

Dedication iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgment v

Table of content vi

List of table x

Abstract vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Statement of problem 2

1.2 Aim of study 3

1.3 Objective of the project 3

1.4 Scope of the project 3

1.5 Limitation 4

1.6 Project Area 4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review 5

2.1 Interlocking Concrete Pavers 5

2.2 Material Required 6

2.2.1 cement 6

2.2.2 Setting 7
2.2.3 Soundness 7

2.2.4 Quality of Cement 8

2.2.5 Strength of Cement 8

2.2.6 Role of Cement Concrete 9

2.3 Sand 9

2.4.1 Types of Aggregates 10

2.4.2 Fine Aggregates 10

2.4.3 Classification 10

2.4.4 Classification of Natural Aggregates 11

2.4.5 Strength of Aggregate Properties 12

2.4.6 Aggregate properties 12

2.5 Design Mix 13

2.6 Process of production 14

2.6.1 Brick Paver 15

2.6.2 Concrete Paver 15

2.6.3 Stone Paver 16

2.7 Method Adopted 16

2.8 Manufacture Process of Interlocking Paver 16

2.9 Advantage and limitation of interlocking pavers 18

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Methodology 19

3.1 Laboratory Test 20

3.2 Method Adopted 21

3.2.1 Specific Gravity of coarse aggregate 21

3.2.2 Specific Gravity of fine aggregate 21

3.2.3 Aggregate impact value (AIV) test 22

3.2.4 Aggregate crushing value (ACV) test 23

3.2.5 Soundness of cement test 24

3.5 Test for compressive strength of interlocking pavers 25

3.6 Slump test 25

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Analysis and presentation of results 26

4.2 Aggregate impact value (AIV) 26

4.3 Aggregate Crushing value (ACV) 27

4.4 Specific Gravity of fine/coarse aggregate 28

4.5 Computation of results of compressive strength test on

Interlocking concrete pavers 31

4.6 Discussion of result 31

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Conclusion and recommendation 33

5.1 Conclusion 33

5.2 Recommendation 33

5.3 Reference 34

Appendix
 ABSTRACT

The project focuses on the strength of pavers using destructive and method. Result
for destructive values shows increase with age of curing. The result also shows that
pavers produced in the laboratory has better strength for destructive and test
compared to those obtained from the manufactures. Some following tests are
specific gravity test for coarse and fine aggregate, sieve analysis, standard
consistency test value was obtained 32.00%, initial and final values are
1hour:35minutes and 3hours respectively, specific gravity of fine aggregate (river
sand)3.87 coarse aggregate (crushed stones) 2.57. Aggregate impact value test is
11.44%, crushing value test is test is 26.83%, compressive strength of interlocking
paver, 7.08N/mm2, 21days was 9.52N/mm2, and 28dayswas 11.30N/mm2. From
the compressive strength result obtained from the laboratory show increase in the
age of curing which is stronger than the interlock pavers brought from the
manufacturer. Its values are 2.59N/mm2, 4.92N/mm2, 7.71N/mm2 and 2.16N/mm2.
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Interlocking paver are floor paver made of concrete that simulate cobble

stone path the individual interlocking paver fix together to deck, walking

drive way or anywhere you might consider placing concrete brick, since they

used no mortar or grout. Interlocking pavers are available in wide range of

shape so are not bound to use different sizes square that mimic European

cobble stone for instance a diagonal arrangement of rectangular pavers

might erect a herring borne pattern hexagonal fix lightly together as well

some compare even customize pavers to what ever design envision

interlocking paver have provided solution to wide range of flooring problem

encountered by industrial, commercial domestic and public sectors

customers. It is ideal for fractions showroom, gymnasium, shops, workshop,

garage floor and public building. The list of possible application of

interlocking paver is virtually endless. The pavers are so adaptable and

versatile that, they represent a durable investment. These are also healthy

and safety benefit to pedestrian. It offers a truth easy to clean. Low

maintenance solution and can be rapidly installed. They are so strong

enough to with stand heavy vehicles traffic, which make the ideal of garage
 floor or workshop flooring solution. Some function of interlock king pavers

include to resist oil and most chemical reduce vibration and sound, possess

flame retended qualities time and change at slip and trip saves valuable time,

and money and when the floor is been damage in some way, the affected

paver can easily be replaced and locked in to position leaving the surface

ready for use grains.

According to Aldem (2004) stated that on investigation has not be intensive

in the used of interlock pavers for pavement unlike surface dressing asphatic

and concrete pavement structure. The potentials of different type of

interlocking pavers for pavement structure used as car park or foot path or

walkway.

1.1 Statement of problem

It has been discovered that interlocking paver has been used all over the

country for construction of factories, shop. Gymnasium, garage, this brought

about need to interlock paver and also to compare the strength with the

standard manufactured.

Their different form and its complexity from street level cost too much level

structure. In transportation engineering, parking facilities will lead to

congestion of cars and cause inconvenience to motorist and other road users.
1.2 Aim of study

* The main purpose of this project is to investigate the strength variation of

interlocking floor pavers.

* To construct interlocking paver so that it can encourage skill acquisition

among student as a way of reducing joblessness

1.3 Objective of the Project

* To compare the compressive strength of the interlocking paver from

different producers.

* To ascertain its suitability8 and workability where necessary.

1.4 Scope of the Project

This project is limited to the use of modern available sand which is sharp

sand with stone dust in the production of interlocking pavers.

The project is mainly restricted to the use of ordinary Portland cement

available in the country. The interlocking paves were produced manually

using different size, type of mould and mix ratio.

1.5 Limitation

Due to workability which basically main on the strength variation of

interlocking paver the importance of quality control test shall be carried out

in the laboratory. An example of this test is casting of interlocking paver,

cement test and also knowing the strength of s LAYOUT

* BOB BLOCK IND, NDC BY KADUNA EXPRESSWAY

* FRNCHUS PROD, U/DOSA KADUNA

Manufactory Company based on interlock, concrete well ring concrete type.

 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Interlocking Concrete Pavers

Introduction of the interlocking pavers in Holland, concrete paver block

were first introduced in Italy as replacement of paver brick which have

become scarce due to the post war building construction boom. These blocks

are rectangular in shape and had more or less than some size as the brick.

During the post five decade the block shape has steady evolves from non-

interlocking partially, (Nicholle, 1998).

Interlock concrete paver (ICP) are designed in a consequently in fully or

multiply interlocking blocks are used as designated as surface layer of small

element solid of un-reinforced precast concrete paver block laid on a thin

compacted bedding material properly profiled base in coarse and is bounded

by edge restraints/kerb stones. The interlocking paves joint are filled using

suitable time material. A properly designed and constructed CBP/ICBP

gives excellent.

Most of these types of floor paver are loosely laid and applied at location

where conventional systems have lower service life, due to a number of

 geological traffic environmental operation constraints (1-8). Many number

of such application for light, medium heavy and very heavy traffic condition

are current in practice around the world.

2.2 Material Required

The constituent materials for interlocking pavers are

* Cement

* Aggregate (crushed stones and river sand)

* Water

2.2.1 Water

Cement is a substance design from grinding finely stone of lime to with

additional of gypsum from chemical hydration to term a paste known as

cement is a material with adhesive cohesive property which make it capable

of boundary material fragment into a compact hole. The widely used cement

produce in this country is ordinary Portland cement. It account for a

percentage at about 88% of all cement production. The process of

production of cement consist essentially at grinding the raw material mixing

then immediately in certain proportion and burning in a large rotary kiln at a

temperature of approximately 14000C.

2.2.2 Setting

This is the term used to describe the stiffening of the cement paste. Base on

the definition of stiffening of the paste which considered set in some word

that is what arbitrary. Setting is referred to change from a fluid to a rigid

stage. Although during setting the paste acquire some strength for prechras

purposes. It distinguish setting from harden which is referred to gain of

strength of a set of cement paste. Practical process of cement setting includes

initial and final setting time to describe arbitrary clause stage of setting.

(Krishna. N. 1998).

2.2.3 Soundness

It is essential that cement paste once it has set does not undergo a large

change in volume. One restraint could result in disruption of the hardened

cement paste such expansion may occur due to reaction of free time

magnesium, calcium, sulphate and cement exhibiting this type of expensive

are subject are classified as sound. For the production of Portland cement is

limited to 10mm if the expansion exceed this value a further is made often,

the cement has been spread and casted for 7days period, the test is repeated

and the expansion of aeration cement must not exceed 5mm. cement which

fails to satisfies at least one of this test should not be used.

2.2.4 Quality of Cement

The quality of cement base on absence of lumps due to long storage period.

2.2.5 Strength of Cement

The mechanically strength of harden cement is the property of the material

that is perhaps most of obviously required for the structure used, it is not

surprising therefore that strength test are prescribe by all specification for

cement. The strength of concrete depends on the cohesion of the cement

paste on its adhesion to the aggregate particles itself.

2.2.6 Role of Cement on Concrete

It serves as indispensable binding agent that holds other component together

to form concrete. Fineness is vital properties of cement and both ASTM

require t he determination of the specification (in m2/kg) Bongure, 1956.

2.3 Sand

Sand is fine aggregate naturally occurring, it is a material use for concrete

mixing. Most natural sand is largely silicates or silica from the bread0up of

igneous rocks sand is hard particles acid resisting. Inert, practically non

pronus and extremely durable.

2.4 Aggregates

Aggregates are used for two main purposes in construction for concrete and

road material usually in the form of rolled asphalt. Aggregate is less

expensive then cement since at least three quarter of the volume of concrete

is occupied by aggregate but the properties of aggregates greatly affect the

durability and structural performance at the concrete. The particle size

distribution being referred to as grading in making low grade.

Concrete aggregate from deposit containing a whole range at sizes from the

large to the smallest is sometimes. (Jackson, 1990).

2.4.1 Types of Aggregates

There are

i. Fine aggregate

ii. Coarse aggregate

2.4.2 Fine Aggregates

There are sand particles that passed through a 5mm micro sieve for required

test like silt impurities test and sampling test respectively that can cause the

delay of setting time. The size of this aggregates increase provided that

water/cement ratio are constant. These aggregate must be able to gives a

long span of service without determination. Fine aggregates reduce sizes of

spores between larger aggregates which may cause void and porosity later in

the concrete life.

2.4.3 Coarse Aggregate

This consist of fine stones crushed and well graded. It must pass British

standard test in screening plants. The greater parts of concrete mix consist of

binding cement paste the sizes of this aggregate is mainly retained on a 5mm

sieve. The source of the aggregate may be from pits, river beds or queries.

It’s serves as back bone for concrete strength, it serves as a binder with

cement paste for the workability strength, it is stronger than ordinary cement

paste. Dceyhemne, 1970.

2.4.4 Classification of Natural Aggregates

We have considered only aggregate formed from naturally carring material

and it deals almost exclusively with the aggregates however, they are

manufactured from industrial production since these artificial aggregate are

generally either heavier or lighter than ordinary aggregates. A further

destination can be made between aggregates obtained by a deliberated

fragmentation of rock from the petrologic stand point the aggregate whether

crushed or naturally reduce in sizes can be divided into several groups of

rocks having common characteristics.

The classification of aggregates which described the (B.S 812): part 1:

1975) is most convenient and the group classification does not imply

suitability of only aggregate for concrete making. Unsuitable material can be

found in any group. Although, some groups ends to have a better record than

other it should also be remembered that many trade and customary names of

petrography classification.

2.4.5 Strength of Aggregate

Clearly, the compressive strength of concrete cannot significantly exceed

that of the major part of the aggregates contained there in, although it is not

easy to state what is the strength of the aggregates by itself and the required
 information has to be obtained usually from direct tests crushing strength of

prepare samples crushing value of bulk aggregates and performance of

aggregates in concrete. (Brook, 1990).

2.4.6 Aggregates Properties

In this aspect the aggregate properties depends on the strength of the

aggregates here only the shape of the aggregate is considered. The stress at

which the significant cracking is common is affected by the shape of the

aggregates. Smooth gravel leads to cracking at lower stress than rough and

angular crushed aggregates other things being equal.

The effect similar in tension and compression is due to a better bond and less

micro-cracking with an angular crushed aggregate in fact, the influences of

the aggregate shape is more apparent in the modules of rapture test than in

the universal compressive or tensile tests (Neville, 1996).

2.5 Design Mix

These mixes are selected relative to particular application and site condition

in place of generalization or use of alternative design criteria that may not be

entirely appropriate grading and strength characteristics are extensive and

vary with application.

 Generally grade 0-4 ranging from 7.5 to 25N/mm2 characteristic strength for

foundation, floors and external works.

* Foundations, grade 2, 3, 4A and 4B with characteristics strength of

35N/mm2. These are particularly appropriate for resisting the effects

of sulphates in the ground.

* Paving grade 1 or 2 in 35 or 45N/mm2 strength, respectively. A strong

concrete for use in driveways and heavy duty paving.

* Reinforced and prestressed concrete grade 30, 35, 40 and 50

corresponding with characteristics strength and exposure ranging from

mild to most severe.

* Quality control is of paramount importance in this mix. Therefore

producers are required to have quality assurance products.

2.6 Process of Production

The interlocking paver is produced by mixing the constituent materials

(cement, sand, aggregate and water) together using the ratio adopted. The

quality of water used is been measured and the concrete mixed together, the

concrete is placed in the interlocking floor pavers mould which has already
 been robbed with engine oil for easy removed of the pavers from the mould

and it is tamped with tamping rod to get a solid result.

Sizes and thickness

The sizes of the interlocking pavers range from 150m x 150 to 500mm while

the thickness of the interlocking floor paver range from

Types of interlocking pavers

* Brick paver

* Concrete paver

* Stone paver

2.6.1 Brick Paver

This is frequently made from baked clay they may be considered of building

brick or simply cast to look like building brick. The paver are rectangular

and may be arranged end-to-end or in patterns such as the horning bone

shape brick pavers can unit stand a lot at pressure, so they are ideas paver for

high traffic area such as drive ways and walkways, brick pavers also are less

prone to cracking then concrete because the smaller pavers can shift as the

earth moves because of the expense and labour involved in manufacturing a

 brick pavers, the cost is slightly more than concrete but less than stone.

Taylor, 1991.

2.6.2 Concrete Pavers

Are cost from poured concrete into mold thee may be shaped in intricate,

bent shape for a light-fitting interlocking pattern once a surface made of

concrete pavers has been arranged, the surface resembles a cobblestone

street. Concrete pavers may be cast in a wide range of colour to allow for

flexibility in designing a patio, walkway or other project concrete pavers are

easy to install, and so home owner can save money by installing themselves.

Concrete pavers are also easy to repair. A cracked paver can be pulled out of

project and replaced with another paver of the exact shape and size.

Concrete pavers because cost of raw materials to manufacture them is less

expensive than brick stone.

2.6.3 Stone Pavers

Natural stone paver is taken from the earth and casted into manageable sizes.

The paver have a more natural look than concrete or brick pavers and come

in a wide range of colour, shape and sizes.

 Additionally, the colour of the material with not fed with time the way dyed

concrete paves may be carved from stone that ranges from marble to granite.

Stone paves are not stone enough for heavy traffic at pathway and paste

flooring. Because of the labour involved in digging the stone from earth, and

individual cutting and shaping each stone, nature stone pavers are the most

expensive option on the market (google.com.2010).

2.7 Methods Adopted

The system of mixing ratio for this project, we used different ratio of

cement, sand and aggregate and water ratio. Examples of the ratios are 1:1:1,

1:2:2 & 1:3:3.

2.8 Manufacture Process of interlocking Pavers

Laying interlocking paver is so accessible to the home owner accessible that

can serve in installation cost.

First you dig the section you wish to paver to a depth of 2.4 (5.10cm)

depending on the size of interlocking paver thickness. Then you place in thin

layer of gravel and a thick layer of sand to make the surface level set, the

pavers on top in the planned layout.

Also the connecting interlocking paves are joint grout between the joint you

merely tamp down fine sand particle. The sand stabilize the interlocking

paver so that the pavement will absorb stress such as small earth quake

freezes and thaw and slight ground erosion by shifting each interlock paver

so that they will not crack or buckle like concrete. Neville, 1996.

Some special tools needed for installation of interlocking pavers is a

tamping machine called a vibrator. They actually vibrate tiny sphere of sand

until they are at their most compact.

The sand doesn’t easily wash out with rain or gardens lose water.

Advantage and Limitation of interlocking Paver

There are many distinct features of 1 CBP as compared to the conventional

method of pavement construction and hence make it a suitable option for

application in specified areas (7 and 10) some of these are:-

* Mass production under factory condition ensure available of paver

having consistent quality and high dimensional accuracy.

* Good quality of paver ensure durability of pavements, when

constructed to specification 1 CBP tolerate high deflection without

structure failure and will not be effected by thermal expansion or

 contraction 1 CBP does not require carry and so can be opened for

traffic immediately after construction.

* Use of colored interlock paver facilities permanent traffic making

1CBP is resistant to punching load and horizontal shear force cause by

manufacture of heavy vehicle.

* Low maintenance cost and a high salvage value ensure low life cycle

cost.

Quality control at interlock paver at the factory premises is a prerequisite for

durable 1CBP.
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Methodology

The following test was carried out in the course of this project compressive

strength of the interlocking paver was determined by destructive test

method.

Destructive test method

This is a test in which compressive strength of specimen or sample is

determined by placing the sample on a compressive (crushing) machine.

And load is applied directly on it, and then destroyed the sample.

Procedure:

* A sample was placed into the compressive machine

* A load was applied uniformly until the sample failed

* Crushing strength of the interlocking paver was observed an recorded.

3.1 Laboratory Test On:

i. Cement

ii. Aggregate. (fine and coarse aggregate).

3.2 Method Adopted

3.2.1 Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate

Coarse aggregate of 1000grams as sample was used. The pychnometer was

filled with distilled water to full capacity with the screw cap in position,

which the out-side was dry and weighed. The cap was unscrewed and a

sample dry (oven dry) sand of known weight 500grams was introduced. The

cap was replaced and pychnometer refilled to full capacity with distilled

water, elimination of trapped air was done by rotating the pychnometer on

its side whilst covering the hole with a finger. The side was dry and

weighed. This test was done twice.

The system of mix ratio for this project, we used different ratio of cement,

sand and aggregate and water ratio. Examples of the ratios are 1:1:1, 1:2:2

and 1:3:3.

3.2.2 Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregates

The pychnometer is milled with distilled water to full capacity with screw

cap in position and was weighed. The cap is then unscrewed and a sample of

surface dryness (often dry) fine aggregate of known weight 500gmm. The

cap of the pychnometer was replaced and refilled to full capacity with
 distilled water trapped air was eliminated by the rotating the pychnomenter

on its side whilst covering the hole with a finger. The outside was the dried

and reweighed. This test was done twice.

3.2.3 Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) test

The aim of this experiment was to determine the impact of a sample of

coarse aggregate. The impact value was expressed as percentage of fines

passing the 2.40 sieve to total weight of sample. The permissible aggregate

impact value (ADV) was 45% for ordinary concrete sued for wearing

surface. The aggregate sample was sieved through sieve 12.7mm and

retained in B.s sieve 9.5mm. sufficient aggregate of about 5kg was prepared

for test and it was ensured that it was clean and oven dried 100-1100C. the

cylinder was then placed on the base plate and filled with the aggregate in

three equal layers given 25 blows to each layer. The top was level off with

the tamping rod, weighed and recorded as WA. The materials was remote

from the cylinder and sieve with a BS sieve No 2.40mm then the weight of

the cylinder and recorded as then weight of the fine passing sieve was

determined and recorded as weight B(LIB). The cylinder containing the

aggregate was inserted on the impact machine and the plunger was lifted and

allowed to fall freely on the sample 15times and expressed as a percentage

 of the total weight of aggregate used and calculated as WB/WA x 100. The

test was repeated twice and recorded. This method was adapted for both

plain and conventional aggregate.

3.2.4 Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) Test

This is an experiment with the aim of determining the crushing value of a

sample of a coarse aggregate. The aggregate sample was sieved through

sieve 12.7mm and retained on B.s sieve 9.5mm. sufficient aggregate at about

5kg was prepared and it was ensured that it was cleaned and over dried at

about 1000C. the cylinder was placed on the base plate and was filled with

the aggregate in three equal layers given 25blows for each layers. The level

of aggregate was inserted so that it can rest horizontally on the surface of the

aggregate the sample. The sample was tested in the compressive machine

loading 40N/min to load of 400KN (10 minutes). The material was removed

from the cylinder and sieved with B.s sieve 2.40mm, the weight of the fine

passing was determined and recorded as WB and expressed as percentage of

the total weight of aggregate used, and calculated thus WB/WA x 100. This

experiment was repeated twice. Concrete properties in both fresh and

hardened state to ensure that it conforms to design requirements.

3.2.5 Soundness of Cement Test

This test uses the expansion properly of cement to determine its soundness

the difference between the two measurement D1 and D2 gives the expansion

of cement. According to BS 4550, the difference should not exceed 10mm

for normal sound cement.

A cement paste of standard consistency is prepared in a mould i.e. lo-

Chatelier’s is placed on the glass plate and filled with the paste keeping the

silt of the mould gently closed by trying with a piece of cotton, whilst the

operation was performed. The top was then covered with another piece of

glass and immediately immersed in water; while the temperature of water

was recorded before immersion 6samples were thus prepared. The mould

was remove after 24hours, the distance between the point was measured D1.

It is then resubmerged and boiled in a water heater finally the difference

between the pointer D2 was measured and recorded.

3.2.6 Test for Compressive Strength of Interlocking Pavers

The weight of cement/aggregate ratio was 1.2 and 0.5 W/C ratio based on

10kg of cement was determined 19.05m aggregate position and he weight of

material required was measured. The cement and aggregate was mixed with

a trowel for one minute until mixture was uniform. Water was added and
 thoroughly mixed for three minutes. The interlocking paver was weighed

and immersed in clean water in the curing tank until it was ready for testing.

The cubes were tested at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days each (in accordance to BS

1881). The crushing loads were determined and recorded using the

compressive testing machine.

3.2.7 Slump test

A slump test was conducted to determine the workability of the concrete

mixture.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Analysis and Presentation of Results

Table 4.1: Initial and final setting time for cement

S/No Weight of Vol. of Depth of Initial setting Final setting W/c

cement (g) water (ml) penetration (ml) time (mm) time (mm)
1. 400 130 8 1.35 3.0 -
2. 400 140 16 - -
3. 400 128 7 1.35 3.00 0.32
Source: Laboratory

Volume of water
Standard Consistency = x 100
Weight of cement

128
Standard Consistency = x 100 = 32.0%
400

32.0
Water/ Cement ratio = = 0.32
100

4.2 Aggregate Impact Value (AIV)

Test I

B
AIV = x 100
A

Where A = weight of sample

B = weight of sample passing through sieve size No 7.

 Weight of empty mould = 2760g

Weight of mould + sample = 3410g

Weight of sample = 650g

Weight passing sieve No 7 = 105g

105
AIV = x 100 = 16.15%
650

Test II

B
AIV = x 100
A

Where A = Weight of sample

B = Weight of sample passing through sieve size No 7.

Weight of empty mould = 2760g

Weight of mould + sample = 3410g

Weight of sample = 650g

Weight passing sieve No 7 = 51g

41
AIV = x 100 = 6.72%
610
 16.15 + 6.72
Average AIV =
2

4.3 Aggregate Crushing Value(ACV)

Test 1

B
AIV = X 100
A

Where A = Weight of sample

B = Weight of sample passing through sieve size No 7.

Weight of empty mould = 2760g

Weight of mould + sample = 3550g

Weight of sample = 790g

Weight passing sieve No 7 = 56g

56
AIV = x 100 = 7.09%
790

Test II

B
AIV = x 100
A
 Where A = Weight of sample

B = Weight of empty mould = 2760g

Weight of mould + sample = 3500g

Weight of sample = 740g

Weight passing sieve No 7 = 49g

49
AIV = x 100 = 6.62%
740

6.62 + 7.09
Average AIV = = 6.86%
2

4.4 Specific Gravity of Fine/Coarse Aggregate

B
Specific gravity =
P + B − PS

Where B = Weight of sand = 500g

Ps = Weight of pychnometer + water = 1264g

P = Weight of pychnometer + water + sand = 1590g

500 500
Specific gravity = = = 2.87
500 (1590 − 12640) 174

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate (gravel)

 B
Specific gravity =
P + B − PS

Where B = Weight of sand = 1000g

Ps = Weight of pychnometer + water = 1861g

P = Weight of pychnometer + water + sand = 1264g

1000 1000
Specific gravity = = =
1000(1861 − 1264) 403

4.5 Computation of Results of Compressive Strength Test on Interlocking

concrete Pavers.

Load of failure
Crushing strength =
Area

Applied load = 400KN

Load at failure = 300KN

Contact area = 222 x 90 = 19980mm

300 x 1000 300000

Crushing strength = =
19980 19980

Crushing strength = 15.02Nmm2

4.6 Discussion of Result

The procedure on carried out the test sample gives the following results.

Cement test was satisfactory when compared with standard consistency of

32.5%, initial and final setting time is 1hr 35min and 3hrs respectively.

Based on the standard specification of Bs 4550 part 3:1978 stipulated that

the limit of setting time is 10hours and the cement tested do not exceed the

specification standard.

The comparison between the compressive strength of interlocking concrete

paver produce in the laboratory and the compressive strength of interlocking

concrete paver produce in the laboratory and the compressive strength of

interlocking concrete pavers obtained from Kaduna North metropolis

standard manufacture are as following.

* For compressive strength of interlocking pavers produced in the

laboratory with proper curing days; 7, 14, 21 and 28days are

12.74N/mm2, 14.45N/mm2, 15.37N/mm2, and 21.44N/mm2.

* For Compressive strength of interlocking floor pavers obtained from

the manufacture are 2.59N/mm2, 4.92N/mm2, 7.71N/mm2 and 2.16

N/mm2.
From the result having from the laboratory produced of interlocking pavers.

It is observed that there is increase in compressive strength with increase in

age curing. In compared to the compressive strength of interlocking pavers

obtained from the manufactures, with through supervised of interlocking

floor pavers produce in the laboratory, we discovered that the one produce in

the laboratory is more stronger and preferable to the one we brought from a

manufacturer.
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion

The detail of result is obtained from the laboratory test, it shows that the

interlocking concrete paver produces in the laboratory has a better strength

than the interlocking paver obtained from the manufacturers company.

The interlocking pavers gain it strength with increase in curing age also the

lesser the mixing aggregate proportion the more the strength obtained and

vice-versa.

5.2 Recommendation

Based on the different manufacturing company of interlocking paver, the

interlocking concrete pavers produced in the laboratory have shown the

percentage (%) of difference in strength compared to those produce outside.

We are recommending that manufacturing companies of interlocking

concrete paver should improve on the quality of pavers they produce.

 REFERENCE

ASTM-America Standard Method Test.

Brook J.J (1990) Concrete Technology, 2nd edition Longman Press Publishers

London Pp 11-15.

Bs 812 Standard method for testing concrete

Bogure A. (!996): Properties and Strength of Material, 1st Edition Pp 10-40

Jackson (1990) Civil Engineering Material, 5th Edition Macmillan Publishers Pp

55-70.

Krishna N. (1998): Design of concrete, 3rd Edition Macmillan Publishers Pp 55-70.

Krishna N. (1998): Design of concrete, 3rd Edition M.C Graw Hill, Higher

Education Pp 30-37

Neville A.M (1996): concrete Technology, 4th Edition Longman Publisher, London

Pp 112-114

Taylor G. D. (1991): Construction Material F. N. Spun Publisher Ltd Pp77-80.

ICBP-Manual method of insitu test base on interlock paver.

Nicholle, (1998) Concrete and interlock paver properties.

APPENDIX
Table 4.1: Compressive Strength of Interlocking concrete Pavers

Size of Weight of Density of Crushing Crushing Average

specimen Interlock Interlock Load (KN) strength

(mm) (kg) (Kg/M3) N/mm2

Adam block 220x90 3.07 3040 70 3.45 2.59

industry 234x235 4.61 1746 90 1.64

SZ Nig Ltd 196x187 3.55 1862 80 2.18 4.92

240x109 3.77 2573 200 7.65

Bob tuned 262x216 3.62 1230 210 3.71 7.71

block 222x85 3.98 2775 220 11.70

Franchis 225x130 3.16 1844 40 1.37 2.16

production 225x136 2.95 1928 90 2.94

Source : From manufacturer

Table 4.3: Compressive strength of interlocking concrete paver
Placing details
Interlock Size of Date Age of Date Curing Weight of Density Mix Crushing Crushing Average
ing no. specimen cast testing tested condition interlocking interlocking proportion load strength
mm (days) g(kg) g(kg/m3) (KN) (N/mm2)
1 224x90 7 Water 2.9 2338 1:2:3 240 12.89
2 224x90 7 Water 2.8 2423 1:2:3 250 12.80 12.74
3 224x90 7 Water 2.6 2420 1:2:3 235 12.55
4 224x90 14 Water 3.42 1398 1:2:3 300 14.88
5 224x90 14 Water 3.42 1315 1:2:3 290 14.38 14.45
6 224x90 14 Water 3.41 1393 1:2:3 284 14.08
7 224x90 21 Water 2.6 2283 1:2:2 300 14.88
8 224x90 21 Water 2.6 2280 1:2:2 310 15.38 15.37
9 224x90 21 Water 2.5 2277 1:2:2 320 15.87
10 224x90 28 Water 2.6 2159 1:3:3 400 19.85
11 224x90 28 Water 2.6 2153 1:3:3 400 19.85 21.44
12 224x90 28 Water 2.4 2150 1:3:3 497 24.65
Source: From the laboratory