College of Engineering

ABEN-3423
MACHINERY FOR PRODUCTION AND
BIOPROCESSING

THE FARM
TRACTOR
LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 1

Submitted By:
Niconeil S. Bereber
BSABE 3-3

Submitted To:
I. INTRODUCTION

Through the years, farm tractors provide the majority of man power needed in
todays agricultural operations, allowing millions of job offers absorbed into rapidly into
country’s rapidly growing manufacturing and services sectors. In terms of economic
effect, tractors have become the useful application of internal combustion engine,
rivaling cars as well as the truck. Tractors are self-propelled power units with wheels
or tracks that are used to run farm equipment and machines, such as trailers.
Furthermore, tractors used power take-off shaft (PTO) or belt pulley that used a prime
mover for active tools and stationery of farm machinery equipment’s.

Tractors may be used for carrying out farm operations such as ploughing,
harrowing, seeding, inter-cultivation, harvesting, ground leveling, operating stationary
machines (irrigation pumps, threshers, chaff cutters, cane crusher etc.), transport
materials and to pull equipment’s/wagons for farm works. There are 3 classification of
tractor: Wheel Tractor, Crawler Tractor and Walking Tractor (Power Tiller). Wheel
tractor is a tractor have three or four pneumatic wheels that are small, motorized
farming machines used to cultivate soil for gardening and horticulture, usually on small
plots of land. Crawler is a tractor which runs on continuous tracks instead of wheels
and used for land clearing and land leveling works.

II. OBJECTIVES

1. To familiarize the students with the 4-wheel tractor and walking-type tractors
(hand tractor);
2. To identify the major components of the tractor and different controls necessary
in the operation of a farm tractor.

III. MATERIALS
1. Reference books/E-books
2. Four-wheel farm tractor
3. Walking-type hand tractors (Pull type and rotary type)
IV. METHODOLOGY
1. Draw the tractor (4-wheel tractor and walking type tractor) and label the different
parts and controls.
2. Discuss the different functions of the various parts and controls.
3. Show, in a schematic diagram, the location of controls.
4. Trace and discuss the power train of a four-wheel tractor and power tillers.
Discuss how power is transmitted from the engine to the wheel of the tractor.
5. Discuss the different things/parts to be done/inspected before operating a farm
tractor.
6. Write the specification of the tractors based on the PAES.

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Draw the tractor (4-wheel tractor and walking type tractor) and label the different
parts and controls.
2. Discuss the different functions of the various parts and controls.

Figure 1. Four-Wheel Tractor

Figure 2. Four-wheel tractor parts and controls location
FUNCTIONS: PARTS AND CONTROLS

1. Rear axle - This axle is responsible for delivering power to the driving wheels.
It comes in two halves, known as half shafts, which are connected by the
differential.
2. Seat- a place where drivers and passengers have most of their contact with a
vehicle.
3. Step- a thing that helps the driver to reach the driving area or seat.
4. Clutch pedal- located on the floor to the left of the brake pedal. It is a method
of leverage to disengage drive from the engine to transmission from within the
vehicle
5. Instrument panel- displays information related to the vehicle and driving it
contains gauges, indicators and monitoring and warning symbols.
6. Rear tire/wheel- it is the driven wheels of the tractor that receive power from
the engine.
7. Lift arm- It is the key feature which connects the different farming equipment
with the tractor and it transfer the drag force of an implement to the rear tires of
a tractor.
8. Turn signal lamp- which indicates a change in direction by giving a flashing
light on the side toward which the turn will be made.
9. Hydraulic control lever- is the sane principle as the mechanical level that
functions like a seesaw. It is used to regulate fluid speed and control actuator
speed in the system.
10. Steering wheel- it connects to primarily controls the direction of a vehicle. It
converts rotational commands of the driver into swiveling movements of the
vehicle's front wheels
11. Brake pedal- Is the pedal that you press with your foot in order to make a
vehicle go slower or stop. When the driver puts his foot on the brake pedal, the
system automatically applies the optimum pressure required to avoid hitting the
car in front.
12. Accelerator pedal- Also known as gas pedal. It is the pedal located on the floor
on the far-right that controls the amount of gas being fed into the engine and
thereby controls the speed of the vehicle.
13. Fuel tank cap- Its function is to prevent dirt, debris, and dust from entering
the gas tank, as well as providing a reliable seal.
14. Front Wheel drive- It reduces weight, decreases production costs, and
improves fuel economy compared to a rear-wheel-drive system. It also improves
traction since the weight of the engine and transmission is directly over the
driven wheels.
15. Side clearance lamp- Mounted on the permanent structure of the vehicle as
near as practicable to the upper left and right extreme edges that provide light
to the front or rear to indicate the overall width and height of the vehicle.
16. Engine hood- It is the hinged cover that rests over the engine of a front-engine
vehicle. Its purpose is to provide access to the engine for repair and
maintenance.
17. Fan cover- It is the fan’s protection that protects it in any loss or damage. It
also provides safety that may cause injury by the high speed of blades.
18. Muffler- also called silencer, device through which the exhaust gases from an
internal-combustion engine are passed to attenuate (reduce) the airborne noise
of the engine.
19. Fuel tank- It act as the reservoir for the vehicle's fuel. The tank has an electronic
"trigger" that conveys information concerning the amount of fuel to the gas
gauge
20. Throttle lever- It is used to control the engine ‘s speed
21. Main Speed Lever- A change-speed apparatus for a tractor for transmitting
engine power to running travel apparatuses via a main change-speed
mechanism
22. Fender- Its primary purpose is to prevent sand, mud, rocks, liquids, and other
road spray from being thrown into the air by the rotating tire. Fenders are
typically rigid and can be damaged by contact with the road surface
 Figure 2. Walking-type hand tractor parts and controls location

FUNCTIONS: PARTS AND CONTROLS

1. Front lamp- Attached to the front a vehicle(tractor) to illuminate the road ahead
and facilitate fatigue-free safe driving.
2. Engine- The vehicle's primary source of power is the engine. The engine produces
mechanical power by burning gasoline. The heat from combustion is used to
generate pressure, which is then used to power a mechanical system.
3. Stand- It gives proper balance and support to the entire engine if it is not working
or in operation.
4. Wheel drive pulley- Is a type of pulley that is connected to a power source and
places weight on a belt while it is in operation (or cable or chain). The belt is fixed
to the spinning object being guided. This is a form of transmitting electricity.
5. Drive Belt pulley- Is a device which the power is being transmitted through axles
and keep the engine at continuous motion.
6. Left cage wheel- It provides a floating effect to the power tiller/ hand tractor in wet
paddy fields in puddling the soils.
7. Steering lever- Allows the user to control the vessel completely from a remote
location, such as a flybridge or another interior or exterior location. 'Follow-up' and
'Non-Follow-up' steering levers are the two main types of steering levers.
8. Handle- serve as the steering wheel that allows the operator to control the direction
of the machine
9. Accelerator lever- It is used to adjust the spinning speed of an engine between
low and high idle when driving a work machine, such as construction machinery,
from a distance.
10. Main clutch lever- located on the side of the handlebar. It disengages and re-
engages the engine's control to the rear wheels.
11. Gear lever- normally, it used to change and shift gears by depressing the clutch
pedal with your left foot to disconnect the engine from the drivetrain and wheels.
12. Engine Camshaft pulley- this pulley ensures ideal charge cycles within a wide
range of engine speeds and loads.
13. Air filter- prevents abrasive particulate matter from entering the engine's cylinders,
where it would cause mechanical wear and oil contamination.
14. Exhaust pipe- collects exhaust gases from the pipes, cleans out toxic
contaminants, eliminates noise, and discharges the filtered exhaust gases at a
reasonable distance from the vehicle's passengers.
15. Fuel tank- It serves as the reservoir for the engine’s fuel. An electronic "trigger"
in the tank transfers information about the volume of gasoline to the gas gauge.
16. Fuel cap- Its function is to prevent dirt, debris, and dust from entering the gas
tank, as well as providing a reliable seal.
17. Pressurized valve- it assists in a variety of functions, from keeping system
pressures safely below a desired upper limit to maintaining a set pressure in part
of a circuit

3. Show, in a schematic diagram, the location of controls.

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of 4 Wheel Tractor and Controls

1. Turn brake pedals

2. Parking brake lever
3. Differential lock pedals
4. Front wheel Drive Lever
5. Range shift lever
6. PTO lever
7. Speed control pedals
8. Joy stick lever
9. Hand throttle lever
10. Position control lever
11. Lowering speed control knob

Figure 3.1. Diagram of 4 Wheel Tractor Controls Location

(a)

(b)

Figure 3.1. Diagram of Walking Type Agricultural Tractor Controls Location

(a) PTO driven rotary tiller (b) Axle driven rotary tiller
4. Trace and discuss the power train of a four-wheel tractor and power tillers.
Discuss how power is transmitted from the engine to the wheel of the
tractor.

Figure 3. Typical power trains of a tractor (a) Four-wheel, (b) Walking-type

The word "powertrain" or "powerplant" refers to the group of components in

a vehicle that produce and deliver power. It includes engine, transmission,
driveshafts, differentials, and final drive are all included (drive wheels, continuous
track like with tanks or Caterpillar tractors, propeller, etc.). The word "powertrain" is
often used to refer to only the engine and transmission, with the other parts only
being included if they are integral to the transmission. Moving gear separates the
wheels and axles from the body of a carriage or wagon.

HOW IT WORKS

The engine is the beating heart of the powertrain. The combustion of fuel
and air allows pistons to rise and fall, spinning the crankshaft. The engine's rotation
is transformed into useful energy by the transmission. The energy is manipulated
 through a collection of levers, clutches, and electrical components to provide force
in the direction you want to go.

The transfer case divides the power from the engine between the front and
rear wheels on all-wheel drive and 4WD vehicles. Some can be moved about if
needed, while others are handled automatically. The driveshaft is responsible for
transmitting electricity to the wheels. It may be the transmission or the transfer case,
depending on your Toyota's style. The driveshaft can be attached to a differential
that transfers the longitudinal to latitudinal direction. The rotation of driveshafts (or
axle shafts) makes the wheel rotates, which allows the car to move forward or
backward/reverse.

For operation of power tiller, the power is obtained from the IC

Walking-type tractor obtained power from Internal Combustion

Engine. This engine’s power is being transmitted to the main clutch through chain
or belt. The power from the main clutch is split into two paths: one to the
transmission gears, steering clutch, and then to the wheel. The other
portion/component is attached to the tilling clutch, which is then connected to the
tilling attachment.

A Simple flow diagram for transmission of power is given below:

TRANSMISSION TRANSMISSION WHEELS

GEAR GEAR
Main
ENGINE Clutch
TILLING TILLING
CLUTCH ATTACHMENT

5. Discuss the different things/parts to be done/inspected before operating

a farm tractor.
A. Start with a visual inspection of your small farm tractor.
 - Examine for leakage, as well as worn or loose hoses and cables. Dirt
accumulations may suggest minor leaks. Tightening or removing hoses
or clamps, or tightening drain plugs, can be all that is needed to repair a
leak, big or small. Make sure there's no water or waste in the glass
sediment bowl under the fuel filter. Check windows for hydraulic reservoir
fluid levels are found on some tractor models, especially newer ones.
It is also a good time to ensure if your tractor's safety equipment, such
as PTO shields, are in working order, as well as lighting, such as hazard
lights and turn signs. Check that the neutral start switch is working
properly, according to Tammel. (It stops the tractor from starting in
reverse.)
B. Check the tractor’s radiator-fluid level.
- In your small farm tractor, incremental fluid depletion is to be expected;
but, if a large amount of additional coolant is necessary, it may mean
other, more severe issues, such as coolant leakage into engine oil.
C. Check the fan’s drive belt for wear and tension, and visually inspect the
radiator core and grill screen.
- To avoid damaging the radiator's fins, any dirt or debris should be
removed with air pressure. If your tractor cab has air conditioning, take a
moment to inspect the condenser and clear any debris that has
accumulated around it. If you're using a pressure washer to clean your
radiator, be careful not to bend the fins or damage the seals or other
components.
D. Top off the tractor’s fuel tank
- It's good to have a fresh supply of fuel for the day's work, and you can
also empty the sediment bowl of any sediment or water that has
accumulated. To clear excess water from the tractor's fuel tank, you can
need to partly empty it. Fuel should be kept fresh for no longer than three
months.
E. Check the tractor’s oil and all fluid levels
- Oil is one of the most important requirements in maintaining the tractor
in good working order. It lubricates your engine and all of its individual
 parts, as well as preventing overheating by absorbing the heat emitted
by all of its moving parts. The second aspect is especially critical because
it spends so much time working in a hot field. Checking oil and oil filter in
your tractor after 100 hours of use is a smart idea and it is important to
monitor your tractor's oil level on a regular basis. Your engine can not
remain lubricated and cool if there isn't enough oil, which will cause it to
wear out and overheat more quickly. Take a minute to test the dipstick
after each use. Also check regularly or before usage the Coolant and
Hydraulic fluid.

F. Check the tractor’s tire pressure

- Tractor tires will take a pounding on the farm and in the field. Every day,
tractor tires are at risk of punctures, injury, and excessive wear due to
stubble, rocks, debris, and other factors. A tractor is worthless without a
set of sturdy tires. Make sure that tires have no punctures, cracks, and if
your tire pressure is right. Low-pressure tires are more likely to puncture
and damage, so make sure to load them up with air if necessary.
G. Check air filter
- Checking tractor air filters on a daily basis isn't necessary; however, if
you notice crop or weed residue on your radiator or grill screen, or if
you've been operating in particularly dirty conditions, do so.

6. Write the specification of the tractors based on the PAES.

1 Scope

This standard specifies the requirements for the construction and operation of
agricultural four-wheel tractor.

This is applicable to two-wheel drive and four-wheel drive tractors with a net power
range of 4 kW to 400 kW.

2 References

The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through reference in

this text, constitute provisions of this National Standard:

PAES 102:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and

Presentation PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling
PAES 104:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Location and Method of Operation of
Operator’s Controls – Control for Agricultural Tractors and Machinery

PAES 119:2001, Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Methods of Test

ISO 500:1991, Agricultural Tractors – Rear-mounted Power-take-off – Types 1, 2 and 3

ISO 730-1:1994, Rear-mounted three-point linkage – Categories 1, 2, 3 and 4

ISO 6489-3:1992, Agricultural Vehicles – Mechanical Connections on Towing

Vehicles – Part 3: Tractor Drawbar.

ISO 3776:1989, Tractors for Agriculture – Seat Belt Anchorages.

ISO 4253:1993, Agricultural Tractors – Operator’s seating accommodation – Dimensions.

ISO/DIS 8082:2001, Roll-over Protective Structures (ROPS) – Laboratory tests and

Performance Requirements.
 3 Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

3.1 Drawbar- bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are hitched

3.2 Drawbar power- power available at the drawbar sustainable over a distance of
at least 20 meters

3.3 Four-wheel tractor -self-propelled, wheeled vehicle having two axles designed
to carry, pull or propel agricultural implements and machines

3.3.1 Four-wheel drive- type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted to all
wheels

3.3.2 Two-wheel drive- type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted to

rear wheels with small front wheels being pushed along

3.4 Linchpin- retaining pin used in the hitch pins or studs

3.5 Lower hitch point tire clearance- clearance (x) expressed as a radial
dimension from the lower hitch point to the outside diameter of the tire with the implement
in raised position and all side sway removed from the links (see Figure 1a)

3.6 lower hitch point tractor clearance- horizontal dimension (z) between the
rearmost parts of the tractor in the area between the two lower links and the horizontal
line through the two lower hitch points throughout the range of vertical movement of the
hitch points (see Figure 1b)
NOTE The power-take-off master shield may be removed, if necessary, to meet this
dimension.

a) Tire clearance b) Tractor clearance

Figure 1 – Lower Hitch Point Tire and Tractor Clearance

3.7

power-take-off (PTO) shaft

external shaft usually at the rear of the tractor providing rotational power to implements
and machines

3.8
PTO output power

power measured at the PTO shaft

3.9
roll-over protective structure
(ROPS) roll-over protective device
(ROPD) safety frame

two- or four-post structural frames primarily used to protect a seat-belted operator from
being crushed in case the machine rolls over

3.10
three-point linkage

combination of one upper link and two lower links, each articulated to the tractor and
the implement at opposite ends in order to connect the implement to the tractor (see
Figure 2)

Upper link

Leveling
adjustment Detail "A" Hitch point

Link point

Detail "A"
PTO shaft

Lower link

Figure 2 – Three-point Linkage and its Components

3.10.1

hitch point
articulated connection between a link and the implement (see Figure 2)

NOTE For geometrical analysis, the hitch point is established as the center of the
articulated connection between a link and the implement.
3.10.2
leveling adjustment

adjustment of the right lower link so that the hitch point may be moved vertically
with respect to the left lower hitch point to provide an inclination of the implement (see
Figure 2)

3.10.3
link point

articulated connection between a link and the tractor (see Figure 2)

NOTE For geometrical analysis, the link point is established as the center of the
articulated connection between a link and the tractor.

3.10.4
upper hitch pin

pin that connects the upper link to the implement (see Figure 2)

3.10.5
upper link pin

pin that connects the upper link to the tractor (see Figure 2)

3.11
wheel tread

center to center distance between two front or rear wheels

4 Classification

4.1 four-wheel drive

 Figure 4. Four-wheel drive tractor

5 Construction Requirements

5.1 Materials

The tractor shall be generally made of cast iron and steel materials.

5.2 Controls

The various controls of the tractor as shown in Figure 5 shall be located and
operated in accordance with PAES 104
5.3 Hydraulic Three-point Linkage System

5.3.1 The tractor shall be equipped with position and/or draft implement controls.

5.3.2 The dimensions of three-point linkage shall be based on the following

categories to enable implements to be attached to all makes of tractors. Each
category covers tractor power ranges as shown in Table 1.

Figure 6
 a
t
o
G r
l
o
w
p
l
u
g
i
n
d
i
c
VI. CONCLUSION

Farm tractors has a huge significant in the field of agriculture. With this, the
man power as well as the time required in field work become lesser that leads to
more productivity. As an Agricultural engineering student, we must have enough
knowledge and better understanding regarding tractors. With the help of this
laboratory exercise, me as well as the others students become familiarize with
Four Wheel, walking type tractors (hand tractor) especially to its components and
basic control. Tractor control system is also identified which is necessary to
operate a farm tractor.

VII. REFERENCE

• Wild (2017). An Introduction to Farm Equipment That Can Increase Your

Production. Retrieved from
https://homestead.motherearthnews.com/introduction-farm-equipment/
• White (n.d). Economic History of Tractors in the United States. Retrieved
from https://eh.net/encyclopedia/economic-history-of-tractors-in-the-
united-states/
• Guelph (n.d). A Guide to Safe Farm Tractor Operation. Retrieved from
https://nasdonline.org/1650/d001534/a-guide-to-safe-farm-tractor-
operation.html
• Shah (n.d). Components of a Tractor (With Diagram) | Agriculture.
Retrieved from https://www.agricultureinindia.net/machinery/farm-
tractor/components-of-a-tractor-with-diagram-agriculture/16163
• Wolfe (2016). Your Powertrain Explained – How It All Works. Retrieved from
https://www.jaywolfetoyota.com/your-powertrain-explained-how-it-all-
works/
• Ruen (2012). 7 Daily Tractor Maintenance Tasks. Retrieved from
https://www.hobbyfarms.com/7-daily-tractor-maintenance-tasks-2/
• Anonymous (n.d). Cardictionary: Headlights. Retrieved from
 https://www.my-cardictionary.com/lighting/headlights.html
• Anderson (2020). Engine: Function, Type, Overview. Retrieved from
https://schoolworkhelper.net/engine-function-type-overview/#:~:text.
• Anonymous (2018). What is Dire Pulley? Retrieved from https://phoenix-
mfg.com/What-is-a-Drive-
Pulley_b_15.html#:~:text=A%20drive%20pulley%20is%20a,a%20type%2
0of%20power%20transmission.
• Pradhan (2017). Cage Wheel for traction improvement in power tiller.
Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340818961_CAGE_WHEEL_FO
R_TRACTION_IMPROVEMENT_IN_POWER_TILLER#:~:text=The%20ca
ge%20wheel%2C%20in%20particular,saving%20operation%20in%20wet
%20land.
• Anonymous(n.d). Steering Wheels.Echomaster Direct. Retrieved from
https://www.echomasterdirect.co.uk/Steering_-
_Jog_levers_134#:~:text=Steering%20levers,-
Steering%20Levers%20(Sometimes&text=Allowing%20the%20user%20to
%20completely,'Non%20Follow%2Dup'.
• Anonymous (2012). Engineering Essentials: Pressure-Control Valves.
Retrieved from
https://www.hydraulicspneumatics.com/technologies/hydraulic-
valves/article/21884995/engineering-essentials-pressurecontrol-g
• Hearst (2021). Types of Axles: Everything You Need to Know. Retrieved
from https://www.caranddriver.com/research/a31547001/types-of-axle/
• Keizersgracht (2016). Tractor Parts and Functions. Retrieved from
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-southeastern-
philippines/mechanical-engineering/lecture-notes/tractor-parts-and-functions-
fin/8462514/view