The energy of biomass-wind as sources of renewable

energy for a more sustainable environment: A review

Erdiwansyah1, Asri Gani2*, Rizalman Mamat3, Mahidin2, K. Sudhakar4, S.M Rosdi5,
Husni Husin2

Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Serambi Mekkah, Banda Aceh 23245, Indonesia

1
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
3
College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
4
Energy Centre, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
5
Politeknik Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin, 23000 Dungun, Terengganu
Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract- Pollution continues to experience a rapid increase so cities in the world have
required the use of renewable energy. One of the keys that can prevent climate change with a
sustainable system is renewable energy. Renewable energy production, especially for hybrid
systems from biomass and wind, is the objective of the analysis in this work. The potential of
feedstock for different biofuels such as bio-diesel, bio-ethanol, bio-methane, bio-hydrogen,
and biomass is also discussed in this paper. The sustainability of the energy system for the
long term is the main focus of work in this investigation. The configuration of the hybrid
system between biomass energy and wind energy as well as some problems from various
design factors are also presented. Based on the findings that alternative energy utilization
through biomass-based hybrids can save costs and improve environmental conditions,
especially for the electrification of off-grid rural areas. This paper will provide important
information to policymakers, academics, and investors, especially in carrying out the
development and factors related to the utilization of wind-biomass-based hybrid energy
systems.

Keywords: Biomass; Wind energy; Hybrid; RE; Biofuels

1. Introduction
Interest in the use of various renewable energy-based applications has given interest at
the international level. Prominent improvements such as renewable energy technology,
energy security, sustainable development systems, and the depletion of fossil energy use.
Renewable energy in the 21st century has a very important role because non-renewable
energy sources have been excessive and often exploited as emissions continue to increase and
the depletion of fossil energy occurs [1–3]. Meanwhile, the current increase in non-renewable
energy is at an alarming point as reported in [4–6]. The system of climate change, ecology,
and environmental stability are strongly influenced by the use of energy sourced from non-
renewable sources. Fossil fuels that continue to be used will provide increased prices and
climate change through greenhouse gases [7–9]. More effective use and production of energy,
especially from renewable sources, is a very urgent challenge to be carried out in the 21st
century[10–12]. Researchers around the world report that the use of fossil fuels can affect
greenhouse gas emissions, especially from transportation which causes global warming. The
highest emission affects the ecosystem and the use of its services such as CO2, NOx, CO,
SOx, and HC [13–15]. Production and development of energy from renewable sources is the
best way that can be done at this time. Renewable energy can be obtained and produced from
various sources because it can be used and recharged on a time scale. Renewable energy,
especially from wind, hydro, geothermal, solar and biomass sources has become the main
energy source in several developing countries. The status of the availability of renewable
energy sources around the world to date is presented in full in Fig. 1. Wind energy sources,
biofuels, and hybrid systems are renewable energy sources that have been widely discussed
by researchers around the world. Therefore, the investigation of biomass energy sources as
fuel for hybrid production with wind energy will provide new insights as a renewable energy
source in the future.

Fig. 1. Status RE of the World in 2020

The contribution of renewable energy in Indonesia until 2020 is presented in Fig. 2.

Issues of energy sustainability, climate change, renewable energy sources, and several
findings on renewable energy have been evaluated. Where discussions on energy needs and
services related to meeting human, economic, health, and social demands are discussed in
depth. To maintain the sustainability of renewable energy sources in the long term, it must be
able to combat climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions in particular. Energy
sources from biomass, wind power, solar power, hydropower, marine power, and geothermal
power that are currently available can be used as alternative energy in the long term. The
availability and application of renewable energy systems in more detail are shown in Table 1
[16–18]. This is done to ensure and call for a balance, especially for goods and services while
protecting future generations. The use of fossil fuels in the future will still be used due to
population growth and global energy demand around the world. This is because dependence
on fossil fuels is still high along with the development of coal, oil, and gas. The current
problems can worsen the scenario in placing human civilization in danger. On the other hand,
renewable energy sources are one of the real answers to overcome the increasing problem
[19–21]. Global energy production from renewable energy sources in 2012 has produced
around 22%, which was never thought to be achieved in a decade. The need and stability of
energy supply are not only for transportation of industrial equipment [22–24]. The utilization
of renewable energy can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This hope can be maintained as
long as possible because it can flow energy continuously in our environment. The supply of
renewable energy for environmental services does not have to be limited because it is
ecologically acceptable if it is truly sustainable. Although renewable energy sources will be
largely climate-dependent which requires complex planning and design before it can be put
into practice. This is because there are still some challenges to be implemented properly. The
cause of the discontinuous seasonal oscillation of its generation is one of its drawbacks.
 Fig. 2. Installed Capacity RE in Megawatts

The current trend of installed energy in Indonesia is presented in Fig. 3. Renewable

energy production capacity in 2020 is expected to grow at a rate that exceeds the long-term
trend. The growth of renewable energy that bears a big responsibility is China and the United
States. The increase in renewable energy in several countries is still comparable to previous
years or there is no significant increase. The increase in global renewable energy capacity
will increase in 2020 by 2799 GW [25–27]. In 2020, renewable energy generating capacity
will grow by around 7,465 MW. In this case, the installed new energy capacity is sourced
from geothermal 2,132 MW, hydro 4,621 MW, mini-hydro 411 MW, solar 105 MW, wind
energy 154 MW, and bioenergy 42 MW [28]. The utilization of energy with a biomass-based
hybrid system can save costs and improve environmental conditions, especially for the
electrification of rural areas. The specific purpose of this paper is to provide important
information, especially for policymakers, academics, and investors, in carrying out the
development, design, and factors related to the utilization of wind-biomass energy.

Fig. 3. Installed Capacity RE Indonesia in (%)

2. Capacity and Target Renewable Energy in Indonesia

The use of renewable energy as a source of final energy consumption in Indonesia has
increased since 2015. The Central Statistics Agency noted that Indonesia's renewable energy
mix increased from 4.4% in 2015 to 11.5% in 2020. In 2016, the renewable energy mix
increased to 6.61% from the previous year. But in the following year, the percentage of the
renewable energy mix was recorded to have decreased to 6.34% in 2017.
It was only in 2018 that the trend for the number of renewable energy mixes continued
to increase until 2020. The mix of renewable energy to total final energy consumption was
recorded at 8.55% in 2018, 9.15% in 2019, and 11.51% in 2020 as shown in Fig. 4. Ministry
of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) targets the renewable energy mix to reach 15% by
2021. In 2025, Indonesia targets the renewable energy mix to reach 23%. The ESDM
Ministry itself estimates that Indonesia's renewable energy potential reaches 417.8 GW. This
potential comes from ocean currents of 17.9 GW, geothermal 23.9 GW, bioenergy 32.6 GW,
wind power 60.6 GW, hydropower 75 GW, and solar or solar 207.8 GW. The Indonesian
government has targeted the use of renewable energy by 2025 to reach 23% [29]. However,
with the COVID-19 pandemic in the last two years, it will be a very big challenge to achieve
this target. But if you look at the achievement in 2021, 23% may be realized in 2025.

Fig. 4. Increase in Renewable Energy in Indonesia from 2015-2020

The Indonesian Renewable Energy Society (IRES) proposed to the Indonesian

government to launch the 50/50 Indonesia Renewable Energy program. This is an initiative
for a meeting with the countries that have the largest economies that are members of the G20
in 2022. The chairman of IRES, Surya Dharma explained that the Indonesia RE 50/50
program is a program so that Indonesia meets its carbon emission-free target by 2050, with a
minimum contribution of renewable energy (RE) of 50%. According to him, this target is
even lower when compared to other countries which target the contribution of renewable
energy to above 70%. We translate the RE 50/50 as Indonesia's effort to meet the 2050 net-
zero (emissions) target with a minimum of 50% renewable energy. By 2050 most of their
countries are already above 70% (renewable energy contribution) [30]. Renewable energy
can also be obtained through processed fossil energy, such as liquefied coal, nuclear,
hydrogen, and others. However, for renewable energy to develop in the country, according to
him, certainty in the regulatory framework is needed, one of which is through the New
Renewable Energy Bill which is currently being discussed by the DPR and the government.

3. Biomass energy of investigation

Climate change at the global level such as air pollution and acid rain caused by fossil
fuels has raised concerns so that the use of biomass energy sources is considered as a
substitute for fossil fuels. Energy sourced from biomass is an alternative, environmentally
friendly, and renewable energy. Increasing demand for energy worldwide due to being
influenced by renewable energy such as biomass fuels [31–33]. The world's use of energy
from biomass sources has accounted for about 10-14%. The use of fuel from biomass sources
in rural areas reaches 90%, while in urban areas uses biomass energy around 40% [34,35].
One-third of the primary energy use is contributed by biomass. Biomass is clean renewable
energy that can meet the world's energy demand [31,36]. Renewable sources such as biomass
are sustainable energy, this is because the production system, growth, and harvest period are
quite fast. Oil production from biomass is an alternative energy that can be used as heating,
electricity, transportation fuel, etc. In addition, renewable energy from biomass can be
applied to small-scale and small-scale industries, as well as household scales such as lighting
and cooking [37–39]. Liquid and gaseous fuels that are processed from solid waste biomass
sources can be used to generate electricity. The researchers' attention to biomass has so far
been higher than that of liquid fuels. This is because biomass raw materials have enormous
potential as alternative energy in the future. Solid biomass is easy to find in trash bins
because it is no longer used. Anaerobic and gasification methods are very feasible options for
converting and producing solid biomass into gas. Energy generation with a hybrid model,
conversion technique, gasification technology, and anaerobic digestion system is more
suitable and often used. This is because it can offer various benefits such as increased
electricity efficiency, cost-effectiveness, reduced use of biomass. In addition, other
advantages such as CO, NOx, and non-combustible chemical emissions can be reduced, as
well as compactness, flexibility, etc. The anaerobic process that produces biogas is a
renewable energy source that can be used as a power plant, heater, and also has the potential
to minimize dependence on fossil fuels [40–42]. Sources of biomass can be in the form of
straw, paper waste, sawdust, drum fertilizer, forest wood, cyanobacteria, industrial waste,
detergents, household waste, microalgae, etc. [43–45].
The capacity of renewable energy sourced from biomass in Indonesia from 2015-2021
which is used to generate electricity is as presented in Fig. 5. Biomass power plants in
Indonesia have been widely developed in recent years. Power plants sourced from biomass
have been built in many countries such as India which are intended for rural areas [43,46,47].
The steam generated from the use of biomass can be used as a turbo-generator [48–50].
Research through the investigation of trends in biomass as renewable energy has been carried
out since 1978-2018 by [51–53]. Where the research conducted specifically aims to help the
research community to understand the trends and situation of biomass resources around the
world for the future. The findings from the study conducted are that the United States is a
leading country in conducting research on biomass as a renewable energy source, especially
for bibliometrics. Other developing countries such as China, Germany, India, and Italy are
also the largest after the United States. Future energy demand will be utilized from biomass
sources because large countries need sufficient energy supply so biomass is an alternative as
their energy fulfillment. Research on economic characteristics has been reported mainly on
the source of various types of biogas plants, life cycle costs, net costs, energy leveling costs,
etc. [54–56].

Fig. 5. Capacity Energy of Biomass in Indonesia

 The designation of biomass as the 4th renewable energy such as coal, other new energy
sources, gas and fuel production, and oil has contributed about a quarter of global energy
demand [57–59]. There are many fuels from biomass processes such as bio-butanol, bio-
diesel, bio-hydrogen, bio-ethanol, bio-oil, biogas, etc., all of which are produced from solid
and liquid waste biomass [60–62]. Solid fuels biochar, bio-gas, bio-hydrogen, syngas, bio-
diesel, bio-ethanol, bio-butanol are all derived from biomass [37,63,64]. Extraction of
biomass can produce inedible and edible biofuels. Edible sources of biomass such as peanuts,
sugar cane, soybeans, wheat, rapeseed, and corn. Meanwhile, non-edible sources of biomass
such as cooking oil, agricultural waste, microalgae, and industrial waste [65–67]. The use of
biomass as biofuel is the first, second, third, and fourth-generation fuel [68–70]. Crops such
as sorghum, cereals, sugar beet, barley, maize, molasses, and wheat are the first generation of
fermentable raw materials for biofuel production. Meanwhile, oil palm, soybean, coconut,
rapeseed, and sunflower crops can be produced as biodiesel [71–73]. Biodiesel products can
also be obtained from cassava, castor oil, Pongamia Pinnata, Calophyllum inophyllum,
Miscanthus, Hevea Brasiliense, as well as sources of lignocellulose such as grass, rice straw,
and wood. All types of biomass sources that have been mentioned are biofuels for the second
generation [74–76]. Sunflower, soybean oil, and castor oil can produce biodiesel through
transesterification catalysts at 96%, 96%, and 84.5%, respectively [77–79]. Biomass raw
materials for the first and second generations have disadvantages including lower
productivity, risk of resilience, and having a large area of land [80–82]. In addition, it
requires retail prices that are not comprehensive and require high capital costs, and have
industry competition as food processing [71–73]. Especially for the first generation who have
political, economic, and environmental problems because the biofuel production system must
have a wide agricultural scale so that it will reduce availability, especially for human food
production [83–85].
The many limitations for the first and second generations have resulted in the third
generation of biofuels giving more interest with the various advantages it has [86–88]. Third-
generation raw materials such as microalgae/cyanobacteria have potential because of the
higher cultivation and growth system and high lipid production [1,89,90]. The advantages of
using microalgae for biodiesel production include (such as neutral fat and products
throughout the year reaching 20%-50%, CO2 absorption from microalgae around 1.83 kg per
1 kg of dry biomass, can be used for wastewater treatment to remove certain minerals and no
competition with other crops that are cultivated [71,72,91]. Biofuels converted from biomass
can be carried out by three pathways such as biochemistry, chemical processes, and
thermochemistry [63]. Chemical conversion can be carried out by biochemical methods of
anaerobic fermentation, anaerobic digestion, and transesterification. Thermochemical
methods of torrefaction, hydrothermal treatment, gasification, and pyrolysis are used for
solid, gas, and liquid fuel products produced from biomass [31,38,63,92,93].
One of the liquid fuels is bioethanol which can be produced through anaerobic
fermentation obtained from biomass such as wheat straw, corn, wood chips, microalgae, and
lignocellulose. This bio ethanol fuel can reduce emissions because it has about 35% oxygen
[94–96]. Bioethanol can also be mixed with gasoline which can increase thermal efficiency
and higher brake power because the octane rating is higher than gasoline which reaches 30%
[97–99]. The first country to produce bioethanol was Brazil [65]. The status of global ethanol
production is shown in Figure 6. Ethanol production with alcohol has a long history.
Fermentation products in batches carried out for several hours (40 hours) which include
liquors such as molasses, grape juice, and corn must go through distillation first. This is done
to avoid unwanted chemicals and water so that the purity is obtained up to 99% more. The
time that the world's scientists have to produce efficient energy sources is urgently needed.
Where the demand for energy that is friendly to the environment, available, and sustainable.
Production to produce bioethanol has four main steps namely; pretreatment for the separation
of hemicellulose and lignin has sugar for carbohydrate fermentation by hydrolysis, the
distillation of ethanol into bioethanol, and microbial fermentation into bioethanol.

Fig. 6. The status of ethanol of Global

The use of alternative fuels for biodiesel is believed to be able to reduce dependence on
the use of fossil fuels [68,70]. Liquid fuel from biodiesel produced from animal vegetable
fats, mycobacterial lipids, and microalgae can be an alternative energy source that can be
applied and used alone or by blending with diesel, especially for compression engines
[20,100,101]. The process of converting biomass into biodiesel can be done by
transesterification. Where the conversion of lipids of biomass can use a mixture of fatty acid
esters so that it can form oil in a chemical process. Biodiesel consumption and production
systems have been widely developed as a substitute for mineral diesel for the short term. This
is due to the increasing demand for diesel fuel worldwide. The demand for diesel fuel is
increasing due to the level of human concern for health and the environment as a result of
direct combustion. However, the synthesis of biodiesel used from vegetable and non-
vegetable raw materials has sparked various debates, especially its availability and related
techno-economic issues. By 2020, worldwide biofuel production will reach 160 billion liters.
Where the highest biofuel used is bio-ethanol which reaches 62% and is followed by
biodiesel at around 26%.
Biogas fuel (biomethane) is a type of fuel obtained from organic waste (biomass) which
contains an energy density of about 50-55 MJ/kg. Biomass waste from different sources such
as industrial waste, municipal waste, and agricultural waste can be converted into biogas by
the anaerobic digestion process (metalorganic bacteria). Anaerobic digestion of various
wastes into biogas contains CO2 by 25%-50% and CH4 around 50%-75% [102–104].
Anaerobic digestion by involving bio methanation of decomposed organic waste can produce
biogas and most of it is methane and carbon dioxide. Waste reduction and management have
considerable advantages because energy costs are cheaper and the supply is more secure,
resulting in new job creation opportunities and better waste management system practices.
Biomethane produced from biomass in recent years has become increasingly popular because
greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced and the energy supply for the long term is
increased.
The right biomass production process can produce bio-hydrogen fuel. Clean fuels such
as bio-hydrogen can release water during combustion so they have a high energy density of
around 141.9 MJ/kg. In addition, bio-hydrogen can be mixed with gaseous fuel as a catalyst
which can improve combustion properties [60]. Production of biomass such as wastewater
and organic waste through photobiological fermentation can produce bio-hydrogen [105–
107]. Three methods can be used for the bio-hydrogen process, such as photolysis
(cyanobacteria and algae using water), dark fermentation (heterotrophs), and photo-
fermentation (photosynthetic bacteria) using organic compounds [108–111]. Biohydrogen
production uses biomass such as jatropha, beverage wastewater, rice waste, sugar beet
molasses, glycerol, glucose, and various other plants [112,113]. However, the most suitable
raw material for biohydrogen production is biomass which has a lot of carbohydrates [114–
116]. A recently discovered renewable fuel is bio-hythane which has a methane number of
about 30% and hydrogen of 10% which is produced from biomass sources such as food,
municipal waste, and agricultural waste processed through anaerobic digestion [2,60].
Biomass-based bio-hythane fuels are highly available because they have a high energy
density and fewer primary and secondary pollutants. [61,117,118].

4. Energy for wind

The demand for energy from renewable sources that have continued to increase
significantly in the last few decades will have an impact on environmental protection in the
long term. Of all the renewable energy sources around the world currently developing, the
most prominent is wind power [119–121]. The utilization of very strong wind sources can
produce electrical energy through the application of wind turbine technology. In 2000, global
wind energy capacity was 17 GW and increased to 59 GW in 2005. The increase in wind
energy capacity continued to increase to 198 GW in 2010 and 2015 to 433 GW. Wind energy
continues to increase by around 540 GW in 2017 and in 2018 it has reached 591 GW.
Meanwhile, in 2019 the increase in wind energy has reached 651 GW and in 2020 it has
reached 743 GW [122]. Meanwhile, global wind energy capacity in 2021 has reached 817
GW and is predicted to continue to increase in the following years [123]. The status of
renewable energy from wind power globally from 2010-2021 is as presented in Fig. 7. The
use of energy from renewable sources of wind power is increasingly popular in many
developing countries. This, as evidenced in research, especially wind energy, has even helped
and improved various current and future situations. Achievement of efficiency and power
generated is likely to be higher if the manufacturing system, design, and fabrication of wind
turbines can be divided into two categories as (Vertical Axis Wind Turbine and Horizontal
Axis Wind Turbine). This is based on an in-depth inspection of each unit including hub
height and rotor diameter. In addition, the material composition and mass of the blade, as
well as the shape of the tip angle and nacelle unit must also be considered [124–126].
Analysis by using a computer at the proposed horizontal HAWT turbine angle will increase
turbine efficiency because it can create large amounts of energy. This illustrates that the
analysis system with the use of Blade Element Momentum (BEM) can extract more turbine
rotor power so that the turbine rotor calculation is more ideal [127–129].
 Fig. 7. Status of wind energy in Global 2010-2021

The installed wind energy capacity shown globally in 2021 worldwide will reach 817
GW. Wind turbines that are utilized through wind kinetic energy can be converted into
mechanical energy and can be used as energy. Wind energy sources have provided
researchers with a very attractive business for generating energy [130–132]. Blade
aerodynamic design is the first step that can be taken to deliver powerful performance.
Factors to make the design of the wind turbine angle is the ratio of tip speed, wind speed can
be measured, airfoil, angle of attack is a must to account for performance. The use of
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and temperature element momentum theory can solve
the Navier-Stokes equation to analyze numerical aerodynamics. Determination of the highest
power coefficient can use the work system in BEM theory. Where the best turbine rotor
rotation speed using the BEM theory has been carried out by [133]. The development of the
BEM theory with the mathematical model used for forecasting the HAWT design has been
carried out. CFD is the best way to analyze aerodynamics because the results of the analysis
can save lower costs. Indonesia has a very good source of wind energy among other Asian
countries. However, until now, the installed capacity of wind energy in Indonesia is still very
small compared to developing countries and even far from India. A huge influence on wind
turbine efficiency is mechanical failure, electrical failure, and grid failure. Wind turbine
efficiency levels may decrease with low wind speed [134–136]. Increasing the efficiency of
wind turbines can be affected by large wind losses so it is a very important step to overcome
them. In this case, we assert that the decrease in performance in wind turbines is caused by
very low wind speeds so that the problem in wind power plants is reduced [137–139]. Low
wind speed has become a concern in all wind power plants around the world. However, the
level of global wind energy capacity continues to increase as shown in Fig. 7. While the
shortage of wind speed, especially in India, has given a level of concern and problem. This
implies that the implementation of the engineering concept developed on the wind farm does
not provide a good solution [140–142].
Great energy can be generated using windmills, wind turbines positioned to the Tower.
In this way, faster winds can be obtained over an altitude of about 100 feet or those with the
highest landmasses. The blades such as the blades found in the turbine are used to capture
wind energy with a rotor consisting of two to three blades positioned on the shaft. When the
wind blows it will form an air pocket with low pressure with the blade position against the
wind [143]. Furthermore, the low-pressure air pocket will pull the blades so that the rotor will
rotate which is called lift. Thus, the drag force is lower due to a stronger lifting force to form
a wind force against the front side of the blade. The output power generated from the turbine
more than 100 kW is a utility-scale turbine. Where utility-scale turbines are often found in
multi-turbine areas that have large scale and are connected to the national transmission
network. The utility-scale level of a wind turbine based on engine performance is presented
in Fig. 8. The turquoise angle of 5 MW which was built through a computer analysis based
on performance in a research study has been carried out. Where the drag, lift, and momentum
are used as a function of the blade angle ranging from 0-90. Maximum momentum was
recorded from three different wind input speeds of 3 m/s, 12.5 m/s, and 25 m/s at the angle of
82 [144]. The optimal blade angle of attack on the turbine will be around 81, resulting in a
rotation angle at maximum speed when the wind speed is moderate. Thus, HAWT power
production at low wind speeds is highly dependent on blade orientation [119]. The presented
model to evaluate comparative economy through different configurations especially for gas
engine, steam turbine, the gas turbine is carried out. Based on the results, it can be found that,
among others, capital expenditure and factory size are the determinants of economic
improvement and the ideal system size in producing energy is obtained at low costs. The
most important factors for determining energy costs with any system must be in terms of
operating costs, maintenance costs, investment costs, and interest rates.

Fig. 8. Curves of various wind turbine applications

5. Wind-biomass hybrid system

Hybrid-based renewable energy technology has given particular interest to power
systems in supplying electricity to rural areas. Interest in hybrid energy technology is due to
better technological advances and rising oil prices. The hybrid power system is based on the
combination of several renewable energy sources so that the efficiency and balance of energy
supply are further improved. Implementation through a hybrid energy system has provided
enormous benefits in reducing carbon emissions, reliability, guaranteed supply, increasing
power quality, and providing new jobs for local communities. Renewable energy sources are
inherently disjointed so the use and incorporation of several renewable energy sources will
provide more assurance of supply. The hybrid energy technology in this review is limited in
the form of gas sourced from biomass energy. Therefore, a process with two methods of
anaerobic digestion and gasification is discussed in this work. The hybrid energy technology
system designed between PV-Biomass-Wind is the best and is cost-effective. The concurrent
charge cycle approach with PSO is a cost-effective option for further consideration. An
innovative approach was created and proposed to analyze the feasibility of a system to
combine biomass power generation through a gasification storage system, and generators can
stabilize wind energy up to 40 MW [145–147]. Renewable energy plays a very important role
in the future, this can be seen from primary energy consumption which reaches 30% as
predicted by experts. Technology modeling through hybrid power generation systems
between biomass, solar, and wind has been studied recently. Simulation through the
MATLAB application contains all the realistic components required in hybrid biomass, solar,
and wind power generation system. The electricity generated from the modeling of the
Biomass-PV-Wind hybrid system can save costs, which is lower than the amount of
electricity obtained from fossil fuels and is more environmentally friendly. This system
cannot detect hazardous compounds and gases at the time of waste products because the
energy that is owned is fully sourced from renewable energy. The use of renewable energy
such as biomass, solar, and wind aims to power urban infrastructure. The optimal size of a
wind-biomass hybrid system with and without energy storage can be determined by
increasing supply and demand. In addition, it is also determined by the percentage of
renewable energy by maintaining the current amount or greater than zero. Mechanisms for
pricing and green energy are being developed. This development is carried out to increase
accommodation and energy demand at various scales. The use of software carried out by
several researchers is a strategy to optimize in developing a hybrid wind-biomass energy
system with lower costs and higher efficiency. Renewable energy sources are estimated to be
able to guarantee large-scale energy needs which are used for cooling and other electrical
equipment. A more complete schematic representation of a hybrid power plant from wind
biomass sources is presented in Fig. 9. The process for designing a hybrid system is highly
dependent on the reliability of the available power. To meet the costs and costs effectively
and efficiently, energy technology can be utilized through a hybrid system.

Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of representation energy hybrid biomass-wind

 The study of cost systems covers several economic characteristics in addition to energy
distribution costs, life cycle costs, and current net costs. Determination of Net Present Cost
through the sum of the current value of system components and component maintenance
costs will apply for the duration of the project. The longevity and robustness of the power
generation industry is the most important part. The energy throughout the year must have a
cost ratio for its maintenance system so that it can be used for the cost of energy equipment
each year. A 50-kW biomass gasifier system requires an initial investment of ±4.3 IDR.
While the cost of maintenance from scratch for each year requires about 3%. Fuel supply
from biomass energy requires more maintenance than wind energy. Technology with the
biomass gasifier system is expected to last more than 20 years. In 20 years can provide a
discount of 0.456. Biomass gasifier system maintenance costs are estimated at 28 lakhs and
wind energy costs ±5.5 IDR.

6. Conclusion
Energy has become a very important need in everyday human life. Availability of
sufficient energy can improve infrastructure and human development to increase productivity
and the economy. Substitution of fossil energy into renewable energy sources is one of the
most appropriate strategies in combating climate change, especially greenhouse gas
emissions. However, its application must be carried out sustainably in supplying and
providing energy so that future energy needs will continue to be met. Improved wind energy
technology is a renewable energy that has experienced a sharp increase globally. Several
main parameters can affect the performance of a wind turbine, such as blade angle, pitch
angle, and angle of attack. The discussion of parametric conditions optimally is the best
working system for wind turbines even with the lowest wind speeds. Biomass fuel will offer
several advantages especially at home and at work. The advantages offered are
environmentally friendly, sustainable, and an alternative to fossil fuels. The hybrid wind-
biomass system has a comprehensive life cycle because it can take into account operating
costs, maintenance costs, and initial costs. The biomass-wind hybrid system technology is
one of the most cost-effective and competent technologies now and in the future.

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