COMMS2

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (LEC)

DIGITAL MODULATION
Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

vIt include systems where relatively high v It transport information in digital form and,
frequency analog carriers are therefore, require a physical facility between
the transmitter and receiver, such as:
modulated by:
• a metallic wire pair
• Relatively low-frequency digital
• a coaxial cable
information signals (digital modulation)
• an optical fiber cable
• Systems involving the transmission of
digital pulses (digital transmission)
Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
 v It is the transmittal of digitally modulated
analog signals (carriers) between two or
more points in a communication system.

v Sometimes called digital radio.

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
v Relatively low-speed voice-band data communications v It is a highly theoretical study of the efficient use of
modems (found in most PCs) bandwidth to propagate information through electronic
v High-speed data transmission systems (broadband DSL) communications systems.
v Digital microwave and satellite communications systems v Can be used to determine the information capacity of a
v Cellular telephone PCS data communications system.

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

v It represents the number of independent symbols that v It is the number of bits transmitted during one second.
can be carried through a system in a given unit of time. v Rate of change of a digital information signal.
v A function of bandwidth and transmission time. v Expressed in bits per second (bps).
v Usually expressed in bit rate.

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
 !∝#∝$ ! = "#$%& (' +(/))
where: where:
! = information capacity (bits per second) ! = information capacity (bits per second)
# = bandwidth (Hertz) " = bandwidth (Hertz)
$ = transmission time (sec) (/) = signal-to-noise power ratio (unitless)

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

v For a standard voice band communication channel with v Assuming that a PSTN has a bandwidth (B) of 3000 Hz
a signal to noise ratio of 1000 and a bandwidth of 2.7 and a typical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 20 dB,
kHz, determine the information capacity. determine the maximum theoretical transmission rate
(C) that can be achieved.

Answer: 26.912 kbps

Answer: 19.975 kbps

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
v What is the channel capacity for a signal power of 200
W, a noise power of 10 W and a bandwidth of 2kHz of a ! = "#$% &
digital system? Find also the spectrum efficiency. where:
! = number of bits necessary
& = number of conditions, levels, or combinations
possible with N bits
Answer: 8.785 kbps, 4.392 bps/Hz

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

v It is the rate of change of a signal on a transmission !"#$ = %/&'

medium after encoding and modulation have occurred. where:
v Expressed in baud per second. ()*+ = symbol rate (baud per second)
&'= time of one signaling element (seconds)

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

!" = #$ !" = #$ %&'# (

where: where:
!" = bit rate (bps) !" = bit rate (bps)
$ = minimum Nyquist Bandwidth (Hz) $ = minimum Nyquist Bandwidth (Hz)
( = number of discrete signal or voltage levels

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
 !" and baud !" and #

#$%& = !"/' # = !"/$

where: where:
!" = bit rate (bps) !" = bit rate (bps)
#$%& = symbol rate (baud per second) # = minimum Nyquist Bandwidth (Hz)
' = number of bits encoded into each signaling element $ = number of bits encoded into each signaling element

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

v A signal is carrying data in which 4 data element is v A binary digital signal is to be transmitted at 10 kbits/s,
encoded as one signal element. If the bit rate is 100 what is the absolute minimum bandwidth is required to
kbps, what is the average value of the baud rate? pass the fastest information change undistorted?

Answer: 25 kilobaud/sec Answer: 5 kHz

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
1. A radio channel has a bandwidth of 10 kHz and a signal-to-noise
ratio of 15 dB. What is the maximum data rate than can be
transmitted: (a) Using any system? (b) Using a code with four
possible states? (c) What can you conclude from the results?

2. A modulator transmits symbols, each of which has 64 different

possible states, 10,000 times per second. Calculate the baud rate
and bit rate.

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

v It is the simplest digital modulation technique, where a ! "#$ % = [ & + !' % ] [(/ ) *+, (-.%)]
binary information signal directly modulates the
amplitude of an analog carrier. where:
v ASK is similar to standard amplitude modulation except ! "#$ % = amplitude-shift keying wave
there are only two output amplitudes possible. !' % = digital information
v Sometimes called DAM or OOK. (/) = unmodulated carrier amplitude
-. = analog carrier radian frequency

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
 v The rate of change of the ASK waveform
(baud) is the same as the rate of change of
the binary input (bps).
v Thus, the bit rate equals the baud.
v The bit rate is also equal to the minimum
Nyquist bandwidth

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

v Determine the baud and minimum bandwidth

necessary to pass a 15 kbps binary signal using
amplitude shift keying.

Answer: 15 kbaud/s, 15 kHz

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
v It is similar to standard FM, except the modulating ! "#$ % = &' ()* +, "' + !-(%)∆" %
signal is a binary signal that varies between two discrete
voltage levels. where:
v Sometimes called binary FSK (BFSK) ! "#$ % = binary FSK waveform
&' = peak analog carrier amplitude
"' = analog carrier center frequency
∆" = peak change (shift) in the analog carrier frequency
!-(%) = binary input (modulating) signal
Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

vFor logic 1: Mark Frequency

vFor logic 0: Space Frequency

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
 !" #!$
∆! = %
where:
∆! = frequency deviation
!" − !$ = absolute difference between the mark and
space frequencies

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

v In FSK, the baud rate is equal to bit rate !"##$%& = '(∆( + ())

where:
!"##$%& = minimum Nyquist bandwidth
∆( = frequency deviation
() = input bit rate

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
 !"#$%& = '()a

where:
!"#$%& = minimum Nyquist bandwidth
( = number of significant sideband pairs
)$ = highest modulating frequency

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

!" =!# /$ ∆#
!=
#$
where: where:
!" = highest modulating frequency of the binary input # ! = modulation index in FSK or h-factor
signal ∆# = peak frequency deviation
!# = input bit rate #$ = highest modulating frequency/ fundamental
frequency of the binary modulating signal

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
v It is the modulation index that yields the widest output ∆#$%&
!" =
bandwidth. #% ($%&)
v It occurs when both the frequency deviation and the where:
modulating-signal frequency are maximum. !" = deviation ratio
∆#$%&= maximum frequency deviation
#% ($%&)= maximum modulating frequency

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

v Determine (a) the peak frequency deviation, (b) v Using a Bessel table, determine the minimum
minimum approximate bandwidth, and (c) baud for a bandwidth for the same FSK signal described in Example
binary FSK signal with a mark frequency of 49 kHz, a 7 with a mark frequency of 49 kHz, a space frequency of
space frequency of 51 kHz, and an input bit rate of 2 51 kHz, and an input bit rate of 2 kbps.
kbps.

Answer: (a) 1 kHz, (b) 6 kHz, (c) 2 kbaud/s Answer: 6 kHz

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
v Determine the (a) peak frequency deviation, (b) vFSK is a form of narrowband FM
minimum approximate bandwidth, (c) baud rate, (d) h-
factor, (e) minimum exact bandwidth for an FSK signal
vReliable in the presence of noise
with a mark frequency of 95 kHz, a space frequency of vNot very efficient in terms of bandwidth
105 kHz and a bit rate of 10 kbps. vUsed for low data rate applications
vHF radio systems for RTTY transmissions
Answer: (a) 5 kHz, (b) 30 kHz, (c) 10kbaud/s, (d) 1, (e) 30
kHz
Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

vA form of continuous phase FSK (CP-FSK) !" − !# = $.%!&

vSimilar to FSK except that the !" and !# are !&
!" '() !# = *
synchronized with the bit rate +
vThere is a smooth phase transition in the analog
output signal when the frequency changes.
where: n is any odd integer

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
vAdvantage: MSK has a better bit error
performance than FSK
vDisadvantage: requires synchronizing circuits
which makes the over-all circuitry complicated

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

vSpecial case of FSK used in cellular and PCS

systems
vGMSK uses less bandwidth than conventional
Read pp. 59-61 of Advanced Electronic
FSK due to a filter. Communications
vThe word Gaussian refers to the shape of this by Wayne Tomasi
Topic: FSK Transmitter & Receiver
filter.

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
 vThe output signal has a constant amplitude and
a phase angle that varies with the digital
modulating signal.

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

vBinary PSK
vQuaternary PSK
v8-PSK
v16-PSK
vDifferential BPSK

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
vThere two output phases possible. vAlso called:
vLogic 1 – 0° phase shift, Logic 0 – 180 °phase shift • Phase Reversal Keying (PRK)
vWhen the input digital signal changes state, the • Biphase Modulation
output carrier shifts between angles that are 180 vIt is also a form of square-wave modulation of a
degrees out of phase continuous wave (CW) signal.

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

vBandwidth:
! = "#
vBaud Rate:
$%&' = "#
vHighest Fundamental Frequency:
"( = ).*"#

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

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Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
 Binary Input Output Phase

Logic 0 180°
Logic 1 0°

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

vIt is similar to a phasor diagram except that the

entire phasor is not drawn.
vOnly the relative positions of the peaks of the
phasors are shown.
vSometimes called signal state-space diagram.

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
 !"#$ %&'(&' = )*+ (,-.) / )*+(,1.)
v For a BPSK modulator with a carrier frequency of
8 80MHz and an input bit rate of 20Mbps, determine the
Recall: -34 5 -34 6 = 9
-34 5 − 6 + -34(5 + 6) maximum and minimum upper and lower side
8 frequencies, draw the output spectrum, determine the
4<= 5 -34 6 = 4<= 5 + 6 + 4<=(5 − 6)
9 minimum Nyquist bandwidth and calculate the baud.
8
4<= 5 4<= 6 = 9
-34 5 − 6 − -34 (5 + 6)
8
-34 5 4<= 6 = 9
4<= 5 + 6 − 4<=(5 − 6)
Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

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vThe bit error rate is least due to the presence of

the spacing between the points on the
constellation diagram.
vRequires half the transmission energy for the
same bit error rate as in FSK and ASK.

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
vCostly due to use of Costas square loop or Costas vIt is widely used for wireless LANs, RFID, and
PLL in coherent demodulation Bluetooth communication.
vThe abrupt change of phase in time domain is an vAlso used in radio communications due to robust
impulse function which requires infinite BER.
bandwidth for transmission in frequency domain

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

vAnother form of angle-modulated, constant-

amplitude digital modulation.
vIt is an M-ary encoding technique where M=4
(hence the name “quaternary” meaning 4).
vThere four possible output phases for a single
carrier frequency

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
vThe binary input data are combined into groups
of 2 bits called dibits.
vThe rate of change at the output (baud rate) is
onehalf of the input bit rate.
vAlso called quadrature PSK

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

v The QPSK modulator is two BPSK modulators v For the QPSK Transmitter, construct the truth table ,
connected in parallel. phasor diagram, and constellation diagram
• I bit – modulates the carrier in phase with the
reference oscillator Note:
• Q bit – modulates the carrier that in quadrature
with the carrier
v • The bit rate per channel is half the input bit rate.

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

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Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

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Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
v Bandwidth: v For a QPSK modulator with an input data rate (fb) equal
"# to 10 Mbps and a carrier frequency of 70 MHz,
!=
$ determine the minimum double-sided Nyquist
v Baud Rate:
bandwidth (B) and the baud rate.
"#
baud = $
v Highest Fundamental Frequency:
"# Answer: 5 MHz, 5 Megabaud
"% =
4
Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

vSatellite Communications
vWiMAX
vWireless MAN
vHSDPA – High-Speed Downlink Packet Access

Digital Modulation Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP
Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP