International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Index Copernicus Value (2016): 79.57 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391

Study on Liner Material Using Red Soil, Bentonite

Mixture for Engineered Landfill
Rehana Parveen1, Dr. U.C. Kalita2
1, 2
Assam Downtown University, Panikhati, Guwahati

Abstract: Generation of leachate is one of the major pollution problems arising from municipal landfill. Modern landfills must be
highly engineered containment systems, designed to minimize the impact of soiled waste on the environment and human health. A liner
is an engineered system to contain and control the pollution of the land and water environments surrounding the land disposal
operation. The design of a liner, in the case of economically developing countries, will vary depending on a number of factors, including
the potential of the landfill polluting the land and water environments, the local hydrogeology and meteorology, and the availability of
suitable materials and monetary resources. The main factor affecting the quality of compacted clay liners/covers is its permeability
which should not be greater than 1.0 × 10–9 m/sec. Due to non-availability of suitable soil, it is necessary to develop alternative material
for liners and covers. In the present study Red soil is used as a basic material. The properties of this material are altered by adding
bentonite to achieve the required properties of a competent material for landfill liners. Tests were conducted on red soil with 4,
8,12,16,20 and 24% of bentonite clay by weight.

Keywords: Atterberg Limit, Leachate, Permeability, Unconfined Compressive Strength

1. Introduction and it drains or leaches from a landfill. Leachate from a

landfill varies widely in composition depending on the age of
Landfill liners are exposed to various types of physical, the landfill and the type of waste that it contains. It usually
chemical and biological processes which affected by leachate contains both dissolved and suspended material. In older
produced from the decomposition of waste dumps. The aim landfills and those with no membrane between the waste and
is to avoid any hydraulic connection between the wastes and the underlying geology, leachate is free to leave the waste
the surrounding environment, particularly groundwater. To and flow directly into the groundwater.
ensure this, the important characteristics for compacted
landfill liners are selection of materials, hydraulic 1.3 Landfill Liner
conductivity, strength, compressibility and contaminant
retention capacity. The estimated service life of a liner in a particular exposure
condition is also an important factor in selecting a liner
Compacted clay liners are of low cost, large leachate material. Engineering landfill basically consists of bottom
attenuation capacity and resistance to damage. Natural clay liner and a top cover. These components play very important
is often fractured and cracked and due to non-availability of role in reducing the leachate quantity and minimizing the
suitable soil at a site, it is necessary to mix imported clay ground water pollution. Hence these are considered as the
materials with local non-productive soils and industrial most critical components of an engineered landfill facility.
process wastes to achieve a suitable material. Red soil is rich
in clay minerals and it is used as compacted liner materials 1.4 Liner Requirements
for their low hydraulic conductivity which is required to be
less than 1.00×10^ -7 cm/sec. The directive determines that landfill base and sides should
Bentonite was mixed with Red soil in 8,12,16,20,24% by dry consist of mineral layer with the following requirements:
weight The appropriate Bentonite-Red soil mix and the range 1) Landfill for hazardous waste – the layer should be
of compaction parameters was determined that would give characterized by the hydraulic permeability k equal or
the required hydraulic conductivity, strength characteristics lower than 10-9 m·s-1 and thickness equal at least 5 m.
and minimum desiccation crack for their use as liner 2) Landfill for non-hazardous waste – the same permeability
material. and thickness equal or higher than 1m.
3) Landfill for inert waste –hydraulic permeability of 10-7
1.1 Landfill m·s-1 or less and thickness of at least 1m.
It is a land disposal site for waste. Preparation, management 1.5 Material Suitability
and control of the landfill must be of the highest standard to
minimize the risks to human health and the environment. . It is generally taken that the requirements of a material for
Well‐constructed and maintained landfills are safer than use as a landfill lining is its capability of achieving
open dumping sites. permeability of 1×10−9 m/sec or less following compaction.
In terms of plasticity the division between clays and silts is
1.2 Leachate known as the A-Line.
A Leachate is a liquid that forms when landfill waste breaks The NRA also define suitable materials as those clays with a
down and water filters through that waste and picks up toxins Liquid Limit (LL) of less than 90%, a Plasticity index (PI) of
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less than 65% and a clay content of greater than 10%. Bentonite was mixed with Red soil in 8,12,16,20,24% by dry
Materials in excess of these limits can give rise to problems weight The appropriate Bentonite-Red soil mix and the range
in stability, deformation and compaction in earthworks. of compaction parameters was determined that would give
the required hydraulic conductivity, strength characteristics
The current project aims at finding an accurate mixture of and minimum desiccation crack for their use as liner
red soil and bentonite as well as fly ash and bentonite material.
mixture, feasible for being used as compacted clay liner.
Bentonie has high swelling and shrinkage properties which 4.1 Determination of Index Properties
possess the danger of formation of cracks, which can be
stabilized by addition of red soil as it would minimize the 4.1.1 Determination of Moisture Content:
fine fraction in the mixture. To determine the water content of the materials by oven
drying method.
2. Literature Review
Table 4.1: Moisture Content of materials.
A. R. Ajitha, R. P. Naveena and E. Y. Sheela, investigated Sl Description Materials
the use of a marine soil enhanced with bentonite as landfill No. Red soil Bentonite
liner material. There is no large variation in the properties of 1 Mass of the tray in gram, M1 833 805
2 Mass of the tray + Soil in gram, M2 3051 1106
liner mix with leachate. So the liners are compatible with
leachate and hence can be used for field applications. 3 Mass of the tray + Dry soil in 2602 1100
gram, M3
J.Alam et al (2012) studied that a 20% bentonite-fly ash mix 4 Mass of water, M4 = M2 - M3 449 6
can be safely used as liner material. Plain fly ash remained 5 Mass of dry sand, M5 = M3 - M1 1769 295
6 𝑀 25.38 2.03
non-plastic until 20% bentonite was added to the mixture. Moisture Content, 4 × 100%
𝑀5
Addition of bentonite enhanced the geotechnical properties
of fly ash.
4.1.2 Determination of Specific Gravity
The specific gravity of red soil and bentonite were found out
Kananika nayak concluded that as the bentonite content
according to IS: 2720 (part- III, section-1)1980 by using
increased in the compacted mixture, the permeability
pycnometer. In case of bentonite kerosene was used as it is
decreased. 20% bentonite-fly ash mixture showed
non-polar in nature and so kerosene will not react with
permeability less than 1 ×10-7 cm/sec, which fulfilled the
bentonite.
criteria for landfill liner. Whereas for pond ash, it was
achieved at 12% bentonite content in the mixture.
Table 4.2: Specific Gravity of Materials.
Sl. Mate- M1 M2 M3 M4 Specific
Kumar and Sharma (2004) concluded that in a bentonite-fly no rials (gm) (gm) (gm) (gm) Gravity
ash mixture the plasticity, hydraulic conductivity, swelling 1 Red soil 70 80 130 126 1.66
and shrinkage properties decreased and the dry unit weight 2 Bentonite 70 80 151 144.5 2.85
and strength increased with the increase in fly ash content.
Where,
3. Proposed Study M1 = Mass of an empty Pcynometer in gram
M2 = Mass of an Pycnometer + Sand in gram
The current project aims at finding an accurate mixture of M3 = Mass of an Pycnometer +Sand + Water in gram
Red soil and bentonite, feasible for being used as compacted M4 = Mass of an Pycnometer + Water in gram
clay liner, to reduce the migration of leachate to the ground 𝑀2 −𝑀1
Specific Gravity =
𝑀2 −𝑀1 − 𝑀3 −𝑀4
water and reduced to reasonable amount and to investigate
the physical and chemical properties of different liner
material. 4.1.3 Sedimentation Analysis
A sample to be tested is placed without drying in a 200cc
The factors considered for liner material suitability are: measuring cylinder, so that the sample is up to the 100cc
1. Efficiency mark. Add clean water up to 150cc mark. Dissolve one
2. Resistance to damage spoon of common salt in half liter of water thoroughly and
3. Longevity add this to the measuring cylinder. The mixture is then
4. Availability shaken vigorously, the last few shakes being in sidewise
direction. Allow the solids to settle down for a period of
Red soil with the addition of bentonite, lower the hydraulic three hours. First the sand and then silt and clay over it. The
conductivity to fulfill the design criteria. height of the fine silt visible as settled layer above the sand is
expressed as a percentage of the height of the sand below the
silt content.
4. Experimental Work and Methodology of
Materials collected Table 4.3: Sedimentation analysis
Materials Percentage Content (%)
Bentonite used for the experimental purpose was brought Sand Silt Clay
from Sogyan Chemicals and Red soil was collected from Red soil 25 20 55
Campus of Assam Down Town University, Panikhaiti. Bentonite 0 2 5 85

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Index Copernicus Value (2016): 79.57 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391

Table 2.1: DFS of materials

Materials Vd (ml) Vk (ml) FSI(%)
Red soil 11 9 22.22
Bentonite 96 5 540

Table 2.2: DFS of Red Soil – bentonite mixture

Materials Vd (ml) Vk (ml) FSI(%)
Red soil+ 4% bentonite 18 11 63.64
Red soil+ 8% bentonite 19 11 72.73
Red soil+ 12% bentonite 30 12 150
Figure 2.1: Sedimentation test Red soil+ 16% bentonite 33 10 230
Red soil+ 20% bentonite 38 10 280
Red soil+24% bentonite 44 10 340
4.2 Determination of Geotechnical Properties

4.2.1 Free Swell Index

To determine the free swell index of soil as per IS: 2720
(Part XL) – 1977, the apparatus used are IS Sieve of size
425µ,Oven,Balance, with an accuracy of 0.01g,Graduated
glass cylinder- 2 nos., each of 100ml capacity, and Kerosene.
Take two specimens of 10g each of sample passing through
425µm IS Sieve and oven-dry. Pour each specimen into a
graduated glass cylinder of 100ml capacity; now pour
distilled water in one and kerosene oil in the other cylinder
up to 100ml mark. Remove entrapped air by gently shaking
or stirring with a glass rod, allow the suspension to attain the Figure 5.1: Free swell index
state of equilibrium (for not less than 24hours).Final volume
of sample in each of the cylinder should be read out. 4.3 Atterberg Limits:
Free swell index = [Vd – Vk] / Vk x 100%
where, 4.3.1 Determination of Plastic Limit:
Vd = volume of soil specimen read from the graduated Plastic limit represents the water content at which a soil
cylinder containing distilled water. would just begin to crumble when rolled into a thread of
Vk = volume of soil specimen read from the graduated approximately 3 mm diameter, this test were conducted to
cylinder containing kerosene. determine the plastic limit as per IS 2720(part V)-1985.

Table 2.3: Plastic limit of Red Soil – bentonite mixture

Sl no Materials Mass of container Mass of container+wet Mass of container + dry thread Plastic limit
(M1) in gm thread sample (M2)in gm sample (M3) in gm
1 Red soil 22 28 26 50
2 Bentonite 22 26.5 24 125
3 Red soil+4%bento-nite 22 27 26 25
4 Red soil+8%bento-nite 22 26.33 25.6 20.27
5 Red soil+12%bento-nite 50 55 54 25
6 Red soil+16%bent-onite 57 68 65 37.5
7 Red soil+20%bento-nite 22 30 28 33.33
8 Red soil+24%bento-nite 22 32.5 30 31.25

4.3.2 Determination of liquid limit:

Test for liquid limit was conducted according to IS 2720
(part V)-1985 in the Cassagrande’s liquid limit device.

Table 5.3: Observation of Liquid limit of red soil- bentonite mixtures

SN Materials No. of Mass of container Mass of container+ wet Mass of container +dry sample Liquid limit
blows (M1)in gm sample (M2) in gm (M3) in gm (%)
1 Red soil 39 22 34 30 50
28 22 36 31 55.55
25 22 33 29 57.14
19 22 29 26 75
2 Bentonite 40 22 33 25 266.66
35 22 35 25 333.33
17 22 36 25 366.66
3 Red soil +4% bentonite 37 42 69 58 68.75
30 50 79 67 70.58
22 58 88 72 114.28

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4 Red soil +8% bentonite 40 58 76 69 63.63
22 50 73 64 64.28
5 Red soil + 45 18 51 36 83.33
12% bentonite 37 18 52 36 88.88
14 18 62 40 100
6 Red soil +16% 38 4 29 18 78.57
Bentonite 20 4 35 21 82.35
15 4 33 19 93.33
7 Red soil +20% bentonite 40 22 53 41 63.15
30 22 58 43 71.43
23 22 59 43 76.19
8 Red soil +24% bentonite 43 22 59 46 54.166
29 22 61 45 69.56
16 22 66 44 100

Table 2.6: Red soil + 8% bentonite

Sl Percentage of water added by dry 10 20 30
no weight
1 Mass of mould (gm) 2064 2064 2064
2 Mass of mould + compacted 3528 3950 3935
sample(gm)
3 Mass of compacted sample(Wt ) 1464 1886 1871
gm
4 Volume of compacted sample (V) 981.75 981.75 981.75
cc
5 Bulk density(𝜌𝑡 = 𝑊𝑡 𝑉) gm/cc 1.491 1.921 1.905
6 Average water content (w) 0.125 0.25 0.297
Figure 2.2: Liquid limit with increase in % of bentonite in 7 Dry density (𝛾𝑑 = 𝜌𝑡 /(1 + 𝑤)) 1.325 1.536 1.468
red soil gm/cc

4.3.3 Determination of Plasticity Index Table 2.7: Red soil + 12% bentonite
Plasticity Index (Ip) is obtained by calculating the difference Percentage of water added by
SN 10 20 30 40
between Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit i.e., PI = (LL-PL). dry weight
1 Mass of mould (gm) 2064 2064 2064 2064
Table 2.4: Plasticity index of red soil- bentonite mixtures Mass of mould + compacted
2 3212 3661 3938 3817
SN Materials Liquid Plastic Plasticity sample(gm)
limit limit index Mass of compacted sample(Wt)
3 1148 1597 1874 1753
1 Red soil 57 50 7 gm
2 Bentonite 355 125 230 Volume of compacted sample
4 981.75 981.75 981.75 981.75
3 Red soil + 4% bentonite 96 25 71 (V) cc
4 Red soil + 8% bentonite 64 20.27 43.73 5 Bulk density(𝜌𝑡 = 𝑊𝑡 𝑉) gm/cc 1.169 1.626 1.908 1.785
5 Red soil + 12% bentonite 95 25 70 6 Average water content (w) 0.11 0.19 0.32 0.428
6 Red soil + 16% bentonite 80 37.5 42.5 Dry density (𝛾𝑑 = 𝜌𝑡 /(1 + 𝑤))
7 1.053 1.366 1.445 1.25
7 Red soil + 20% bentonite 75 33.33 41.67 gm/cc
8 Red soil + 24% bentonite 78 31.25 46.75
Table 2.8: Red soil + 16% bentonite
4.3.4 Standard Proctor Test: Percentage of water
SN 10 20 30 40
To determine the dry density and moisture content relation of added by dry weight
soil and to find OMC and MDD from the relationship, 1 Mass of mould (gm) 2064 2064 2064 2064
standard proctor test is done. Mass of mould +
2 compacted sample 3473 3813 3937 3822
(gm)
Table 2.5: Red soil + 0% bentonite Mass of compacted
Sl Percentage of water added 15 30 40 3 1409 1749 1873 1758
sample (Wt) gm
no by dry weight Volume of
1 Mass of mould (gm) 2064 2064 2064 4 compacted sample 981.75 981.75 981.75 981.75
2 Mass of mould + compacted 3480 979 3871 (V) cc
sample(gm) Bulk density(𝜌𝑡 =
3 Mass of compacted 1416 1915 1807 5 1.435 1.781 1.907 1.790
𝑊𝑡 𝑉) gm/cc
sample(Wt ) gm Average water
4 Volume of compacted 981.75 981.75 981.75 6 0.063 0.222 0.243 0.256
content (w)
sample (V) cc Dry density
5 Bulk density(𝜌𝑡 = 𝑊𝑡 𝑉) 1.442 1.950 1.840 7 (𝛾𝑑 = 𝜌𝑡 /(1 + 𝑤)) 1.349 1.457 1.534 1.425
gm/cc gm/cc
6 Average water content (w) 0.16 0.29 0.4
7 Dry density (𝛾𝑑 = 𝜌𝑡 /(1 + 1.24 1.51 1.31
𝑤)) gm/cc

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Table 2.9: Red soil + 20% bentonite leachate, then 1/3rd of the container is filled with compacted
SN
Percentage of water
10 20 30 40
red soil liner at MDD and OMC. Household waste are placed
added by dry weight on the liner and covered with red soil. Two layers of waste
1 Mass of mould (gm) 2064 2064 2064 2064 are placed on the liner. Watered it at each layer. Sprinkle
Mass of mould + water every day and after some day’s measure the quantity of
2 3575 3759 3961 3854
compacted sample (gm) the leachate collected. The stepwise process of engineered
Mass of compacted
3 1511 1695 1897 1790 landfill model is shown in figures given below.
sample (Wt) gm
Volume of compacted
4 981.75 981.75 981.75 981.75
sample (V) cc
Bulk density(𝜌𝑡 =
5 1.539 1.726 1.932 1.823
𝑊𝑡 𝑉) gm/cc
Average water content
6 0.125 0.208 0.314 0.354
(w)
Dry density (𝛾𝑑 =
7 1.368 1.428 1.470 1.346
𝜌𝑡 /(1 + 𝑤)) gm/cc

Table 2.10: Red soil + 24% bentonite

SN Percentage of water added 5 15 25 35
by dry weight
1 Mass of mould (gm) 2064 2064 2064 2064
2 Mass of mould + compacted 3608 3714 3985 3888
sample(gm)
3 Mass of compacted 1544 1650 1921 1824
sample(Wt ) gm Figure 2.4: 25 Liters container
4 Volume of compacted 981.75 981.75 981.75 981.75
sample (V) cc
5 Bulk density(𝜌𝑡 = 𝑊𝑡 𝑉) 1.572 1.680 1.956 1.857
gm/cc
6 Average water content (w) 0.058 0.187 0.277 0.36
7 Dry density (𝛾𝑑 = 𝜌𝑡 /(1 + 1.48 1.415 1.531 1.365
𝑤)) gm/cc

Figure 2.5: Leachate collection

Figure 2.3: Standard proctor test results of red soil-bentonite

mixtures

4.3.5 Determination of Permeability

Table 2.11: Permeability of red soil- bentonite mixtures Figure 2.6: Household waste on the layer of red soil.
SN Materials Permeability (cm/sec)
1 Red soil+ 0% bentonite 0.7× 10-5
2 Red soil+ 8% bentonite 0.4× 10-7
3 Red soil+ 12% bentonite 0.98× 10-8
4 Red soil+ 16% bentonite 0.55× 10-8
5 Red soil+ 20% bentonite 0.33× 10-8
6 Red soil+ 24% bentonite 0.31× 10-8

4.3.6 Model of Landfill

4.3.6.1 Using Red Soil as Liner Material

A model of landfill is prepared using 25 liter container. At
bottom make a hole and place plastic bag to collect the Figure 2.7: Layer of red soil on the garbage
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leachate.1/3rd of the container is filled with compacted red
soil and 12% bentonite mixture liner at OMC. Then
household waste are placed on the liner and covered with
soil. Two layers of waste are placed on the liner, watered it at
each layer. Sprinkle water every day and after some days
measure the amount of laechate passes through liner. The
stepwise process of engineered landfill model is shown in
figures given below.

Figure 2.8: Compacted layer of red soil on garbage

Figure 2.12: 25 liter container for landfill model

Figure 2.9: Landfill model using red soil.

After 5 days 20ml Leachate has collected and 100ml in 15

days. Landfill model after 15 days has shown in figure
below.

Figure 2.13: Household Garbage on the layer of red soil-

12% bentonite mixture.

Figure 2.10: Landfill model after 15 days

Figure 2.14: layer of red soil on garbage

Figure 2.11: Leachate collected after 15 days

4.3.6.2 Using Red Soil – Bentonite Mixture

A model of landfill is prepared using 25 liter container. At
bottom make a hole and place plastic bag to collect the
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sealant. At addition of 12% bentonite in red soil, the material
has 0.98×10^-8 cm/sec which is less than 1×10^-7 cm/sec
(recommended permeability of liner). Haudraulic
conductivity of red soil- bentonite mixture decreased linearly
with increased amount of bentonite. Hence Red soil-
bentonite mixture is suitable as liner material with 12% -
20%bentonite.

Based on model of engineered landfill it is observed that red

soil as liner material alone cannot be good material for
engineered landfill whereas red soil and 12% bentonite
mixture is good for liner material for engineered landfill.

Figure 2.15: Compacted layer of red soil -12% bentonite on

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ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
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[21] Samudra Jayasekera B. Eng (Hons) Dip in Eng,Abbas
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Author Profile
Rehana Parveen, completed B.tech and now persuing M.tech from
Assam Down Town University,Panikhaiti, Guwahati.

Prof. (Dr.) U. C. Kalita, BE, MSCENGG, PHD(EDIN),

Academic Director and Head of Department of Civil Engineering of
Assam Down Town University.

Volume 6 Issue 11, November 2017

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