Bond - Chemical Bond (10th-11th Grade)
Bond - Chemical Bond (10th-11th Grade)
6-17-2010
Repository Citation
Fitch, Katie, "Bond…Chemical Bond [10th-11th grade]" (2010). Understanding by Design: Complete Collection. 138.
http://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/educ_understandings/138
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UNDERSTANDING BY DESIGN
Unit Cover Page
Unit Title: Bond…Chemical Bond
Grade Level: 10th and 11th
Subject/Topic Area(s): Chemistry
Designed By: Katie Fitch
Time Frame: 5‐6 Weeks
School District: Spring Branch ISD
School: Northbrook High School
School Address and Phone: #1 Raider Circle, Houston, TX 77080 (713)‐251‐2800
Brief Summary of Unit (Including curricular context and unit goals):
In the unit, Bond…Chemical Bond, students will learn about chemical bonds.
Students will learn how to illustrate, name, write formulas, and characterize the three
main types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic. Students will begin with an
anchoring activity exploring how the nature of different types of bonds affect
properties such as conduction of electricity. At the end of the unit they will
demonstrate that they have mastered the skills of illustrating and diagramming bond
types, naming compounds and writing correct formulas. They will also demonstrate a
conceptual understanding of bonding by identifying and explaining the nature of bonds
found in three different powders by relying on data from the anchoring conductivity
experiment.
Understandings:
• Bonding joins two or more elements together.
• Bonds are necessary to create compounds which make up the world around us.
• The behavior of electrons determines the type and characteristics of a bond.
Essential Questions:
• What is a bond?
• Why are bonds necessary?
• How do things bond?
• What are the characteristics of a bond?
Unit: Bond… Chemical Bond
th
Grade: 11 Grade Chemistry
Stage 1: Desired Results
Established Goals (Standards)
TEKS or Scope & Sequence
(7) Science concepts. The student knows how atoms form ionic, metallic, and covalent bonds. The
student is expected to:
(A) name ionic compounds containing main group or transition metals, covalent compounds,
acids, and bases, using International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature
rules;
(B) write the chemical formulas of common polyatomic ions, ionic compounds containing main
group or transition metals, covalent compounds, acids, and bases;
(C) construct electron dot formulas to illustrate ionic and covalent bonds;
(D) describe the nature of metallic bonding and apply the theory to explain metallic properties
such as thermal and electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility; and
(E) predict molecular structure for molecules with linear, trigonal planar, or tetrahedral electron
pair geometries using Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
Understandings
Students will understand that…
• Bonding joins two or more elements together.
• Bonds are necessary to create compounds which make up the world around us.
• The behavior of electrons determines the type and characteristics of a bond.
Essential Questions
• What is a bond?
• Why are bonds necessary?
• How do things bond?
• What are the characteristics of a bond?
Knowledge Skills
Students will know… Students will be able to…
• The tree types of chemical bonds: ionic, • Name all chemical compounds using the IUPAC
covalent and metallic nomenclature.
• The ways electrons behave to form bonds. • Write formulas for covalent and ionic
• The different characteristics of ionic, compounds.
covalent and metallic bonds. • Illustrate ionic and covalent bonds using dot
structures.
• Describe and illustrate the nature of a metallic
bond.
• Predict the structure of covalent compounds
based on VSEPR theory.
• Compare and contrast ionic, covalent, and
metallic bonds by their names, formulas,
structure, electron behavior, and characteristics.
Stage 2: Assessment Evidence
Performance Task:
It is all in the BONDS…
At the beginning of the bonding unit you tested three powders and three solutions and recorded
whether a light bulb lit up or not. Now that we are at the end of the bonding unit, your challenge is to
explain what is happening with the light bulb in terms of the bonds present in the three powders.
Steps of your process:
Part 1: Re‐conduct the experiment from the beginning of the unit.
Part 2: Identify the powders as compounds containing either IONIC, COVALENT or METALLIC
bonds.
Part 3: Defend your claims based on what you SAW in the experiment and what you KNOW from
class.
Part 4: Extend your understanding on bonding into real world applications.
(Teacher Note: 3 powders‐ Salt, Sugar, and Iron Filings)
Other evidence:
(quizzes, tests, academic prompts, self‐assessments, etc.
note – these are usually included where appropriate in Stage 3 as well)
• Illustrating ionic bonds quiz 1
• Ionic bond quiz 2
• Metallic bonding quiz
• Covalent bonding quiz 1
• Covalent bonding quiz 2
• Final bonding skills assessment—All bond types together
Stage 3: Learning Activities
(Steps taken to get students to answer Stage 1 questions and complete performance task)
Lesson 1: Unit Introduction: Bond…Chemical Bond
• Microlab Protocol (http://schoolreforminitiative.org/protocol/doc/microlabs.pdf ;
http://schoolreforminitiative.org/protocol/doc/microlab_guidelines.pdf)
• Adjust Microlab times based on students. May only have them speak for 30‐45 sec.
• 3 Microlab Questions:
o What is a bond?
o Why are bonds necessary?
o How are bonds formed?
• Come back as a whole class. Ask group to share out with the following questions.
o What did you hear that was significant?
o What were some key ideas?
• Back to triads. Add a fourth question: What are chemical bonds?
• Come back as a whole class. Ask group to share out with the following questions.
o What did you hear that was significant?
o What were some key ideas?
• Begin new unit WORD WALL
o What new vocabulary word(s) do you think are significant today?
o Are any of the words polysemous?
o Add words—(bond, join…) to personal and class word walls
• Closure
o Write 1‐3 sentences answering ONE of the following questions.
How are chemical bonds similar to a bond of friendship?
How are chemical bonds similar to family bonds?
How are chemical bonds similar to the bond formed between paper and glue?
Lesson 2: Performance Task Introduction and Chemical Bonding Introduction
• To Light or Not to Light
o Students complete an experiential lab investigation and propose answers to a
phenomenon.
o Assigned lab groups.
• Come back as a whole class.
o Have lab groups share out their explanations of what they saw
o Try to lead them into a discussion about chemical bonding
o Ask them the other two essential questions: (THINK/PAIR/SHARE)
Why are bonds necessary?
How are bonds formed?
• Hand out bonding summary booklet. (Booklet will slowly be filled in throughout the unit.)
• Fill in the general bonding questions on the front of the booklet.
• Introduce the names of the three types of bonds they will be learning about.
• Closure
o Each table write down one new vocabulary word on a sentence strip they will
encountered today.
o Add them to the class and personal word wall.
Lesson 3: Introduction to Ionic Bonding
• Warm‐up: Word Wall Vocabulary Activity
• Text Impressions
o Students are working in pairs. May choose their partner.
o Students are given a list of 10‐20 important vocabulary terms from the cartoon article
they are about to read.
o Read the words together.
o In their pairs, students will have 15 minutes to try to best predict and write the article
they are about to read.
o Vocabulary words must remain in the same order and they cannot be changed.
o Students, who are willing, can share their impressions with the class.
o Students will then be given the actual article to read.
o Students will record 2 similarities and 2 differences between their writing and the
reading.
o Students will finally be asked to answer the 4 essentials questions as best they can
based on the reading.
What is an IONIC bond?
Why are IONIC bonds necessary?
How to things form IONIC bonds?
What are the characteristics of IONIC bonds?
Lesson 4: Illustrating Ionic Bonds
• Warm up‐ Add another vocabulary word to the word wall or extend a word that is already on
the word wall. Are there any words that are polysemous and should be added to your word wall
• Summarize information students should have gathered through the reading.
o Ionic bonds are bonds between ions—specifically metal ions and nonmetals ions
o Ionic bonds are necessary to make different important compounds in our lives and to
stabilize ions that do not fulfill the octet rule on their own.
o Ionic bonds are formed when a metal transfers its electrons to a nonmetal to fulfill the
octet rules and balance out the overall charge to zero.
o Some characteristics of ionic bonds are that they form crystals, conduct electricity when
dissolved, are brittle.
• Review valance electrons, dot diagrams & octet rule.
• Direct instruction about how to illustrate and name ionic bonds.
• Student practice illustrating and naming ionic bonds.
Lesson 5: Continuing illustrating ionic bonds
• Warm‐up‐ Students are given an illustrated ionic bond that has 3 errors. They must state what
the three errors are and draw the correct illustration of the ionic bond.
• Students will continuing to practice illustrating ionic bonds but today will also have to right a
written narrative about each step of the processes.
• We will then discuss how the ionic bond structure and process is connected to their
characteristics.
Lesson 6: Continuing ionic bonds
• Students will complete a cut and paste activity with ionic bonds.
• Students will then complete a reflective question assignment about their cut and paste activity.
Lesson 7: Criss‐Cross Method
• Quiz over illustrating ionic bonds
• Direct instruction on the criss‐cross method.
• Student practice on the criss‐cross method—20 problems given can pick any 10 to complete.
Lesson 8: Criss‐Cross Method Practice
• Ion‐Dice
o Students are given 4 dice.
Dice 1: Metals with only one charge.
Dice 2: Metals with multiple charges.
Dice 3: Nonmetals
Dice 4: Polyatomic ions
Each dice is color codedl
o Students are also given a worksheet to record their answers.
o Studetns are instructed to role one set of di. (Ex. 1 and 3). They must write correct
formula and name for the compound made from these dice.
o This activity can be easily differentiated.
Easier: Only have students use dice 1 and 3. Move them slower into using the
other dice.
Harder: Make them roll all four dice at the same time. Have them create as
many compounds as possible from one roll. They have to remember that an
ionic compound must always have a cation and anion.
Lesson 9: Identify the ion lab
• In this experiment students will use several qualitative techniques to determine the cation and
anion in an unknown sample. The method they will use involves testing a known compound,
called the ion solution as you test your unknown. The ion solution will provide a positive result
for a test. You will compare the results of your unknown to this positive to determine if the
same ion is presenting your unknown solution. At the end, students will be required to write the
correct formula and name for their unknown solution.
Lesson 10: Ionic Bonding Summary
• Ionic bonding mix‐up
o Each student begins with an index card with either a cation or an anion.
o They must find a partner with the opposite ion you have.
o They will fill in their cations and anions on a chart.
o Then they will write the correct formula and name for the compound.
o Students will then switch cards with their partner.
o Have them repeat the steps until they have 8 different combinations.
o They must have EIGHT different partners. No repeats.
• Fill out ionic bond summary that was given on Lesson 2.
Lesson 11: Quiz over ionic bonds and Introduce metallic bonds‐ metallic bond vocabulary
• Students will take a quiz over Ionic Bonding
• Pre‐teach metallic bond vocabulary
o Malleable, ductile, conductor, crystal, luster, sea of electrons
o To pre‐teach them—assign students different vocabulary words and have the create a
motion for the word and teach it to the rest of the class—have groups teach the class
their motion—have students take a quick vocabulary quiz by the teacher acting out the
motion and students writing down the word—have word bank posted
o Add new vocabulary words to the word wall
Lesson 12: Alloys and properties
• Have students create a brass alloy by heating a penny that is dated after 1982
• Use this activity as a spring board to how metallic bond occurs and how that affect different
properties of metals
• Fill in the metallic bond summary section of chemical compounds summary book from Lesson 2.
Lesson 13: Metallic bonding quiz and Introduce covalent bonds
• Have students take a short quiz over metallic bonding.
• Have students complete a reading or a type of investigation introducing covalent bonds
• Students will add new vocabulary to the Word Wall.
Lesson 14: Naming and writing formulas for covalent bonds
• Students will be modeled problems on how to name covalent compounds.
• Students will complete guided and independent practice on naming covalent compounds.
• Students will be modeled problems on how to write covalent compound formulas.
• Students will complete guided and independent practice on writing formulas for covalent
compounds.
• Students will be assigned some naming and formula writing homework.
Lesson 15: Illustrating covalent bonds and how that affects characteristics
• Students will take a short quiz over naming and writing formulas of covalent compounds after
going over the homework.
• Students will fill out a reference sheet on the Lewis Dot diagram for covalent bonds.
• Students will be modeled problems on how to illustrate covalent bonds and the sharing of
electrons.
• Students will have plastic dots and element cards to use as manipulatives to help them correctly
share electrons according to the octet rule.
• Students will complete problems illustrating the sharing of electrons to make covalent bonds.
Lesson 16: Shape of covalent bonds‐ VSEPR
• Students will be introduced to 6 different shapes covalent compounds make form based on their
bonding structure.
• Students will be modeled the structures using balloons and model kits.
• Students will have a reference sheet to follow along with.
• Students will begin interacting with the shapes by correctly matching Lewis dot diagrams with
the correct VSEPR shapes.
Lesson 17: Building covalent bonds structures
• Students will use today to extend their knowledge of shapes of covalent compounds by
illustrating the correct covalent bonds by using Lewis dot structures and then predicting their
shape.
• Students will then choose 3‐5 of their predicted shapes and build a model using molecular
model kits.
Lesson 18: Summary of covalent bonds
• We will then discuss how the shape and nature of covalent bond affect the properties and
characteristics of covalent bonds.
• Students will complete a summary of covalent bonds on the summary book from Lesson 2.
Lesson 19: Quiz over covalent bonds and Comparing and contrasting bonds
• Students will take a quiz over covalent bonds and VESPR theory.
• Students will then complete a sorting and classifying activity where they will have to sort
compound names and formulas into ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds.
• They will then match the name to the correct formula.
Lesson 20: Comparing and contrasting bonds
• Students will complete a practice sheet identifying and correctly naming or writing the formula
for ionic, covalent and metallic bonds.
Lesson 21: Comparing and contrasting bonds
• Students will complete an activity in which they compare the different properties of ionic,
covalent and metallic bonds to prepare for the performance assessment.
• And emphasis will be made on what electricity is and how the different types of bonds change
whether or not a compound can conduct electricity.
• Ties will be made to sports drinks, the human body, wires, pots, coolers, etc.
Lesson 22: Performance assessment
• It is all in the BONDS…
o At the beginning of the bonding unit you tested three powders and three solutions and
recorded whether a light bulb lit up or not. Now that we are at the end of the bonding
unit, your challenge is to explain what is happening with the light bulb in terms of the
bonds present in the three powders.
Steps of your process:
• Part 1: Re‐conduct the experiment from the beginning of the unit.
• Part 2: Identify the powders as compounds containing either IONIC,
COVALENT or METALLIC bonds.
• Part 3: Defend your claims base on what you SAW in the experiment
and what you KNOW from class.
• Part 4: Extend your understanding on bonding into real world
applications.
Lesson 23: Skill assessment
• Students take a skill test to demonstrate they can do the following:
o Name, write formulas and illustrate ionic bonds
o Name, write formulas and illustrate covalent bonds
o Describe the nature and characteristics of ionic, covalent and metallic bonds
o Distinguish between the three types of bonds
o Answer extension questions on the performance assessment
(Performance Assessment)
It is all in the BONDS…
At the beginning of the bonding unit you tested three powders and three solutions and recorded whether a light
bulb lit up or not. Now that we are at the end of the bonding unit, your challenge is to explain what is happening
with the light bulb in terms of the bonds present in the three powders.
Steps of your process:
Part 1: Re‐conduct the experiment from the beginning of the unit.
Part 2: Identify the powders as compounds containing either IONIC, COVALENT or METALLIC bonds.
Part 3: Defend your claims based on what you SAW in the experiment and what you KNOW from class.
Part 4: Extend your understanding on bonding into real world applications.
Part 1:
1. Locate the 3 powders labeled A, B, and C on your lab table.
2. Place the leads connected to the light bulb into each powder.
3. Record whether or not the light bulb lights up.
4. Locate the 3 solutions labeled A, B, and C on your lab table.
5. Place leads connect to the light bulb into each solution.
6. Record whether or not the light bulb lights up.
What do I SEE?
Powder A Solution A Powder B Solution B Powder C Solution C
(Powder A + Water) (Powder B + Water) (Powder C + Water)
Does the
light bulb
light up?
Part 2 & 3:
For each powder (A, B, & C) complete the following:
1. Make a claim.
a. State whether the powder contains ionic, covalent or metallic bonds.
2. Support your claim with laboratory evidence.
a. What did you see in lab that leads you to this claim?
3. Support your claim with scientific knowledge.
a. What did you learn in class about the behavior of electrons with in a bond that
supports your claim?
b. What did you lean in class about the characteristics of different bonds that supports
your claim?
c. What did you learn in class about electricity to support your claim?
d. What do you know that helps you rule out the other bonds as a possibility?
Powder A: Claim, Laboratory Evidence and Scientific Knowledge
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Powder B: Claim, Laboratory Evidence and Scientific Knowledge
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Powder C: Claim, Laboratory Evidence and Scientific Knowledge
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Part 4:
Using the knowledge you have learned about bonding answer the following extension questions to the
best of your ability. Use complete sentences.
1. Why do we make wires out materials containing metallic bonds and not covalent bonds?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. Why do athletes drink sports drinks containing dissolved ionic compounds?
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It’s All in the Bonds… Rubric
Categories Exceeds Expectations Meets Expectations Below Expectations Not Included
(100 %) (85 %) (70 %) (0 %)
Experimental Collects and records all necessary Collects and records all necessary Does not collect or record all There is no record that
Data experimental data and the data is experimental data but data necessary experimental data or experimental data had been
20 pts. accurate. contains 1‐2 errors. contains more than two errors. collected.
Does the light bulb light
up?
What is the independent variable? ________________________________________________________
What is the dependent variable? __________________________________________________________
What are the controlled variables? ________________________________________________________
What is your IDEA?
Answer the following questions to the best of your ability. Please use complete sentences when
appropriate.
A. Which powder(s) allowed for the conduction of electricity to light up the light bulb? _________
B. What do you think is the difference between the powder(s) that had the light bulb light up and
the powder(s) that did not have the light bulb light up?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Part 2: Solutions
5. Locate the 3 solutions labeled A, B, and C on your lab table.
6. Record 4 qualitative descriptions about each powder.
7. Place leads connect to the light bulb into each solution.
8. Record whether or not the light bulb lights up.
What do you SEE?
Solution A Solution B Solution C
(Powder A + Water) (Powder B + Water) (Powder C + Water)
Qualitative observations
(use at least 4 description
words)
Does the light bulb light
up?
What is the independent variable? ________________________________________________________
What is the dependent variable? __________________________________________________________
What are the controlled variables? ________________________________________________________
What is your IDEA?
Answer the following questions to the best of your ability. Please use complete sentences when
appropriate.
C. Which solution(s) allowed for the conduction of electricity to light up the light bulb? _________
D. What do you think is the difference between the solution(s) that had the light bulb light up and
the solution(s) that did not have the light bulb light up?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
E. Did any of the powders not light up on their own but lit up when dissolved in water? _________
F. If so, why do think this difference occurs?
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Metallic
What is a METALLIC bond?
Why are IONIC bonds necessary? Why are COVALENT bonds necessary?
How are IONIC bonds formed? How are COVALENT bonds formed?
What are the characteristics of IONIC bonds? What are the characteristics of COVALENT bonds?
How do the structure and electron behavior of IONIC bonds How do the structure and electron behavior of COVALENT bonds
influence the characteristics? influence the characteristics?
How do you name IONIC bonds? How do you name COVALENT bonds?
How do you write the formulas of IONIC bonds? How do you write the formulas of COVALENT bonds?
What are some examples of IONIC bonds? What are some examples of COVALENT bonds?
Name __________________________________
(Lesson 4) Date _________________ Period _______
Let’s Make Ionic Bonds!
Directions:
1. Choose a GREEN metal card. Draw the Lewis Dot Diagram for the metal in the box.
2. Choose an ORANGE nonmetal card. Draw the Lewis Dot Diagram for the nonmetal in
the box.
3. Draw an arrow showing the transfer of electrons from metals to nonmetals.
4. Draw the final dot diagrams for the metal cation and nonmetal anion.
5. Write down ALL of the charges. Check that they add to zero.
6. Name the cation and anion (ends in –ide).
7. Name the compound by combining the cation name (without the word ion) and anion
name.
8. Write the ATOM symbol for the metal with the number of atoms used as a subscript.
9. Write the ATOM symbol for the nonmetal with the number of atoms used as a
subscript.
10. Write the compound formula by combining the atom symbols and subscripts.
Arrow(s)
Final Dot
Diagrams
with Charge
Charges + = 0 (ZERO)
Compound Name
Cation + Anion
Name Ions
Charges + = 0 (ZERO)
Compound Name
Cation + Anion
Name Ions
Metal(s) Nonmetal(s)
Original Dot
Diagrams
&
Transfer
Arrow(s)
Final Dot
Diagrams
with Charge
Charges + = 0 (ZERO)
Compound Name
Cation + Anion
Name Ions
(Lesson 6)
Purpose: In this lab, you will cut out models of the ions and construct ionic compounds. You
will then write the correct formula for each compound, the correct name for the compound,
and state how many electrons were transferred.
Procedure:
1. Obtain three different pieces of paper.
a. Green Cation Sheet
b. Orange Anion Sheet
c. White Template Sheet (Names and Formulas of 10 Ionic Compounds)
3. Construct a model for each of the following compounds using the cutout ions. (Make
sure the positive and negative charges equal 0.)
4. Place each model on the white paper and glue or tape them down.
5. Write the correct formula for each compound. (Don’t write 1’s.)
K+1 K+1
Fe+3 Fe+3 Fe+3 K+1 Fe+3 Fe+3 Fe+3 K+1
Na+1 Na+1
Na+1 Na+1 Na+1 Na+1 Na+1 Na+1
Fe+2 Fe+2
NH4+1 NH4+1 Na+1 NH4+1 NH4+1 Na+1
K. Fitch 2010
Br-1 Br-1 Br-1 Br-1
O-2 O-2 O-2 O-2
Br-1 NO3-1 Br-1 NO3-1
O-2 S-2 S-2 O-2 O-2 S-2 S-2 O-2
NO3-1 NO3-1
SO4-2 SO4-2 SO4-2 SO4-2 SO4-2 SO4-2
PO4-3 Cl-1 Cl-1 PO4-3 Cl-1 Cl-1
SO4-2 SO4-2
Cl-1 NO3-1 Cl-1 NO3-1
K. Fitch 2010
(Lesson 7)
K. Fitch 2010
More Ionic Formulas- Criss-Cross Method
Write the correct ionic formulas for the following combination of metals and nonmetals.
Step 2: Step 2:
Step 2: Step 2:
Step 2: Step 2:
Step 2: Step 2:
K. Fitch 2010
IONIC COMPOUND NAMING PRACTICE
Name the following ionic compounds.
Don’t forget Roman Numerals on the TRANSITION METALS!
1. Na2O ________________________________________________
2. CaSO4 ________________________________________________
3. LiOH ________________________________________________
4. CuNO3 ________________________________________________
5. FeO ________________________________________________
6. Cu(NO3)2 ________________________________________________
7. (NH4)2S ________________________________________________
8. Mg3N2 ________________________________________________
9. Co(NO2)2 ________________________________________________
10. Fe2(CrO4)3 ________________________________________________
1. Na2O ________________________________________________
2. CaSO4 ________________________________________________
3. LiOH ________________________________________________
4. CuNO3 ________________________________________________
5. FeO ________________________________________________
6. Cu(NO3)2 ________________________________________________
7. (NH4)2S ________________________________________________
8. Mg3N2 ________________________________________________
9. Co(NO2)2 ________________________________________________
10. Fe2(CrO4)3 ________________________________________________
K. Fitch 2010
(Lesson 8)
ION DICE!
Practice writing Ionic Compounds
Roll the Green Dice and Orange Dice to make 6 NEW and DIFFERENT IONIC compounds.
# Cation Anion Formula Ionic Compound Name
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Roll the Blue Dice and Orange Dice to make 6 NEW and DIFFERENT IONIC compounds.
# Cation Anion Formula Ionic Compound Name
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
K. Fitch 2010
Roll the Green Dice and Red Dice to make 6 NEW and DIFFERENT IONIC compounds.
# Cation Anion Formula Ionic Compound Name
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Roll ALL 4 dice. Write down ALL possible NEW and DIFFERENT IONIC compounds.
# Cation Anion Formula Ionic Compound Name
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
K. Fitch 2010
BONUS ION DICE PRacatice!
Roll ALL 4 dice. Write down ALL possible NEW and DIFFERENT IONIC compounds.
# Cation Anion Formula Ionic Compound Name
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Roll ALL 4 dice. Write down ALL possible NEW and DIFFERENT IONIC compounds.
# Cation Anion Formula Ionic Compound Name
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
K. Fitch 2010
(Lesson 9)
Background
In this experiment you will use several qualitative techniques to determine the cation and anion
in an unknown sample. The method you will use involves testing a known compound, called the
ion solution as you test your unknown. The ion solution will provide a positive result for a test.
You will compare the results of your unknown to this positive to determine if the same ion is
presenting your unknown solution.
Several types of tests will be observed in this experiment. You may see any of the following:
Color change: this does not happen because of the colors of any of the chemicals, but
is a result of a specific ionic interaction
Gas evolution: watch for the formation of tiny bubbles
Precipitate formation (ppt): a precipitate is a solid material produced when certain ions
change places between compounds. The ppt may be very fine and require time before it
settles out of the solution, or it may be cloudy. Sometimes ppt’s are colored. This is not
be confused with a color change alone. If a solid material forms, it is a ppt reaction.
Lab Objectives
1. To recognize both positive and negative test results using qualitative techniques.
2. To determine the cation and anion present in your unknown sample.
What’s Due: Your results are due TODAY. Turn in ONLY the Data & Conclusions Page.
Materials
1 well spot or spot plate per team
Toothpicks
1 L waste beaker
DI water bottles
Solutions of: iron(III) sulfate, sulfuric acid, potassium thiocyanate, lead(II) nitrate, sodium chloride, calcium
nitrate, sodium oxalate, silver nitrate, sodium sulfate, hydrochloric acid, barium chloride, sodium
bicarbonate, and your unknown.
Lab Notes:
∗ Wear safety eyewear at all times, especially during cleanup and glassware washing.
∗ BE CAUTIOUS! Assume your unknown sample contains the worst of the chemicals.
∗ You may work on either the Cation Tests or Anion Tests first—the order does not matter.
∗ Be sure all glassware is EXTREMELY CLEAN before you begin. It s very easy to get false
positive results from contaminated glassware.
∗ Once you have cleaned up at your station, thoroughly wash and dry your hands before leaving.
K. Fitch 2010
Testing for Cations
3+
Testing for iron(III) ion, Fe
1. Place 2 drops of iron(III) sulfate to one spot on your spot plate.
2. Place 2 drops of each unknown in the next spots on your spot plate.
3. Add 2 drops of sulfuric acid to each substance.
4. Next, add 2 drops of potassium thiocyanate solution to each well.
5. The iron(III) sulfate will indicate what a positive test for the iron(III) ion. Compare
and record your results.
K. Fitch 2010
Grade Data & Conclusion for Identification of Cation and Anion
in an Unknown Solution
Points Lost for not Wearing Goggles or
Unsafe Lab Behavior
Lead(II) ion
Calcium ion
Sulfate
Bicarbonate
*You should have only written Yes ONE TIME for each unknown in each data section.
If not, you have a false positive and you will need to re-run the tests in question.
Conclusions on the back.
K. Fitch 2010
Conclusions:
Using the cation and anion you have identified in your unknown solution, complete the
conclusion section below:
Unknown # _____ contained _____ as the cation and _____ as the anion.
Unknown # _____ contained _____ as the cation and _____ as the anion.
***Before you turn this in I must sign off that your lab equipment and station is
clean (10 pts.) ____________________________________________
K. Fitch 2010
(Lesson 10)
Ionic Formula Mix-Up
1. Start with an index card with either a cation or an anion.
2. Find a partner with the opposite ion you have.
3. Fill in the chart according to your cations and anions.
4. Switch cards with your partner.
5. Repeat steps 1‐4 until you have 8 different combinations.
6. You must have EIGHT different partners. No repeats.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
K. Fitch 2010
(Lesson 12)
Name ______________________________________
Period _____ Date _____________________
Gold Pennies
Background
The first penny was made in 1787 and was designed by Benjamin Franklin. The pennies we use today with
Lincoln on the front have been made since 1909 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Lincoln’s birth. Up
until 1982 pennies were made out of solid copper. As the price of copper increased it began to cost the
government more than one cent to make a penny. They were losing money by making money! After 1983,
pennies began to be manufactured with a zinc core and a copper coating. If heated, enough energy is
provided to the copper atoms near the surface of the penny to cause them to intermingle with, or diffuse, with
the zinc atoms below. Copper and zinc form the alloy brass which has a color much like gold. The rapid
cooling (quenching) of the hot penny stops the diffusion process and locks the atoms in their new positions.
Purpose: To create an alloy using a post‐1983 penny and a heat source.
Materials: Penny (after 1983) Hot plate Tongs Water(for quenching)
PreLab Questions:
1. What is an alloy?
2. What are the two metals that make up a penny? ________________ and ___________________
Procedure
1. Clean your penny using the vinegar or soap and water mixture. Use the tongs to remove your penny.
Try not to touch it with your fingers so you don’t add oils and other contaminants to the surface. Dry
the penny with a paper towel.
2. Make detailed observations about your cleaned penny and record them in the Data Table.
3. Place the cleaned penny on a pre‐warmed and HOT hot plate.
4. Watch the penny carefully as it heats up. Record any changes you see in your penny in the Data
Table.
5. Leave your penny on the hot plate until Ms. Fitch tells you to remove it.
6. Use the tongs to remove your penny and quench it in the cup of water to cool it down.
7. Remove your penny from the cup of water and make your final observations of your penny in the
Data Table.
Data Table
Item Observations
Appearance of original
penny
Description of changes
while the penny was
being heated
Appearance of penny
after heating and
quenching
K. Fitch 2010
Post Lab Questions
1. At one point during the lab, the pennies looked red in color. Why do you think they
had this appearance?
2. At the end of the lab, the pennies looked gold. Why do you think they had this
appearance?
3. What alloy did you create by heating you penny? What are the two metals that
make up this alloy?
4. Draw a picture of what you think the alloy you created looks like at the atomic level.
5. Why did you have to use a penny made after 1983?
6. Describe what you think a penny made before 1982 would look like if it were heated
in the same way.
K. Fitch 2010
(Lesson 14)
Prefixes
Prefix Mono Di Tri Tetra Penta Hexa Hepta Octa Nona Deca
Number
1. HCl _____________________________________________________
2. SO2 _____________________________________________________
3. N2O3 _____________________________________________________
4. P2O5 _____________________________________________________
5. P4S5 _____________________________________________________
6. NF3 _____________________________________________________
7. CH4 _____________________________________________________
Diatomic Elements
(elements that always come in pairs)
Formula Name
Super 1 H2
7 2 N2
3 O2
4 F2
5 Cl2
6 Br2
7 I2
K. Fitch 2010
Naming Covalent Compounds
Fill in the prefix table before starting the rest of the assignment.
Prefix
Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Part 1 Name the following covalent compounds using prefixes.
First element‐ use prefixes if there is more than one atom in the formula (do not use mono‐)
Second element‐ always use prefixes and change the ending to “‐ide.”
1. CI4 Carbon tetraiodide
_________________________________________________
2. SiF4 _________________________________________________
3. N2S3 _________________________________________________
4. F2 _________________________________________________
5. CS2 _________________________________________________
6. C3H8 _________________________________________________
7. HI _________________________________________________
8. PH3 _________________________________________________
9. B2Cl4 _________________________________________________
10. Cl2O _________________________________________________
Part 2 Write the formulas for the following covalent compounds using the names.
11. Bromine trifluoride BrF3
____________________
12. Iodine heptafluoride ____________________
13. Disulfur decachloride ____________________
14. Tetraphosphorus decaoxide ____________________
15. Carbon tetrabromide ____________________
16. Dinitrogen difluoride ____________________
K. Fitch 2010
(Lesson 15)
Let’s Make Covalent Bonds
1. I2 Name ___________________________________________
3. HF Name ___________________________________________
K. Fitch 2010
4. H2O Name ___________________________________________
6. N2 Name ___________________________________________
K. Fitch 2010
(Lesson 16 & 17)
Key
A= central atom Molecular Geometry
X= satellite atoms (bonded pairs)
E= lone pairs of electrons . .
linear
trigonal planar bent
bent
tetrahedral trigonal pyramidal
Key
A= central atom Molecular Geometry
X= satellite atoms (bonded pairs)
E= lone pairs of electrons . .
linear
trigonal planar bent
bent
tetrahedral trigonal pyramidal
K. Fitch 2010
Ionic vs. Covalent vs. Metallic compounds
Place the following words in the ionic circle, covalent circle, and metallic circle or in between
the circles if the properties apply to more than one.
IONIC COVALENT
I/C
ALL
M/C
I/M
METALLIC
K. Fitch 2010
Name ________________________________________________ Date _______________ Period ______
Ionic Compounds Vs. Covalent Compounds
Ionic Name Formula Covalent Name Formula
Magnesium chloride MgCl2 Carbon dioxide CO2
Iron (III) oxide Fe2O3 Dinitrogen disulfide N2S2
Sodium nitrate NaNO3 Dihydrogen monoxide H2O
Use COMPLETE SENTENCES to answer the following questions. Please do not start your
complete sentence with BECAUSE. (Complete sentences= 10 points.)
1. How are the way you name ionic compounds and covalent compounds SIMILAR?
Ionic and covalent compound’s names are similar because
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. How are the way you name ionic compounds and covalent compounds DIFFERENT?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. How can you tell the difference between an ionic compound and a covalent
compound?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Why do you have to use Roman numeral sometimes when naming ionic compounds?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the only time you don’t use prefixes when naming covalent compounds?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
K. Fitch 2010