Islamic University of Technology (IUT)

The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

Department of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering

MCE 4504
Mechanics of Machines Lab (0-0-3/2)
 Course No.: MCE 4604.
Mechanics of Machines Lab (0-0-3/2) Credit: 0.75

Experiment No. Name of the Experiment Apparatus.

1. A. Study of different Mechanisms Set of Mechanisms
B Study of different Loci Loci Board
2A Study of different gears and principles of Gearing Model
different gear System
B Study of Angular Momentum Angular Momentum Apparatus
3A Study of M.A. and Velocity Ratio and Efficiency Spur Gear lifting mechanism
for sour gear system
B Determination of sleeve lift with respect to Governor Apparatus
speed of a governor and the curve
4 Study of Static and Dynamic Balancing Static and Dynamic Balancing
Apparatus
5 Critical Speed of Shafts Critical Speed Machine
6 Vibration of Spiral Spring Spiral Spring Apparatus

Submission of Reports:

"After you finish the experiments you must individually get the signature of your teacher on the data
sheet. Submit the report individually for each experiment to your teacher in the next class. The report
should be brief and to the point. It must be submitted in clip file on which student number, Name and
group no. should be clearly marked. The student number should be at the top right corner of the file
cover. You must also include a separate grading sheet inside the cover and enter the marks of the report
when the teacher finishes the grading of the individual report.

The report should include the following points:

1. Experiment Number
2. Title of the experiment
3. Date of experiment
4. Date of submission
5. Course No.
6. Course Title
7. Group No.
8. Name of the Student
9. Student Number
10. Objective of the experiment
11. Apparatus (only the names)
12. A schematic diagram of the experimental setup
13. Data sheet
14. Results (with graphs, when necessary)
15. Conclusions
Every student must bring scales; bring scales, pencil, eraser, compass, graph paper, protractor,
calculators, etc. to the class. Present your report in a nice and near way.
 MCE 4804 Mechanics of Machines Lab.
Experiment no-01(A)

Name of the experiment:

Study of different Mechanisms.

Apparatus:

Set of Mechanisms.
Objective:
To study the different Mechanisms.
• Slider crank
• Scotch yoke.
• Quick Return
• Four bar Chain

Procedure:
• Consider one mechanism and write down the name.
• Count the number of links for the mechanism
• Notice how many rotating pairs and sliding pairs are there.
• Draw a sketch
• Find out the relation between input and output.
• Consider the next mechanism and repeat the above procedure.

Table:

Name of the No of Links No of type of pairs

Mechanisms
INPUT
OUTPUT

Graph:
 MCE 4804 Mechanics of Machines Lab

Experiment no-01(B)

Name of the experiment:

• Study of different Loci.

Objective:
• To study the different loci.

Apparatus:
• Loci Board

It will be observed that the in thick shaped plate has a toothed belt glued inside the inner circle, over
the outer radius and along one straight side. Thus, the grooved wheel supplied can roll without slip
along these edges.

This equipment is designed to provide a simple and practical means of drawing the
following useful loci:
▪ Cycloid
▪ Epi-cycloid ·
▪ Hypo-cycloid.
Procedure

By holding a pencil in one of these grooves of the wheel the three loci illustrated above can be
generated. Lines are etched on the template to enable the centers to be marked of the internal
and external radii. To obtain the best result it is essential that the Perspex template is firmly held during
use.

Supplied with apparatus is a 2n diameter disc with one turn of thin cord attached. An accurate involutes
curve of the circular disc can be traced by means of a pencil point inserted in a loop of the tautly drawn
cord. The curves produced above can be compared with those constructed graphically from dimensions
taken from this apparatus.

Application:
Many practical applications of these Loci can be observed.one obvious application is to be found in
gears, where the reck and pinion, internal and external are easily identified. The initial sections of both
the cycloid and involute curves are particular reference to the profile of gear teeth one teeth can consist
of different Loci put one next to one another.
 MCE 4604 'Mechanics of Machines Lab.

Experiment no-02 (A)

Name of the experiment:

• Study of different Gears and working principle of different gear.

Apparatus:
• Gearing Model
• Differential Gear Apparatus.
Objective:
• To study the different gears.
• To study the principle of differential gears.
Procedure:
• Check the different gearing model and write down the names of
different gears with sketches.

• Write down the characteristics of each type of gears and the way of
transmits the motion.

• For differential gear sketch system with name of different parts.

• Count the teeth of the bevel gears for the differential Gear

• Find the relationship between the input and output for different
condition of the differential gear
Both output shaft free.
One output shaft fixed.

• Name the different applications of different gears

 MCE 4604 Mechanics of Machines Lab.

Experiment no-02 (B)

Name of the experiment:

• Study of Angular Momentum

APPRATUS:

• Angular Momentum apparatus

CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM

SETTING UP:

Stand the apparatus upright on &friar level bench, with the res horizontal position, pubs’ the ALICE out
to the extorted end.
.
MAINTENANCE:

Apart from keeping the apparatus tax Clean So maintenance is required. The bearing is create filled and
reeled for lite - further lubrication is unnecerrary.

To replace cord - Should the cord be broken a replacement can be re-threaded using the following
procedure:

Knot one end of a cord Approximately 1, meter long

And thread through one of the ICE, PRES free end
Through tube Centre, spindle and out the other ride
to the other & LE, knot the end dirty it back into
the meter. With this vice hook fich the cord through.
from the rear of the bout. Find the center of the loop
and attach to the swivel link.

DEMONSTRATION:
Grasp the pull-ring and hold the core out at right angles to be bored. Steady the board with the other
bend rotate the area, fairly briskly and slowly draw the masses towards the center. A very dramatic
increase in angler Velocity will result. If the pull on the cord is reduced the masses will move outwards
and hence cause a proportionate decrease in speed.
Note: The cord li detained to twist and the swivel link is fitted to remove most of the twitting when the
pull is reduced. It is advisable however to rotate the are alternately clockwise anticlockwise.
 MCE 4604 Mechanics of Machines Lab.

Experiment no-03(A)
Name of the experiment:
Study of M.A. and velocity ratio and efficiency for spur gear system.
Apparatus:
• Spur gear listing mechanism
• Scale Weight
• Weight
Objective:
• To determine for each of a range of applied loads.
• The effort required being raised it and M.A and vel. Ratio.
• The effort of friction.
• The efficiency of the machine.
• To study the variation of effort and effect of friction and efficiency with loads.
• To determine the law of the machine and the limiting value of its efficiency.

Procedure:

➢ Determine the effective diameters of the effort wheel and load drum.
➢ Let DE be the effective diameter of the effort wheel.
➢ Let DL be the effective diameter of the load drum.
➢ Let number of the teeth of driving and driven gear wheel be. N1 and N2
Respectively then the gear ratio of the system N2/N1.
➢ In one revolution of the effort wheel:
➢ Effort moves a distance
➢ Load drum will rotate 1/(N2/N1). Rev = N1/N2
➢ Load will move a distance of (N1/N2)
➢ Therefore, Velocity ratio (VR)

➢ Determine the theoretical value of velocity ratio and check your results by

Measuring distances moves by the effort and the load in the same time and

finding their ratio.

Select a range of loads. Find the effort required "no load" and each of the selected load at
constant value of low speed.
Data Sheet:

Load Effort Velocity Mechanical Load if Effect Efficiency,

L E(N) Ratio (VR) Advantage 100% of MA/VR X100%
efficient friction

Conclusion:

From the above result plot

➢ Load vs. Effect of Friction.

➢ Load vs. Effort.

Select values from the load effort graph, which should be approximate to a straight line and hence
determine the law of machine.
 MCE 4604 Mechanics of Machines Lab.

Experiment no-03 (b)

Name of the experiment:

Determinations of sleeve lift with respect to speed of a Governor and
the curve (speed vs. sleeve lift).
Objective:
• To determine the different sleeve lift with respect to different speed.
• To draw the curve speed versus sleeve lift.
Apparatus:
• Governor Apparatus.
Theory:

Governor is device used to hold the speed or an engine steady irrespective of changes in load on
the engine. An ungoverned engine tends to slow down if the load applied to it increases and to bring it
back to its original position more fuel has to supplied.

Alternatively, a governor can be used to prevent an engine running too fast or too slowly by controlling
the fuel supplied to it. Many types of governor are possible for operating on mechanical, pneumatic or
electronic principles.

Procedure:

Electrical Connection: Perform the following electrical connections:

The main input supply to the E64 tachometer and E66/E90 speed control units. The output terminals of
the E66/E90 unit to the input terminal on the TM127 apparatus. The tachometer output on the TM127
to the E64 Tachometer using the single cable provided. The apparatus is now wired up and ready for
operation. Sketch the electrical circuit diagram.

Experimental procedure:

By regulating speed control knob take different sleeve lift readings and the corresponding speed.

Experimental Data:

Speed (RPM) Sleeve Lift

Conclusion:

Plot the characteristic curves. (Speed Vs. Sleeve lift) and give your Comments.

For dynamic balancing

The couple around any plane due to unbalanced moments must balance. So the relative
positions of unbalanced masses are important. The shaft will run smoothly if it is in. dynamic balance

Procedure:

• In general, the values of W. r. have to be chosen such that the shaft is

in balance.
• If the angular position of the two messes are fixed the position of the
third can be found either. trigonometrically or by Drawing.
• For static balance triangle of moments must be closed and the direction
of unknown moments is chosen accordingly
• For dynamic balance cheek by running the shaft momentarily.
 MCE 4604 Mechanics of Machines Lab

Experiment no-04

Name of the experiment:

Study of Static and Dynamic Balancing.

Apparatus:

• Static and Dynamic Balancing Apparatus.

Objective:

• To study the principle of Static and Dynamic Balancing.

Theory

If a shaft is to be statically balanced the moment due to the weight of mass.

• Trying to rotate the shaft clockwise must be equal to that of
the mass trying to rotate the shaft anti clockwise.

For static balance

Where, W1= weight of the unbalanced mass,

r1 = Radius of unbalanced from center line of the shaft

The same principle holds if there are more than two masses mounted on the shaft.

The moment tending to turn the shaft due to the out of balance masses are.

Mass Moment Direction

1 Anti-clockwise

2 Clockwise

3 Clockwise

For static balancing

Anti-clockwise moment = Clockwise moment the shaft will come to rest at any
position when a small torque is given to rotate it
 MCE 4504 Mechanics of Machine Lab

Experiment no-05

Name of the experiment:

Determination of theoretical and experimental critical speed whirling of shaft
Apparatus:
• Shaft machine
• Stroboscope
• Electronic Tachometer.
Objective:
• To determine the critical speed of whirling experimentally and compare
it with theoretical value
Theory:
For any rotating Shan a certain speed exists at which violin: instability occurs. The shaft suffers
excessive deflection and this phenomenon is known as "whirring". If this critical speed of whirling is
maintained then amplitude becomes sufficient to cause buckling and failure.

Drunkenly deduced that the whirling speeds were equal to the natural frequencies of transverse
vibration there, being the same number of whirling speed as natural frequencies for a given system.
Thus, a theoretical value for the critical speed may be obtained from the formula for the fundamental
frequency of transverse vibrations.

Where, f1 = First natural frequency of transverse vibration,

E = Young's Modulus of Elasticity
t = Second Moment of area of shaft.
w = Weight per unit length of shaft.
G = Acceleration due to gravity.
C = Constant dependent upon end. Condition = 3 75 (Two end Fixed)

Procedure:
➢ The shaft is rigidly fixed at both ends. A particular shaft is first located after measuring the dia
and the weight

➢ The speed control may be switched on and the control knob rotated slowly in a clock-wise
direction.

➢ The shaft speed will be seen to increase until a point is reached at which instability showing that
the critical speed is being approached.

➢ The speed of rotation of the shaft is measured directly by using Tachometer or a stroboscope
may be used
 ➢ In order to determine the critical speed accurately it is now necessary to increase the rotation of
the shaft until the transverse vibrational amplitude is seen to reach a maximum. This is
obviously difficult to achieve without permanently distorting the shaft or exceeding the
Limitations of the end support. However, if the amplitude can be controlled by some external
damping media then it is a much reliable task to determine the accurate speed

➢ An alternative means of assessing the critical speed is to note the values of frequency at which
the excessive amplitude commences and then die away i.e. the limits of the band of frequencies
containing the critical speeds. The critical speed may then be obtained as the mean of these
values.

➢ Using the equation determine the theoretical critical speed.

Data Sheet:

Material of the shaft: Diameter: Length: Weight:

No of OBS. Speed at which vibration is maximum Average Speed

➢ Calculate the theoretical value and compare the two values.

 MCE-4504/96 Mechanics of Machines Lab.

Experiment no-06

Name of the experiment:

• Vibration of spiral spring
Apparatus:
• Spiral spring Apparatus
Objective:
• To study tensional oscillation or a system and compare the periodic
time with fundamental equation.
Theory:
Spiral springs are used as tensional springs where a large rotation and low spring rate is required
to find out the rate, we need to calculate the applied using following equation;

Where,
Mass of rod or bob. (kg)

R= Radius of center of gravity.

O = Angle of arm from vertical

And then the spring rate is.

(Nm/ Radian)
Where, A= Angular rotation due to applied torsion.
For each position of the bob weight calculate the mass moment of inertia of the shaft, radial arms and
bobs, taking a value for the shaft of Use a density of steel of 7850 kg/m

The periodic time for the different is given by

Procedure:
➢ Set up the apparatus by making the radial arms vertical in the at rest position of the spiral
spring.
➢ Adjustment is made by unscrewing the two arms and the extra se: screw in the boss as all three
grip the shaft and re-fixing the boss in correct position
➢ Take 250g masses off the arms as this effort the minimum inertia
➢ Twist the shaft as much as possible for free oscillation about its stable equilibrium position with
the stop watch time a counted number of oscillations. Repeat twice or more.
➢ Fix the 250g masses at equal distances from the shaft axis at the minimum possible radius.
Repeat timing of a number of oscillations
 ➢ Move the masses by equal amounts outward and repeat the procedure until the masses at the
maximum radius.
➢ In addition to recording the timing readings rote how the amplitude of the oscillations decreases
with me or the number of oscillators.
➢ With neither 250g mass on the radial a.rs check that they are vertical nor take reading A on the
circular: scale. Remove the lower arm and let the weight or the upper aim wind up the spring.
Re-read the circular: scale (B). Find the mass of the radial. Arm and the radius at which is center
of gravity acts
➢ Find the moment inertia or the shat after finding the time period.
➢ If a further check is required remove the upper radial am and, by hand, wind up the spring by
one more complete turn before replacing the upper arm in its threaded socket Hold the arm
while a 250g mass is slipped onion it, then adjust the position of the mass until the am is at the
same reading (B) on to the circular scale as previously. The addition torque for the 350: rotation
must be due to the 250g mass alone at its radius of action.

Data Sheet:

Observation No. m C C/ Time No of Avg. T

Oscillation
1
2
3
4
5
Conclusion:

Discuss the result and possible error, which influence the results. Give your comments. Do the
experimental results confirm the theory?