Contents 6 @ 6 @ @ é é € Present tenses present simple, present continuous, stative verbs, present perfect simple, present perfect continuous Past tenses past simple, past continuous, ‘used to’, ‘would’, past perfect simple, past perfect continuous The Future ‘will, “going to’, present continuous, present simple, future continuous, future perfect simple, future perfect continuous Question tags, short agreements Revision Units 1-4 Modals (1) ability, permission, requests, offers, suggestions Modals (2) obligation and necessity, absence of obligation, prohibition/restriction, advice/advisability/criticism, possibility, deduction Conditionals zero conditional, first conditional, second conditional, third conditional Wishes, ‘It’s time’ Revision Units 5-8 The Passive Causative form 24 32 36 38 52 60 66 74¢ € € & € & @ € € Adjectives, adverbs Infinitive, gerund infinitive, ‘let/make’, ‘would rather’, had better’, ‘too/enough’, gerund, ‘be/get used to’, ‘prefer/would rather Nouns, articles Revision Units 9-13 Reported speech (1) reported statements, commands and requests, questions Reported speech (2) reported verbs Relative clauses defining relative clauses, contract clauses, non-defining relative clauses, coordinate relative clauses Clauses ‘in case’, clauses of purpose, result, reason, concession, contrast Prepositions prepositions of time, place, movement, dependent prepositions Phrasal verbs Revision Units 14-19 Spelling rules Phrasal verbs All tenses reference chart Irregular verbs English wordlist 78 86 98 106 108 118 122 128 138 144 150 152 153 156 157 158Present tenses present simple, present continuous, stative verbs, present perfect simple, present perfect continuous Welcome to the first issue of this year’s Teen Limi magazine! My name is Isabella Hicks and,as some of you know, 'm Tech Link’s new Editor. Although ve been working on the magazine for only a short time, | must say, | absolutely love it! This year we are celebrating four wonderful years of TezhLinlc. So, we've been working really hard and have prepared lots of fantastic articles and features for you! tt ée { { oO a hope you have a great year with everyone! Isabella Hicks, Editor Ce) eva Nita Cy Form [Tense Affirmative, question, negative Present simple “The postman always comes af eleven. Does the postman always come at eleven? ‘The postman doesn’t always come at eleven. Present continuous ‘They are sleeping at the moment. Are they sleeping at the moment? ‘They aren't sleeping at the moment, Present perfect simple [We have known them since last year. Have we known them since last year? We haven't known them since last year. Present perfect continuous |She has been studying English for six months. Has she been studying English for six months? She hasn't been studying English for six months.Present simple and present continuous Present simple Present continuous: We use the present simple: to refer to something which happens often or for a habit that we have. T usually do my homework immediately after school. to refer to permanent states They live in England, ‘We use the present continuous: | to describe something that is happening now. Be quiet! I'm doing my homework. to describe temporary states and actions! She's staying with her grandparents this week. to talk about general truths or natural laws, Water boils at 100° Celsius. when we refer to programmes (cinema, theatre, etc.) or timetables (for ships, trains, etc.) The film starts at 8.00pm. Our plane leaves at half past six. to describe states that are changing or developing. Prices are rising very fast these days. to describe something that we plan to do in the immediate future. We're leaving for France tomorrow. | to describe a sports fact or to tell the story of a film or book, Andy Wilson scores his first goal! Sean Jameson, who plays the part of the detective, dies in a car crash. Time markers ‘Some time markers which we often use with the present simple are: adverbs of frequency: always, at present, today, these days, this sometimes, occasionally, never, rarely, seldom etc. other time markers such as every day/week/month, on Mondays Tuesdays, at the weekend, once a week/year etc. to describe actions that are repeated and are annoying. In this case, we usually use adverbs such as always, constantly etc. You're always borrowing my things without asking! Time markers Some time markers that we often use with the present continuous are: now, at the moment, at present, today, these days, this month/week, etcfe} Stative verbs ‘There are some verbs that do not usually form continuous tenses (continuous forms) because they describe states, not actions. Some of these verbs are: > verbs of the senses: see, hear, smell, feel, taste, sound, look, seem, notice, appear. > verbs of perception: know, understand, think, believe, remember, forget, expect, etc > verbs that express likes or dislikes: like, dislike, love, hate, prefer, etc. > other verbs such as: be, belong, have, need, want, cost, mean, wish, hope, include, contain, weigh, etc. ‘Some of the above verbs may also be used with continuous tenses. In this case, they have a different meaning since they describe actions, not states. Let's compare the examples below. Have you seen the film? seeing Lucy after school. (see = see) (see = meet) Her skin feels soft. She's feeling his face to see if it’s | (feel = it has a (soft) texture) hot. (feel = touch) Sugar tastes sweet. She's tasting the sauce. (taste = tastes) (taste = ty) ‘These flowers smell nice. She's smelling the flowers. (smell = be fragrant) (smell = smell) I think he's right. T'm thinking about my new job. (think = believe, consider) (think = think) dack has two brothers. Jack is having a bath. (have = have) (have = have (a bath)) That picture looks nice. He's looking at the picture. (look = appear) (look = look) He appears to be very friendly. He is appearing as Hamlet for the (appear = appearigive the impression) | first time. a (appear = make an appearance) He's selfish. He's being selfish. (be = be) (be = behave, in a specific situation) When we talk about somebody's appearance or feelings in a specific situation, the verbs look and feel may be used with simple or continuous tenses without changing the meaning of the sentence. You look / are looking great! I feel / am feeling tired.I Form sentences using the present simple. ‘Adverbs of frequency usually go before the main verb. He usually goes to bed early. He doesn’t usually go to bed early. Does he usually go to bed early? The rest of the time markers usually go at the end or at the beginning of the sentence. She goes to bed early every day. In the mornings we have some cereal for breakfast. | we! have / dinner at eight (always) We always have dinner at elaht. 2 what / you J do / after school? (usually) 3 Martin / visit / his parents in Southampton (once a week) 4. he / wear / ties (never) 5 she / fight / with her brother? (often) 6 you! go / to the cinema? (how often) 7 David / watch / horror films (seldom) 8 I/not work (at weekends) 9 he / go / to work by bus? (sometimes) 10 Danny / finish / work at 5.30 (every day) 11 we / write / to each other (rarely) 12 palm trees / grow / in warm climates (usually) 13 1 / have / basketball practice (on Saturday morning) 14. she / cook / such wonderful meals? (always) 15. we// put away / our things? (at the end of the day) 2 Complete with the present simple or present continuous. 1 We always #2... (stay) at the President Hotel when we're in Portsmouth. 2 Hey! |... (talk) to you! Why ~vvnmnees (YOU J Not listen) to me? 3 fee (not see) her very often. Hurry up! Alex and Bob .. (wait) for us. 5 What's so funny? Why senenonnen (YOu! laugh)? 6 She's a teacher, but she (not work) at the moment. 7 ssnsneninm (Kangaroos / live) in Africa? 8 You... _—» (always / lose) your car keys! U ceccnsenumene (Never / eat) meat. 10 The population Of India csnmewnn(GFOW) very fast. L1 How often (you / go) to the dentist? 12 Let's go. The film... (start) at nine. V3 Hal oeenonvem (talk) to his girlfriend ‘on the phone for hours every day. 14. The cost of living (go) up all the time, Circle the correct answer. | That man over there looks /( looking) 2. Those colours look / are looking lovely on you. 3. Do you think / Are you thinking he's telling the truth? 4 I haven't decided yet I still think / om still thinking about it. 5. They have / are having a lesson at the moment. 6 We have / are having a house in the country. 7 This perfume smells / is smeling fantastic. Why don’t you buy it? 8 1am / om being very busy right now. 9 Mum feels /is feeling his forehead because he may have a temperature. 10 What's the matter? You sound / are sounding upset.1 4 Complete with the present simple or present continuous. | What's the matter? Why are you looking, (you / look) at me? 2. I've met Alice. She a wonderful person 3 Mr and Mrs Richards. (have) six children. omens (be) a She oesnvnnnnnmnenenan (faSte) the meat to see if it needs more salt. He sven (hatte) cartoons. 61 (chink) it's 2 great idea! Mary can't come to the phone right now. She cctsntensnnes (have) a shower, a. -... (you / remember) my brother Mick? 9 nevnmnnnemnnn (NOt believe) you. Youre lying! HO Be quiet! bo c-ecenonnons (think)! TET don't know why he nnn (Be) 50 rude, He's usually very kind. 12 That cake... (taste) delicious. BE Maya eon ($e€) Louis after dinner tonight. BA That bag one nnneome-ns (Belong) to me. Complete with the present simple or present continuous. 1 That man ......eigh® (weigh) 150 kilos. 2 Bill OftEM nncsoennnen (talk) about politics. 3 You ne (be) very selfish at the moment. You must apologise. 4 We... (think) of moving to Liverpool. 5. Don't throw that book away. | ovnennnenienne (NEM) Ite 6 He can't hear you. HE nn (listen) to his personal stereo. Zt ve (have) lunch at the moment. Can | call you back later? 8 (you / notice) anything strange in this room? 9 Kate's in her room, SRE en enn en (look) at the photos from Nicks party. 10. What ... sone (YOU I Want)? TD These Keys nnmnnonnmnemen (Delong) to Mr Williams. V2 YOU vnsunminnnnnmnn (Speak) too fast. | can't understand what you're saying. 13. Listen to them! They .-ecernn-snnm (Make) a terrible noise in there! 14 How much (the shirt / cost)? 15. Leave me alone, please. |... (try) to concentrate. Read and complete. Use the present simple or present continuous, ‘Good evening. This is Mary Rose reporting for SBA Channel. Good evening, This is Mary Rose reporting for SBA Channel. I'm at the Music Festival in Paris and (1) 2m. having . (have) a wonderful time! The French (2) -e-ewn-enve (call) this festival ‘La Féte de la Musique’. It (3)... so (take) place in June every year and (4) (last) for 2 week. The events (5) _ (start) early in ‘the morning and (6) late at night. People (7) (8) ve (dance) in the streets round the clock all day long, Some very famous artists (9) -—n—-~ (take) part in the festival this year. At the moment, we (10) oesnsoeonmss (Stand) near the Eiffel Tower We (11) -~ (listen) to‘Les Notes Heureuses’,a popular French pop group. As you can see, people of all ages (12) . (enjoy) themselves here!Present perfect simple We use the present perfect simple: > for an action that happened in the past at an indeterminable time. We do not refer to when the action happened because we do not know or it does not concem us. T've met Sarah. She's a nice girl. > to describe an action that happened in the past but that influences or has a visible effect on the present. Dad has washed the car. It’s clean. > to refer to an action that started in the past and is continuing in the present. Mr Alllan has been a teacher for twenty-five years. > to refer to an action that happened during a period of time that has not ended vet. ve read three books this month. > to talk about experiences that we have or have not had in our life. Have you ever met anyone famous? She's never had an accident before. ‘This is the funniest story I've ever heard. This is the first time I've seen a lion. > to refer to an action which has just been completed. In this case, we usually use just We have just had lunch. Time markers Some time markers that we often use with the present perfect simple are: for: We've known them for years. since: We've known them since 1992. already: It’s only four o'clock, but he's already left vet: Have you finished yet? They haven't called us yet. just: She isn't here, She has just left the building ever: Have you ever eaten frogs’ legs before? never: I have never heard that singer. always: She has always wanted to visit Spain. lately'recently: We haven't seen them lately. so far: They haven’t made any mistakes so far. today/this morning: 1 have had two cups of coffee this morning. How long...?: How long have you been here? B33 Have gone to — have been to We use have been to to refer to the fact that somebody went somewhere in the past but has ‘now retumed. ‘We use have gone to to refer to the fact that somebody has gone somewhere and is still there and has not returned. Sarah has been to Japan. (She has returned.) Sarah has gone to Japan. (She is sil there.) 7 Form sentences using the present perfect simple. Already and just go before the passive participle. Yet goes at the end of the sentence. For refers to the duration of an action. Since refers to the point in time when an action started, 1 1 / eat / four sandwiches (today) have eaten four sandwiches today. 2 Charles / be / a fan of the Rolling Stones (always) 3. they / leave (already) 4 you / visit / Peru? (ever) 5 we/not do / the shopping (yet) 6 I finish / my homework (just) 7 she / ride | a horse (never) 8 you! tidy / your room? (yet) 9 we / have / this car (for years) 101 /not see / Tim (since Monday) I they / live / in this town? (how long) 12. we / hear / the good news (just)1 8 Rewrite the sentences using the word given. 1 tve never driven a car before. time ‘This is the first. vime Ive drlvett_ a car: 2 This is the first time we've visited Australia. never We .. as before. 3. I've never read such a good book before. best This is the read. 4 She is the prettiest girl I've ever seen. never such a pretty girl before, 5 He has never done anything so silly before. time This is the first. anything so silly, 6 This is the first time I've tasted Chinese food. have inese food 7. This is the most beautiful country they've ever visited. never They... cncesincnnnns Such a beautiful country, 9 Complete with the correct form of have gone or have been. | Aurora is not here at the moment. She has.gone........ to the bank. F Vecsucnfittins like to see my new dress? 3 fake out. He won't be long. 4 The Smiths are on holiday. They to Ireland. We nrnee RVEF oon tO France. She isn't at home. She to the park. 7 Tim is on a business trip. He . to Kent. 8 to lots of countries but Greece is my favourite. 9 Myra to the supermarket. She'll be back in half an hour: 10 _........ you ever to Moscow? to the shops. Would you Present perfect continuous We use the present perfect continuous > for an action that started in the past and is being repeated or is continuing until the present time. ve been learning English for six years. > for an action that has recently been completed. There is usually some indication in the present that this action has happened. His clothes are dirty. He's been repairing the car. Time markers Some time markers that we often use with the present perfect continuous are: How long? for, since, recently, lately. 10 Read and complete. Use the present perfect continuous. Mrs Elliott: Adam! You're covered in mud! ‘What (1) have you been doing (you / do)? Adam: 12). (play) football. Mrs Elliott: 1 (3) (look) everywhere for you, young man! (4) (you / play) football all this time? It's eight o'clock! Adam: Oh, no! I'm late! I'm meeting Laura at nine. We're going to a concert. Mrs Elliott: Oh no, you aren't. You're going straight to bed. YOU (5) enon (not sleep) enough. Adam: But Mum, Mrs Elliott: Don't argue with me, Adam! You (spend) too much your friends lately. And you (0) ener (nt do) very well at school. Adam: But, Mum,| (8)... (wait) for this concert for weeks! Please. Mrs Elliott: Well, all right. But you have to promise you'll work harder from now on. Adam: | promise! Thanks, Mum!II Rewrite the sentences using the word given. | He started working here three months ago, has He hae, been working here for. three months. 2. Kate started playing the violin when she was five. been Kane ceoae eee ee five, since she was 3. She began reading three hours ago. for She oon a; j- three hours. 4 Rob started learning English in 1998, been Robin seasons aetnns 1998: 5 | started cleaning the garage two hours ago. have 1 for two hours. 6 Stanley started writing that article at two. since Stanley has Z two. 7 tt started raining an hour ago and it’s still raining. for Wcsciacs an hour. ‘4 Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous Dad started watching TV at seven, been Dad... He started looking for a new job five months ago. has Hee Se for five months. The children began playing football at ten. since The children ten, The baby fell asleep an hour ago and she hasn't woken up yet. sleeping The baby on. pss ‘We began digging in the garden this morning. have We... since this morning. _seven. vom for @ new job an hour. in the garden The police began looking for the missing child a few hours ago. been The police .....-. missing child for a few hours. ~- for the They started eating at eight. since Mey oer a lghe: Present perfect simple Present perfect continuous > With the present perfect simple. we refer to an action that has been completed. What interests us most is the result of this action. She has washed the car. |_ It’s clean now. > With the present perfect continuous, the action may or may not have been completed. What interests us most is the action itself, not whether it has ‘been completed, She has been washing the car. | > With the present perfect simple, we ate not interested in the duration of the action but in the fact that it has been completed, She has typed six letters today. With the present perfect continuous, ‘we emphasise the duration of the action that is continuing in the present. She has been typing letters all ‘morning and still has a lot to do. ‘The verbs work and live are used in the same way in both the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous without making any difference to the ‘meaning of the sentence, We have lived / have been living here since 1998, He has worked / has been working at the office for six years.